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Modern paganism in the United Kingdom

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Modern paganism in the United Kingdom
Stonehenge is an important part of certain modern neo-druidic practices.[1]
Total population
United Kingdom United Kingdom: 126,980 – 0.2%
(2021/22 Census)[a][2][3][4]
Regions with significant populations
 England99,500 – 0.2% (2021)
 Scotland19,113 – 0.4% (2022)[b]
 Wales7,033 – 0.2% (2021)
Northern Ireland1,334 – 0.1% (2021)
Religions
Also includes Heathenry, Druidy, Pantheism, Witchcraft, Animism and Reconstructionist
Related ethnic groups
Modern paganism in Ireland

The Modern Pagan movement in the United Kingdom is primarily represented by Wicca and Neopagan witchcraft, Druidry, and Heathenry. 74,631 people in England, Scotland and Wales identified as either as Pagan or a member of a specific Modern Pagan group in the 2011 UK Census.[5][6]

Demographics[edit]

A study conducted by Ronald Hutton compared a number of different sources (including membership lists of major organisations within the United Kingdom, major events attendance, subscriptions to magazines, etc.), and used standard models for calculating likely numbers of Pagans within the United Kingdom. This estimate accounted for multiple membership overlaps as well as the number of adherents represented by each attendee of a Pagan gathering. Hutton estimated that there are 250,000 Pagan adherents in the United Kingdom, roughly equivalent to the national Hindu community back in 2001 when it was much smaller than it is today (there are presently over a million Hindus in the United Kingdom).[7]

A smaller number is suggested by the results of the 2001 Census, in which a question about religious affiliation was asked for the first time. Respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the check-list of common religions, and a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland, and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method (or 23% of the 179,000 adherents of "other religions" in the results). These figures were not released as a matter of course by the Office for National Statistics, but were released after an application filed by the Pagan Federation (Scottish branch).[8] With a population of around 59 million, this gives a rough proportion of 7 Pagans per 10,000 inhabitants of the United Kingdom.

The 2001 UK Census figures did not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading, as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the census encouraged Wiccans, Heathens, Druids and others all to use the same write-in term 'Pagan' in order to maximise the numbers reported. The 2011 census however made it possible to describe oneself as Pagan-Wiccan, Pagan-Druid and so on. The figures for England, Wales and Scotland are as follows:[9][10]

Description England Wales Scotland
Pagan 53,172 3,448 3,467
Wicca 11,026 740 949
Druid 3,946 243 245
Pantheism 2,105 111 135
Heathen 1,867 91 150
Witchcraft 1,193 83 81
Shamanism 612 38 92
Animism 487 54 44
Reconstructionist 223 28 31
Total 74,631 4,836 5,194

The overall numbers of people reporting Pagan or one of the other categories in the table above rose between 2001 and 2011. In 2001 about seven people per 10,000 UK respondents identified as pagan; in 2011 the number (based on the England and Wales population) was 14.3 people per 10,000 respondents.

Research conducted by Dr Leo Ruickbie suggested that the south-east of England had the highest concentration of Pagans in the country.[11]

2021 census[edit]

Pagan movement  England
(2021)[2] 		 Scotland
(2022)[3] 		 Wales
(2021)[2] 		Northern Ireland
(2021)[4] 		 United Kingdom
(2021/22)[c]
Pagan 68,629 19,113 5,104 840 93,686
Wicca 11,946 To be published,
only 2011 figures
available[12] 		867 243 13,056
Shamanism 7,624 265 15 7,904
Heathenry 4,478 243 70 4,791
Druidy 2,268 222 37 2,527
Pantheism 2,158 141 81 2,380
Witchcraft 967 77 0 1,044
Animism 733 69 48 850
Reconstructionist 697 45 0 742
Total 99,500 TBC 7,033 1,334 126,980

Religions[edit]

Modern Paganism in the UK is dominated by Wicca, the modern movement of Druidry, and forms of Heathenry.

Wicca[edit]

Wiccans gather for a handfasting ceremony at Avebury in England.

Wicca was developed in England in the first half of the 20th century.[13] It is generally a duotheistic religion which worships the Horned God and Moon Goddess. Although it had various terms in the past, from the 1960s onward the name of the religion was normalised to Wicca.[14]

Heathenry[edit]

Main article: Heathenry in the United Kingdom

Heathenry consists of a variety of modern movements attempting to revive Germanic paganism, such as that practiced in the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian peoples prior to Christianisation. Asatru UK was founded in 2013 and operates as a country-wide group for all inclusive Heathens.[15][16]

Druidism[edit]

Druids' ritual at Stonehenge.

During the Iron Age, Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England. Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism. Its first organised group was the Ancient Order of Druids, founded in London in 1781 along Masonic lines as a mutual benefit society and still extant today. It is not a neo-Pagan group. It was followed in 1792 by the Gorsedd of Bards of the Isle of Britain, also founded in London. This was the brainchild of Welsh stonemason, student of Welsh language, culture and heritage, and literary forger, Edward Williams, better known by his assumed name, Iolo Morganwg. It also survives to this day, its rituals forming an important part of the annual Welsh National Eisteddfod. Its members included Queen Elizabeth II and former archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams. It is a cultural institution, not a neo-Pagan one. Inasmuch as it has a religious element, that element is Christian.[dubious – discuss] The Ancient Druid Order, founded circa 1909, was the first that could be characterised as neo-Pagan, its founder being influenced by the occult movement of the late 19th century. The Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, which split from the Ancient Druid Order in 1964, began to develop a more neo-Pagan style of Druidry, partly through the friendship between its founder, Ross Nichols, and the founder of modern Wicca, Gerald Gardner. More overtly Pagan Druid groups began to develop in the UK from the late 1970s onwards. These include the British Druid Order, The Druid Network and numerous other smaller groups.[17]

Organisations[edit]

Modern Pagan organisations in Great Britain:

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Includes all followers who are followers of the broad Modern Paganism movement, i.e. not just Modern paganism.)
  2. ^ Only includes those identified as followers of Paganism, does not include other faiths in the broader Modern Paganism movement
  3. ^ Excluding Scotland, with the exception of the Pagan religious group where 2022 census data is available.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Khouri, Andrew (2010-06-21). "Thousands celebrate solstice". NBC News. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  2. ^ a b c "TS031: Religion (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data". Scotland's Census. National Records of Scotland. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024. Alternative URL 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Religion'
  4. ^ a b "MS-B21 Religion - full detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  5. ^ Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012, 2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales. Accessed 12 December 2012.
  6. ^ Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012, 2011 Census, Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland, Religion (detailed) All people, Accessed 20 March 2015.
  7. ^ Hutton (2001)
  8. ^ Pagan Federation, Scotland (25 March 2004). "The Pagan Federation in Scotland - Census Results". Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  9. ^ Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012, 2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales. Accessed 12 December 2012.
  10. ^ Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012, 2011 Census, Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland, Religion (detailed) All people, Accessed 20 March 2015.
  11. ^ Ruickbie, Leo (2004). Witchcraft Out of the Shadows. Robert Hale. p. 170. ISBN 0-7090-7567-7.
  12. ^ "2011 Detailed Table- Religion" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  13. ^ Hutton, Ronald (1999). The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. vii. ISBN 0-19-820744-1.
  14. ^ Seims, Melissa (2008). "Wica or Wicca? - Politics and the Power of Words". The Cauldron (129).
  15. ^ "Home | Welcome to the website of Asatru UK". Asatru UK. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
  16. ^ "Asatru UK". Facebook. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  17. ^ Professor Ronald Hutton, The Druids, Hambeldon Continuum, 2007; Blood & Mistletoe: The History of The Druids in Britain, Yale University Press, 2009.

References[edit]

  • Hutton, Ronald (2001). The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. ISBN 0-19-285449-6.
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