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Falak-ol-Aflak

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Falak-ol-Aflak
فلک‌الافلاک
Falak-ol-Aflak is located in Iran
Falak-ol-Aflak
Shown within Iran
Falak-ol-Aflak is located in West and Central Asia
Falak-ol-Aflak
Falak-ol-Aflak (West and Central Asia)
LocationIran, Lorestan, Khoramabad
Coordinates33°29′01″N 48°21′12″E / 33.4837°N 48.3534°E / 33.4837; 48.3534
TypeCastle
History
BuilderShapur I
MaterialStone and Wood
Founded240–270 AD
PeriodsSasanian Empire
CulturesPersian
Site notes
Public accessOpen
Architecture
Architectural stylesIranian architecture

Falak-ol-Aflak (Persian: فلک الافلاک, lit. 'The Sky of The Skies') or Shapur Khast Castle (Persian: دژ شاپورخواست) is a castle situated on the top of a ancient hill with the same name in the city of Khorramabad, the capital of Lorestan province, Iran. The castle is among the most important structures built during the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD)[1], and one of the engineering and architectural masterpieces of the world.[2] It has been known by a number of names since it was built over 1800 years ago, recorded names have referred to it as "Shapur-Khast", "Sabr-Khast Fortress", "Dezbaz", "Khoramabad Castle", and ultimately, the Falak-ol-Aflak Castle.[3] It was first used for government and military purposes during the Sassanid Empire, and it later became the seat of Hasanwayhid, Buyid and Khorshidi governments.[4][5]

History[edit]

During the Elam period (3200 - 539 BC), Khaydalu was a ancient city.[6] In 640 BC, Ashurbanipal, the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, conquered Elam and destroyed Khaydalu.[7] Afterwards, the city became a part of Assyria.[8][9] During the Achaemenid Empire, Lorestan and Khaydalu, along with Ilam and Khuzestan, were the states of the empire. During the Parthian Empire, it was also one of the states of the empire, and finally, during the Sasanian Empire, a new city named Shapur Khast was built by the order of Shapur I upon the ruins of Khaydalu, with this castle being the most important structure of that city.[10][11]

The castle was used for government and military purposes during the Sassanid Empire.[12] After the Muslim conquest of Iran and at the end of the Uthman rule (656 AD), the people of Shapur Khast revolted and stood up against the Arabs, which shows the great importance of the city at that time.[13] Due to its excellent strategic location, the castle became the seat of Hasanwayhid (959 - 1015 AD) and Buyid (934 - 1062 AD) governments.[14][15][16][17]

Shapur Khast was built by the order of Shapur I upon the ruins of Khaydalu, with Falak-ol-Aflak as the most important structure of the city.

Shapur Khast was completely destroyed and deserted after the Mongol invasion of Iran, with the Falak-ol-Aflak castle being the only building that was not destroyed because it was strategically beneficial for the mongols, so they settled in.[18][19] The people of Shapur Khast moved to the western part of the castle, which was superior in terms of having plenty of water and a more convenient location as well as security. The name Shapur Khast can be seen in the old books until the beginning of the 7th century, but after the 8th century, the name of the city was changed to Khorramabad. With the Iranian Intermezzo taking place, the castle became the government seat of Khorshidi dynasty (1184 - 1597) and the governors of Lorestan during the Safavid Empire (1501 - 1736).[20][21][22][23] During the Qajar period (1789 - 1925), the castle was also important for various reasons. Qajar statesmen used to come and go to the castle a lot, with some of them left notes about the it.[24][25][26][27][28]

During the Pahlavi period (1925–1979), the castle was used as a prison and became a storage place for ammunition, including mines and explosives,[29][30][31][32] until 1968, when it was transformed into a museum complex.[33] After the Iranian Revolution, the museum of archeology was opened in 1999, and in the same year, the northern part of the courtyard was converted into a tea house.[34] In 2000, a restoration laboratory was opened in the southern part of the first courtyard.[35]

Dehumidifier[edit]

The castle is considered as one of the architectural masterpieces, because it is built with a system of moisture-absorbing channels.[36][37] Sassanid engineers have equipped the castle with a moisture absorbing system due to the knowledge of the climate change in the region and the condition of the underground water.[38] The castle is built with materials such as stone and wood, which are vulnerable to moisture.[39] For this reason, it was built at the highest point of Khorramabad city, so that the wind penetrates inside the building and dries its foundations.[40][41]

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "قلعه فلک الافلاک نگین خرم آباد". Young Journalists Club. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  2. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle in Lorestan province". IRNA. 2024-01-31.
  3. ^ www.sirang.com, Sirang Rasaneh. "Falak-ol-Aflak Citadel (Shapur Khast) 2024 | Khorramabad, Lorestan | Sights - ITTO". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  4. ^ "Falak-Ol-Aflak: Magnificent Castle in West of Iran - Tourism news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  5. ^ Pathways, Neural (2024-01-24). "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". The Brain Chamber. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  6. ^ "Roman Defense of the Zagros?". alternatehistory.com. 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  7. ^ "Who was Ashurbanipal? | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  8. ^ "Khorramabad". Persian Tourism. 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  9. ^ "Elam - FamousFix.com list". FamousFix.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  10. ^ Attarian, Koorosh; Beyranvand, Mostafa (2019-02-20). "Locating and Explaining the Physical Structure of Ancient City of Shapur-Khast Based on the Patternd of Sassanid City Using GIS". Pazhoheshha-ye Bastan Shenasi Iran. 8 (19): 147–166. doi:10.22084/nbsh.2019.15370.1703. ISSN 2345-5225.
  11. ^ Soltani, Zahra (2020-11-20). "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle (Shapur Khast Citadel) | Khorramabad, Iran". IranOnTour. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  12. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle | ToIran, Tourism Platform". www.toiran.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  13. ^ XjMnM00JTd (2022-09-27). "Persian hatred and racism have been ingrained since early times.. Shapur's campaign changed the geography of the Arab population in Iraq and the Levant". حبر أبيض. Retrieved 2024-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". www.visitiran.ir. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  15. ^ "Falak-Ol-Aflak: Magnificent Castle in West of Iran - Tourism news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  16. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak: More than just a castle". Mehr News Agency. 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  17. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle needs consolidation work". IRNA. 2024-01-31.
  18. ^ "تاریخچه قلعه لرستان". افلاک زاگرس (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  19. ^ جیریان, زینب (2019-07-23). "قلعه تاریخی و زیبای فلک‌الافلاک". مجله گردشگری میزبون (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  20. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". www.visitiran.ir. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  21. ^ LorestanTourismInfo. "Falak-ol-aflak Fortress". LorestanTourismInfo. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  22. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak: Discovering the Majestic Castle of the Castles". Earth. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  23. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak fortress". Tehran Times. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  24. ^ "Iran's Falak-ol-Aflak Castle; architectural masterpiece in Sassanid era". iranpress.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  25. ^ "Falak-Ol-Aflak: Magnificent Castle in West of Iran - Tourism news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  26. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak: More than just a castle". Mehr News Agency. 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  27. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle of Khorramabad - Hipersia". www.hipersia.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  28. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle symbolizes Iran's civilizational grandeur". iranpress.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  29. ^ www.sirang.com, Sirang Rasaneh. "Falak-ol-Aflak Citadel (Shapur Khast) 2024 | Khorramabad, Lorestan | Sights - ITTO". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  30. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle | A Majestic Fortress of Ancient Lorestan - To Iran Tour". 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  31. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". Persian Tourism. 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  32. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle | ToIran, Tourism Platform". www.toiran.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  33. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". Persian Tourism. 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  34. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Museum". www.visitiran.ir. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  35. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle | A Majestic Fortress of Ancient Lorestan - To Iran Tour". 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  36. ^ Khaloo, Alireza; Yekrangnia, Mohammad (2023-08-23). "Seismic vulnerability assessment of Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering. 10 (6). doi:10.22065/jsce.2022.355829.2901. ISSN 2476-3977.
  37. ^ "Falak-ol Aflak Castle". Pars Diplomatic (in Persian). 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  38. ^ "波伊斯文化 - MPTA - 马斯合伊朗一手地接社 (Masih Parvaz Travel Agency)". mpta.co. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  39. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". Tishineh. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  40. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle". Iran Travel Guide. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  41. ^ "Top Tourist Places to Visit in Iran's Lorestan". Financial Tribune. 2015-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links[edit]

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