Glossary of medicine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Medicine
Marble statue of Asclephius on a pedestal, symbol of medicine in Western medicine
Statue of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine, holding the symbolic Rod of Asclepius with its coiled serpent
SpecialistMedical specialty
GlossaryGlossary of medicine

This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about medicine, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

A[edit]

B[edit]

C[edit]

D[edit]

E[edit]

Otitis externa, external otitis, or "swimmer's ear", involves the outer ear and ear canal. In external otitis, the ear hurts when touched or pulled.
Otitis media, or middle ear infection, involves the middle ear. In otitis media, the ear is infected or clogged with fluid behind the ear drum, in the normally air-filled middle-ear space. This very common childhood infection sometimes requires a surgical procedure called myringotomy and tube insertion.
Otitis interna, or labyrinthitis, involves the inner ear. The inner ear includes sensory organs for balance and hearing. When the inner ear is inflamed, vertigo is a common symptom.

F[edit]

G[edit]

H[edit]

I[edit]

J[edit]

K[edit]

L[edit]

M[edit]

N[edit]

O[edit]

P[edit]

Q[edit]

  • Quadriplegia – Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia, is paralysis caused by illness or injury that results in the partial or total loss of use of all four limbs and torso; paraplegia is similar but does not affect the arms. The loss is usually sensory and motor, which means that both sensation and control are lost. The paralysis may be flaccid or spastic.

R[edit]

S[edit]

T[edit]

U[edit]

V[edit]

W[edit]

  • Waist – is the part of the abdomen between the rib cage and hips. On people with slim bodies, the waist is the narrowest part of the torso. The waistline refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist.
  • Wart – Warts are typically small, rough, hard growths that are similar in color to the rest of the skin. They typically do not result in other symptoms, except when on the bottom of the feet, where they may be painful. While they usually occur on the hands and feet, they can also affect other locations.[332] One or many warts may appear. They are not cancerous.[333]
  • Weber test – is a screening test for hearing performed with a tuning fork.[334][335] It can detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss). The test is named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878). Conductive hearing ability is mediated by the middle ear composed of the ossicles: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. Sensorineural hearing ability is mediated by the inner ear composed of the cochlea with its internal basilar membrane and attached cochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). The outer ear consisting of the pinna, ear canal, and ear drum or tympanic membrane transmits sounds to the middle ear but does not contribute to the conduction or sensorineural hearing ability save for hearing transmissions limited by cerumen impaction (wax collection in the ear canal). The Weber test has had its value as a screening test questioned in the literature.[336][337]
  • Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome – (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. It mainly causes vision changes, ataxia and impaired memory.[338]
  • Wernicke's area – also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to Broca's area, which is involved in the production of language. It is traditionally thought to reside in Brodmann area 22, which is located in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere, which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of right-handed individuals and 60% of left-handed individuals.
  • Whiplash – is a non-medical term describing a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck[339] associated with extension,[340] although the exact injury mechanisms remain unknown. The term "whiplash" is a colloquialism. "Cervical acceleration–deceleration" (CAD) describes the mechanism of the injury, while the term "whiplash associated disorders" (WAD) describes the injury sequelae and symptoms.
  • White blood cell – White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.[341]
  • White matter – refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.[342] Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.[343]
  • Working memory – is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily.[344] Working memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior.[345][346] Working memory is often used synonymously with short-term memory, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming that working memory allows for the manipulation of stored information, whereas short-term memory only refers to the short-term storage of information.[345][347] Working memory is a theoretical concept central to cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and neuroscience.
  • Wrist – In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as 1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand;[348][349] (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus[349] and; (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints.[350][351] This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, bracelet lines, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are often considered fractures to the wrist.

X[edit]

  • Xanthoma – A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis), from Greek ξανθός (xanthós) 'yellow', is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states.[352] They are cutaneous manifestations of lipidosis in which lipids accumulate in large foam cells within the skin.[352] They are associated with hyperlipidemias, both primary and secondary types.

Y[edit]

Z[edit]


See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Aarskog-Scott syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
  2. ^ Singer, Adam J.; Talan, David A. (Mar 13, 2014). "Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (11): 1039–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1212788. PMID 24620867. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  3. ^ Field RE, Rajakulendran K (2011). "The labro-acetabular complex". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 94 (Suppl 2): 22–27. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01710. PMID 21543684.
  4. ^ Griffiths EJ, Khanduja V (2012). "Hip arthroscopy: evolution, current practice and future developments". Int Orthop. 36 (6): 1115–1121. doi:10.1007/s00264-011-1459-4. PMC 3353094. PMID 22371112.
  5. ^ Aslam, I; Fleischer, A; Feldman, S (March 2015). "Emerging drugs for the treatment of acne". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs (Review). 20 (1): 91–101. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.990373. PMID 25474485. S2CID 12685388.(subscription required)
  6. ^ Berman, Brian; Langevin, Helene; Witt, Claudia; Dubner, Ronald (29 July 2010). "Acupuncture for Chronic Low Back Pain". New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (5): 454–461. doi:10.1056/NEJMct0806114. PMID 20818865. S2CID 10129706.
  7. ^ Adams, D; Cheng, F; Jou, H; Aung, S; Yasui, Y; Vohra, S (Dec 2011). "The safety of pediatric acupuncture: a systematic review". Pediatrics. 128 (6): e1575–e1587. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1091. PMID 22106073. S2CID 46502395.
  8. ^ Santulli G. MD (2015). Adrenal Glands: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Evidence. Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-63483-570-1.
  9. ^ "Adrenal gland". Medline Plus/Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  10. ^ McConnell, Thomas H. (2007). The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7817-5317-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Types of Allergic Diseases". NIAID. May 29, 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  12. ^ "Environmental Allergies: Symptoms". NIAID. April 22, 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  13. ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (July 2012). "Food Allergy An Overview" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
  14. ^ Bahna SL (December 2002). "Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 89 (6 Suppl 1): 56–60. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2. PMID 12487206.
  15. ^ a b c Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745. S2CID 8570146.
  16. ^ a b "Dementia Fact sheet". World Health Organization. 12 December 2017.
  17. ^ Anal+Canal at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  18. ^ "anal canal" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  19. ^ Merriam Webster Dictionary
  20. ^ "What is Anesthesiology". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  21. ^ a b Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). "Lower Limb". Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 508–669. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.
  22. ^ WebMD (2009). "ankle". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.
  23. ^ Milner, Brent K. (1999). "Musculoskeletal Imaging". In Gay, Spencer B.; Woodcock, Richard J. (eds.). Radiology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 258–383. ISBN 978-0-683-30663-7.
  24. ^ Williams, D. S. Blaise; Taunton, Jack (2007). "Foot, ankle and lower leg". In Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (eds.). Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 420–39. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3.
  25. ^ del Castillo, Jorge (2012). "Foot and Ankle Injuries". In Adams, James G. (ed.). Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 745–55. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.
  26. ^ Gray, Henry (1918). "Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint". Anatomy of the Human Body.
  27. ^ "Antibiotics". NHS. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  28. ^ "Factsheet for experts". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  29. ^ Rhoades RA, Pflanzer RG (2002). Human Physiology (4th ed.). Thomson Learning. p. 584. ISBN 978-0-534-42174-8.
  30. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1995). Human Biology Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0.
  31. ^ Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA (October 2016). "The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 186 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/cei.12821. PMC 5011360. PMID 27271818.
  32. ^ "brachium – free dictionary". Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  33. ^ "Dictionary.com". Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  34. ^ Encyclopaedia britannica 2013.
  35. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0.
  36. ^ a b c "Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases". NIAMS. October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  37. ^ "Arthritis Types". CDC. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  38. ^ "Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  39. ^ "F84.5 Asperger syndrome". World Health Organization. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  40. ^ McPartland J, Klin A (October 2006). "Asperger's syndrome". Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 17 (3): 771–88, abstract xiii. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMID 17030291.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  41. ^ Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH (2006). "Asperger syndrome revisited". Reviews in Neurological Diseases. 3 (1): 1–7. PMID 16596080.
  42. ^ "Asthma Fact sheet №307". WHO. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  43. ^ NHLBI Guideline 2007, pp. 11–12
  44. ^ British Guideline 2009, p. 4
  45. ^ "Heart Disease Other Related Conditions". cdc.gov. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  46. ^ Zoni-Berisso, M; Lercari, F; Carazza, T; Domenicucci, S (2014). "Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 213–20. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S47385. PMC 4064952. PMID 24966695.
  47. ^ Munger, TM; Wu, LQ; Shen, WK (January 2014). "Atrial fibrillation". Journal of Biomedical Research. 28 (1): 1–17. doi:10.7555/JBR.28.20130191. PMC 3904170. PMID 24474959.
  48. ^ Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–10. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.
  49. ^ Caroline SC, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 133. ISBN 9780387717982.
  50. ^ "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016
  51. ^ a b c American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 50–59.
  52. ^ Landa RJ (2008). "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 4 (3): 138–47. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
  53. ^ Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev. 18 (4): 305–19. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241. S2CID 34658024.
  54. ^ a b "Paresthesia Definition and Origin". dictionary.com. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  55. ^ Church E, Odle T. Diagnosis and treatment of back pain. Radiologic Technology [serial online]. November 2007;79(2):126-204. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 12, 2017.
  56. ^ Dolenšek J, Rupnik MS, Stožer A (2015-01-02). "Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas". Islets. 7 (1): e1024405. doi:10.1080/19382014.2015.1024405. PMC 4589993. PMID 26030186.
  57. ^ Chen C, Cohrs CM, Stertmann J, Bozsak R, Speier S (September 2017). "Human beta cell mass and function in diabetes: Recent advances in knowledge and technologies to understand disease pathogenesis". Molecular Metabolism. 6 (9): 943–957. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.019. PMC 5605733. PMID 28951820.
  58. ^ a b Lippert LS (2006). Clinical kinesiology and anatomy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 126–7. ISBN 978-0-8036-1243-3.
  59. ^ Eating disorders: core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders; National Clinical Practice Guideline No. CG9. Leicester [u.a.]: The British Psychological Society and Gaskell. 2004. ISBN 978-1854333988.
  60. ^ Wu, M; et al. (2014). "Set-shifting ability across the Spectrum of Eating Disorders and in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Psychological Medicine. 44 (16): 3365–85. doi:10.1017/S0033291714000294. PMID 25066267. S2CID 27815868.
  61. ^ Hay, PP; Bacaltchuk, J; Stefano, S; Kashyap, P (7 October 2009). "Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (4): CD000562. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000562.pub3. PMC 7034415. PMID 19821271.
  62. ^ Abramovitz, Melissa (2014). Amazing Feats of Biological Engineering. Essential Library. ISBN 978-1-306-96705-1. OCLC 884551700.
  63. ^ Herold, Keith; Bentley, William E.; Vossoughi, Jafar (2010). The Basics of Bioengineering Education. College Park, Maryland. p. 65. ISBN 9783642149979.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  64. ^ Based on definition from: "Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms". Texas State University at San Marcos. Archived from the original on 2004-06-08.
  65. ^ "Biochemistry". acs.org.
  66. ^ Abhaya Indrayan (2012). Medical Biostatistics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-8414-0.
  67. ^ Anderson, IM; Haddad, PM; Scott, J (2012). "Bipolar disorder". BMJ. 345: e8508. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8508. PMID 23271744. S2CID 22156246.
  68. ^ American Psychiatry Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 123–154. ISBN 0-89042-555-8
  69. ^ "DSM IV Criteria for Manic Episode". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017.
  70. ^ "Definition of Birth control". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  71. ^ a b "Bladder Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  72. ^ "Cancer Fact sheet N°297". World Health Organization. February 2014. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  73. ^ "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  74. ^ "Blood Vessels – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manuals Consumer Version". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  75. ^ C., Farhi, Diane (2009). Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770934. OCLC 191807944.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ Arikan, Hüseyin; Çiçek, Kerim (2014). "Haematology of amphibians and reptiles: a review" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 10: 190–209.
  77. ^ Katherine, Abel (2013). Official CPC Certification Study Guide. American Medical Association.
  78. ^ Vunjak-Novakovic, G.; Tandon, N.; Godier, A.; Maidhof, R.; Marsano, A.; Martens, T. P.; Radisic, M. (2010). "Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering". Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews. 16 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0352. PMC 2946883. PMID 19698068.
  79. ^ "Types of Arrhythmia". July 1, 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  80. ^ a b "General Information About Adult Brain Tumors". NCI. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  81. ^ Tse, Victor (10 November 2009). "Brain Metastasis". Medscape. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  82. ^ "Metastatic Brain Tumors" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  83. ^ "Breast – Definition of breast by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  84. ^ "Breast Cancer". NCI. January 1980. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  85. ^ a b c d "Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  86. ^ Saunders, Christobel; Jassal, Sunil (2009). Breast cancer (1. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. Chapter 13. ISBN 978-0-19-955869-8. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015.
  87. ^ Cantalupo C, Hopkins WD (November 2001). "Asymmetric Broca's area in great apes". Nature. 414 (6863): 505. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..505C. doi:10.1038/35107134. PMC 2043144. PMID 11734839.
  88. ^ Netter, Frank H. (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides (6th ed.). Philadelphia, Penn.: W B Saunders Co. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4557-0418-7.
  89. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. wood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0.[page needed]
  90. ^ "bruit" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  91. ^ "vascular murmur" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  92. ^ a b c "Bulimia nervosa fact sheet". Office on Women's Health. July 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  93. ^ Brini, Marisa; Ottolini, Denis; Calì, Tito; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Chapter 4. Calcium in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 13. Springer. pp. 81–137. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_4. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470090.
  94. ^ Brini, Marisa; Call, Tito; Ottolini, Denis; Carafoli, Ernesto (2013). "Chapter 5 Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling". In Banci, Lucia (Ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 12. Springer. pp. 119–68. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_5. ISBN 978-94-007-5560-4. PMID 23595672. electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 ISSN 1559-0836 electronic-ISSN 1868-0402
  95. ^ "Cancer". World Health Organization. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  96. ^ a b "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  97. ^ a b "What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  98. ^ Field, John M. (2009). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 11. ISBN 9780781788991. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05.
  99. ^ a b "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  100. ^ a b c Shanthi Mendis; Pekka Puska; Bo Norrving; World Health Organization (2011). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control (PDF). World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-92-4-156437-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-17.
  101. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  102. ^ a b OED 2nd edition, 1989.
  103. ^ a b Entry "carotid" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
  104. ^ a b Ashrafian H (March 2007). "Anatomically specific clinical examination of the carotid arterial tree". Anatomical Science International. 82 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2006.00152.x. PMID 17370446. S2CID 12109379.
  105. ^ a b Manbachi A, Hoi Y, Wasserman BA, Lakatta EG, Steinman DA (December 2011). "On the shape of the common carotid artery with implications for blood velocity profiles". Physiological Measurement. 32 (12): 1885–97. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/32/12/001. PMC 3494738. PMID 22031538.
  106. ^ a b "Carotid artery". WebMD. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  107. ^ Kingston 2000, pp 126-127
  108. ^ a b Burton, C; Chesterton, LS; Davenport, G (May 2014). "Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care". The British Journal of General Practice. 64 (622): 262–3. doi:10.3399/bjgp14x679903. PMC 4001168. PMID 24771836.
  109. ^ "Module - Introduction to Joints". Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  110. ^ "Cell Biology | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
  111. ^ Hodos, William (2009), "Evolution of Cerebellum", Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Springer, pp. 1240–1243, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_3124, ISBN 978-3-540-23735-8
  112. ^ Wolf U, Rapoport MJ, Schweizer TA (2009). "Evaluating the affective component of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome". Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 21 (3): 245–53. doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.3.245. PMID 19776302.
  113. ^ a b Fine EJ, Ionita CC, Lohr L (December 2002). "The history of the development of the cerebellar examination". Seminars in Neurology. 22 (4): 375–84. doi:10.1055/s-2002-36759. PMID 12539058. S2CID 260317107.
  114. ^ "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 2007-09-17. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  115. ^ Tarney, CM; Han, J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.
  116. ^ "Full Definition of chin". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  117. ^ O'Loughlin, Michael McKinley, Valerie Dean (2006). Human anatomy. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 400–01. ISBN 0-07-249585-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  118. ^ Guideline 53: Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy). London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84629-453-2.
  119. ^ Evengård, B; Schacterle, RS; Komaroff, AL (1999). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance". Journal of Internal Medicine. 246 (5): 455–69. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x. PMID 10583715. S2CID 34123925.
  120. ^ Kleinmann, G; Kim, H. J.; Yee, R. W. (2006). "Scleral expansion procedure for the correction of presbyopia". International Ophthalmology Clinics. 46 (3): 1–12. doi:10.1097/00004397-200604630-00003. PMID 16929221. S2CID 45247729.
  121. ^ Schachar, Ronald A. (2012). "Anatomy and Physiology." (Chapter 4) The Mechanism of Accommodation and Presbyopia. Kugler Publications. ISBN 978-9-062-99233-1.
  122. ^ Land, Michael (Apr 19, 2015). "Focusing by shape change in the lens of the eye: a commentary on Young (1801) 'On the mechanism of the eye'". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 370 (1666). School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: 20140308. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0308. PMC 4360117. PMID 25750232.
  123. ^ Schnaudigel OE. Anatomie des Sulcus ciliaris [Anatomy of the ciliary sulcus]. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1990;87(4):388-9. German. PMID: 2210569.
  124. ^ Hyland, Scott; Varacallo, Matthew (8 Feb 2019). "Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Clavicle". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30252246. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  125. ^ "Celiac Disease". NIDDKD. June 2015. Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  126. ^ a b c d Fasano A (April 2005). "Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population". Gastroenterology (Review). 128 (4 Suppl 1): S68–73. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015. PMID 15825129.
  127. ^ a b c Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP, ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (January 2012). "European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease" (PDF). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (Practice Guideline). 54 (1): 136–60. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0. PMID 22197856. S2CID 15029283. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2016. Since 1990, the understanding of the pathological processes of CD has increased enormously, leading to a change in the clinical paradigm of CD from a chronic, gluten-dependent enteropathy of childhood to a systemic disease with chronic immune features affecting different organ systems. (...) atypical symptoms may be considerably more common than classic symptoms
  128. ^ Newnham, Evan D (2017). "Coeliac disease in the 21st century: Paradigm shifts in the modern age". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 32: 82–85. doi:10.1111/jgh.13704. PMID 28244672. S2CID 46285202. Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule.Free access icon
  129. ^ Rostami Nejad M, Hogg-Kollars S, Ishaq S, Rostami K (2011). "Subclinical celiac disease and gluten sensitivity". Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench (Review). 4 (3): 102–8. PMC 4017418. PMID 24834166.
  130. ^ Tonutti E, Bizzaro N (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity". Autoimmun Rev (Review). 13 (4–5): 472–6. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043. PMID 24440147.
  131. ^ a b Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Cangemi GC, Pohanka M, Betti E, Lauret E, Rodrigo L (22 October 2015). "The Spectrum of Differences between Childhood and Adulthood Celiac Disease". Nutrients (Review). 7 (10): 8733–51. doi:10.3390/nu7105426. PMC 4632446. PMID 26506381. Several additional studies in extensive series of coeliac patients have clearly shown that TG2A sensitivity varies depending on the severity of duodenal damage, and reaches almost 100% in the presence of complete villous atrophy (more common in children under three years), 70% for subtotal atrophy, and up to 30% when only an increase in IELs is present. (IELs: intraepithelial lymphocytes)
  132. ^ "Colon and Rectal Surgery Specialty Description". American Medical Association. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  133. ^ Arroll, B (March 2011). "Common cold". Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa
  134. ^ a b Allan, GM; Arroll, B (18 February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (3): 190–99. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694.
  135. ^ a b c "Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  136. ^ Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637. PMID 16253889.
  137. ^ Heikkinen T, Järvinen A (January 2003). "The common cold". Lancet. 361 (9351): 51–59. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9. PMC 7112468. PMID 12517470.
  138. ^ Henry Gray (1918), Anatomy of the Human Body, p. 677, archived from the original on 2009-12-22, retrieved 2008-06-15
  139. ^ "Coronary Arteries". Texas Heart Institute. Retrieved 2019-09-01.
  140. ^ Velut, S; Destrieux, C; Kakou, M (May 1998). "[Morphologic anatomy of the corpus callosum]". Neuro-Chirurgie. 44 (1 Suppl): 17–30. PMID 9757322.
  141. ^ "Corpus callosum". Queensland Brain Institute. 10 November 2017.
  142. ^ Luders, Eileen; Thompson, Paul M.; Toga, Arthur W. (18 August 2010). "The Development of the Corpus Callosum in the Healthy Human Brain". Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (33): 10985–10990. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5122-09.2010. PMC 3197828. PMID 20720105.
  143. ^ Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top". Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-49201-7.
  144. ^ Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R. (2008). "Overview of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei". Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). [Edinburgh]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9.
  145. ^ Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M.M. (1968), A glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 9780387076683
  146. ^ Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
  147. ^ Brown, JM; Wickham, JB; McAndrew, DJ; Huang, XF (2007). "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.007. PMID 16458022.
  148. ^ "Glossary of Dental Clinical and Administrative Terms". American Dental Association. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  149. ^ a b c d Nedorost, Susan T. (2012). Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–3, 9, 13–14. ISBN 9781447128977. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  150. ^ "Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema)". NIAMS. May 2013. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  151. ^ a b See List of medical abbreviations: D for variants.
  152. ^ "About diabetes". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  153. ^ a b c "Diabetes Fact sheet N°312". WHO. October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  154. ^ Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–43. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476.
  155. ^ "A Consumer's Guide to the DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes)". Health Canada. 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  156. ^ "differential diagnosis". Merriam-Webster (Medical dictionary). Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  157. ^ "Ear". Oxford Dictionary. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  158. ^ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov.
  159. ^ Palastanga & Soames 2012, p. 138
  160. ^ Kapandji 1982, pp. 74–7
  161. ^ "Embryology Definition". 7 October 2019.
  162. ^ Marieb E (2014). Anatomy & physiology. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 978-0321861580.
  163. ^ Nelson, R. J. 2005. An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
  164. ^ "Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology". idea.ucr.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-05-18. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  165. ^ "Behavioral Endocrinology". www-rci.rutgers.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  166. ^ Miquel Porta (2014). A Dictionary of Epidemiology (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997673-7. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  167. ^ a b Chang BS, Lowenstein DH (September 2003). "Epilepsy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (13): 1257–66. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022308. PMID 14507951.
  168. ^ Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, Engel J, Forsgren L, French JA, Glynn M, Hesdorffer DC, Lee BI, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Scheffer IE, Tomson T, Watanabe M, Wiebe S (April 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy" (PDF). Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–82. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. PMID 24730690. S2CID 35958237. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2014.
  169. ^ a b "Epilepsy Fact sheet". WHO. February 2016. Archivedfrom the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  170. ^ Fisher R, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J (2005). "Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)". Epilepsia. 46 (4): 470–2. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. PMID 15816939.
  171. ^ Cunningham GR, Rosen RC. Overview of male sexual dysfunction. In: UpToDate, Martin KA (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2018.
  172. ^ Wood, J. (1863-01-01). On Some Varieties in Human Myology. Royal Society of London.
  173. ^ Martínez, Daniel Casanova; Gandur, Iván Valdivia; Golanó, Pau (2012-12-20). "Extensor pollicis et indicis communis or extensor indicis radialis muscle". Anatomical Science International. 88 (3): 153–155. doi:10.1007/s12565-012-0164-8. ISSN 1447-6959. PMID 23255266. S2CID 8043419.
  174. ^ Zimmer, Carl (February 2012). "Our Strange, Important, Subconscious Light Detectors". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
  175. ^ a b Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2010). Moore's clinical anatomy. United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 843–980. ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0.
  176. ^ "Year of Discovery, Faceless and Brainless Fish". 2011-12-29. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  177. ^ Mahadevan, Harold Ellis, Vishy (2013). Clinical anatomy applied anatomy for students and junior doctors (13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118373767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  178. ^ Jonas Keiler; Marko Schulze; Host Claassen; Andreas Wree (2018). "Femoral vein diameter, valve and tributary topography in humans - a post mortem analysis". Clinical Anatomy. 31 (7): 1065–1076. doi:10.1002/ca.23224. PMID 30240062. S2CID 52308003.
  179. ^ a b Gray, Henry (2016). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Standring, Susan (41st ed.). [Philadelphia]. ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9. OCLC 920806541.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  180. ^ "gamete | Definition, Formation, Examples, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  181. ^ "gamete / gametes | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  182. ^ MeSH heading gastroenterology
  183. ^ Ermak G (2015). Emerging Medical Technologies. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4675-81-9.
  184. ^ Kaji, Eugene H. (2001-02-07). "Gene and Stem Cell Therapies". JAMA. 285 (5): 545–550. doi:10.1001/jama.285.5.545. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 11176856.
  185. ^ Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Genetics and the Organism: Introduction". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3520-5.
  186. ^ Hartl D, Jones E (2005)
  187. ^ "the definition of genetics". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  188. ^ "genitourinary system" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  189. ^ "UC Davis Department of Radiology - Genitourinary Radiology". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  190. ^ "Definition of Geriatric medicine". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  191. ^ Geriatrics separation from internal medicine Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  192. ^ "Geriatric Medicine Specialty Description". American Medical Association. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  193. ^ "the definition of sex gland". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  194. ^ "gonad (noun) American English definition and synonyms - Macmillan Dictionary". www.macmillandictionary.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  195. ^ Chen LX, Schumacher HR (October 2008). "Gout: an evidence-based review". J Clin Rheumatol. 14 (5 Suppl): S55–62. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181896921. PMID 18830092. S2CID 6644013.
  196. ^ Hui, M; Carr, A; Cameron, S; Davenport, G; Doherty, M; Forrester, H; Jenkins, W; Jordan, KM; Mallen, CD; McDonald, TM; Nuki, G; Pywell, A; Zhang, W; Roddy, E; British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working, Group. (26 May 2017). "The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout". Rheumatology. 56 (7): e1–e20. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex156. PMID 28549177.
  197. ^ a b Richette, P; Bardin, T (2010). "Gout". Lancet. 375 (9711): 318–28. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7. PMID 19692116. S2CID 208793280.
  198. ^ Schlesinger N (March 2010). "Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians". Postgrad Med. 122 (2): 157–61. doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133. PMID 20203467. S2CID 35321485.
  199. ^ British Journal of Urology (1997), 80, 940–945 The guarding reflex revisited J.M. PARK, D.A. BLOOM and E.J . McGUIRE* Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and *Department of Urology, University of Texas Medical School Houston, Texas, USA
  200. ^ R .Porter (1991), reviews Ornella Moscucci, The science of women: gynaecology and gender in England, 1800-1929, Cambridge History of Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 1990, 8vo, pp. x, 278 retrieved 2021-March-07
  201. ^ a b Mark L. Latash (18 March 2008). Synergy. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-0-19-533316-9.
  202. ^ Tracy L. Kivell; Pierre Lemelin; Brian G. Richmond; Daniel Schmitt (10 August 2016). The Evolution of the Primate Hand: Anatomical, Developmental, Functional, and Paleontological Evidence. Springer. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-1-4939-3646-5.
  203. ^ Goldfinger, Eliot (1991). Human Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form: The Elements of Form. Oxford University Press. pp. 177, 295. ISBN 978-0-19-505206-0.
  204. ^ O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola (1983). Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Saunders. p. 93.
  205. ^ Schmidt & Lanz 2003, p. 105
  206. ^ Marieb 2004, p. 237
  207. ^ a b Hand surgery is extremely difficult, ranking last on what most doctors would consider "easy." It can cause loss of memory, loss of fingers, loss of hand or hands, loss of leg and, in above average cases, death. "About Hand Surgery" Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
  208. ^ "Why Visit a Hand Surgeon" Archived 2013-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
  209. ^ "Definition: cheiroplasty from Online Medical Dictionary". Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
  210. ^ "Definition of chiroplasty by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
  211. ^ World Health Organization.Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. In Grad, Frank P. (2002). "The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 80 (12): 982. PMC 2567708. PMID 12571728.
  212. ^ World Health Organization. (2006). Constitution of the World Health OrganizationBasic Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.
  213. ^ Jadad AR, O'Grady L: How should health be defined? (2008). "How should health be defined?". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 337: a2900. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2900. PMID 19073663. S2CID 8842596.
  214. ^ Callahan D. (1973). "The WHO definition of 'health'". The Hastings Center Studies. 1 (3): 77–87. doi:10.2307/3527467. JSTOR 3527467. PMID 4607284.
  215. ^ Taylor S, Marandi A (2008). "How should health be defined?". BMJ. 337: a290. doi:10.1136/bmj.a290. PMID 18614520. S2CID 19081214.
  216. ^ Huber, Machteld; Knottnerus, J. André; Green, Lawrence; Horst, Henriëtte van der; Jadad, Alejandro R.; Kromhout, Daan; Leonard, Brian; Lorig, Kate; Loureiro, Maria Isabel (2011-07-26). "How should we define health?". BMJ. 343: d4163. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4163. hdl:1885/17067. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 21791490. S2CID 19573798.
  217. ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Grabowski, Sandra R. (2003). Roesch, Bonnie (ed.). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: Volume 4 Maintenance and Continuity of the Human Body (Textbook). Vol. 4 (10th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 734. ISBN 0-471-22934-2.
  218. ^ Jacobson, Elliott R. (2007). Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8493-2321-8. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  219. ^ Fossen C. "What is Biology?". www.ntnu.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  220. ^ Villani AC, Sarkizova S, Hacohen N (April 2018). "Systems Immunology: Learning the Rules of the Immune System". Annual Review of Immunology. 36 (1): 813–842. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053035. PMC 6597491. PMID 29677477.
  221. ^ Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
  222. ^ "Hypersensitivities | Microbiology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  223. ^ "Specific Disease Types | Immune Deficiency Foundation". primaryimmune.org. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  224. ^ "Transplant rejection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  225. ^ Pierce CW, Solliday SM, Asofsky R (March 1972). "Immune responses in vitro. IV. Suppression of primary M, G, and A plaque-forming cell responses in mouse spleen cell cultures by class-specific antibody to mouse immunoglobulins". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 135 (3): 675–97. doi:10.1084/jem.135.3.675. PMC 2139142. PMID 4536706.
  226. ^ Miyahara S, Yokomuro K, Takahashi H, Kimura Y (November 1983). "Regeneration and the immune system. I. In vitro and in vivo activation of lymphocytes by liver regeneration and the role of Kupffer cells in stimulation". European Journal of Immunology. 13 (11): 878–83. doi:10.1002/eji.1830131104. PMID 6227489. S2CID 22400759.
  227. ^ Henry Gray (1918), Anatomy of the Human Body, p. 677, archived from the original on 2009-12-22, retrieved 2008-06-15
  228. ^ a b "Jaundice". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  229. ^ a b Buttaro, Terry Mahan; Trybulski, JoAnn; Polgar-Bailey, Patricia; Sandberg-Cook, Joanne (2012). Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice (4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 690. ISBN 978-0323075855. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  230. ^ Bassari, R; Koea, JB (7 February 2015). "Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 21 (5): 1404–13. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404. PMC 4316083. PMID 25663760.
  231. ^ (Prof.), Roger Jones (2004). Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care. Oxford University Press. p. 758. ISBN 9780198567820. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  232. ^ "Facts about Jaundice and Kernicterus". CDC. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  233. ^ Whiting, William Charles; Rugg, Stuart (2006). Dynamic Human Anatomy. Vol. 10. Human Kinetics. p. 40. ISBN 9780736036825.
  234. ^ "Articulation definition". eMedicine Dictionary. 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  235. ^ a b c Saladin, Ken. Anatomy & Physiology. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Connect. Web. p.274
  236. ^ Standring, Susan, ed. (2006). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice (39th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. p. 38. ISBN 0-443-07168-3.
  237. ^ "keratogenesis", Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, retrieved 2022-11-03
  238. ^ Lote, Christopher J. (2012). Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition. Springer. p. 21.
  239. ^ Mescher, Anthony L. (2016). Junqueira's Basic Histology, 14th edition. Lange. p. 393.
  240. ^ Chhajer, Bimal (2006). "Anatomy of Knee". Knee Pain. Fusion Books. pp. 10–1. ISBN 978-81-8419-181-3.
  241. ^ Kulowski, Jacob (July 1932). "Flexion contracture of the knee". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 14 (3): 618–63. Archived from the original on 2016-08-03. Republished as: Kulowski, J (2007). "Flexion contracture of the knee: The mechanics of the muscular contracture and the turnbuckle cast method of treatment; with a review of fifty-five cases. 1932". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 464: 4–10. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e31815760ca. PMID 17975372. S2CID 9932906.
  242. ^ "Korsakoff Syndrome - MeSH - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  243. ^ "Korsakoff syndrome". Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  244. ^ "large intestine". NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
  245. ^ Medical Definition of Laryngeal sinus in lexic.us. Updated 05 Mar 2000
  246. ^ Elias, H.; Bengelsdorf, H. (1 July 1952). "The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates". Cells Tissues Organs. 14 (4): 297–337. doi:10.1159/000140715. PMID 14943381.
  247. ^ Abdel-Misih, Sherif R.Z.; Bloomston, Mark (2010). "Liver Anatomy". Surgical Clinics of North America. 90 (4): 643–653. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.04.017. PMC 4038911. PMID 20637938.
  248. ^ a b "Anatomy and physiology of the liver – Canadian Cancer Society". Cancer.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
  249. ^ a b ""Depression". NIMH. May 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  250. ^ a b American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 160–68, ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8, retrieved 22 July 2016
  251. ^ Gray's Anatomy – The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition, p. 530
  252. ^ Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011). Principles of anatomy & physiology (13th. ed.). Wiley. p. 226. ISBN 9780470646083.
  253. ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 283. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
  254. ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
  255. ^ Fehrenbach; Herring (2012). Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck. Elsevier. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4377-2419-6.
  256. ^ "Melbourne Medical School International Applicants". University of Melbourne. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  257. ^ Wang, Bin (2016). "Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration" (PDF). Progress in Materials Science. 76: 229–318. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001.
  258. ^ Ehud Gazit, Plenty of room for biology at the bottom: An introduction to bionanotechnology. Imperial College Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-86094-677-6
  259. ^ "nasal fossa". TheFreeDictionary.com.
  260. ^ Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes, 2008-2009, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
  261. ^ "Definition of NAVEL". www.merriam-webster.com. 13 May 2023.
  262. ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. (2016-09-06). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15e WileyPLUS Registration Card + Loose-leaf Print Companion (15th ed.). Wiley (WileyPLUS Products). ISBN 978-1-119-34373-8. OL 28367744M.
  263. ^ ACGME (1 July 2016). "ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Neurology" (PDF). www.acgme.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  264. ^ "Neuroscience". Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary.
  265. ^ Kandel, Eric R. (2012). Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. I. Overall perspective. ISBN 978-0071390118.
  266. ^ Ayd, Frank J. Jr. (2000). Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology and the Neurosciences. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 688. ISBN 978-0781724685.
  267. ^ Shulman, Robert G. (2013). "Neuroscience: A Multidisciplinary, Multilevel Field". Brain Imaging: What it Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About Consciousness. Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780199838721.
  268. ^ Ogawa, Hiroto; Oka, Kotaro (2013). Methods in Neuroethological Research. Springer. p. v. ISBN 9784431543305.
  269. ^ Tanner, Kimberly D. (2006-01-01). "Issues in Neuroscience Education: Making Connections". CBE: Life Sciences Education. 5 (2): 85. doi:10.1187/cbe.06-04-0156. ISSN 1931-7913. PMC 1618510.
  270. ^ "Neurological Surgery Specialty Description". American Medical Association. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  271. ^ "Nuclear Medicine". Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  272. ^ "Joint Collection Development Policy: Human Nutrition and Food". US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  273. ^ "Definition: 'Oblique Muscle Of Auricle'". MediLexicon International Ltd. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  274. ^ This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1035 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
  275. ^ "Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialty Description". American Medical Association. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  276. ^ "Definition of olfaction". www.merriam-webster.com. 18 May 2023.
  277. ^ Wolfe, J; Kluender, K; Levi, D (2012). Sensation & perception (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87893-572-7.
  278. ^ Maureen McCutcheon. Where Have My Eyebrows Gone?. Cengage Learning, 2001. ISBN 0766839346. Page 5.
  279. ^ "History of Ophthalmology". www.mrcophth.com.
  280. ^ "Ophthalmology". American Medical Association. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  281. ^ Boyd, Kierstan (6 June 2016). "Ophthalmology Subspecialists". American Academy of Ophthalmology.
  282. ^ Smith, Yolanda (5 September 2016). "Ophthalmology". News-Medical.net.
  283. ^ Churchill, Jennifer; Gudgel, Dan T. (1 November 2013). "What is an Ophthalmologist?". American Academy of Ophthalmology.
  284. ^ Widmaier E P; Raff H; Strang KT (2014). Vander's Human Physiology (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-07-128366-3.[page needed]
  285. ^ Wingerd, Bruce D. (1811). The Human Body Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 0-03-055507-8.
  286. ^ Wingerd, Bruce D. (1994). The Human Body Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. p. 478. ISBN 0-03-055507-8.
  287. ^ Goss, Charles Mayo (1966). Gray's Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. p. 1172.
  288. ^ Zhukovsky D (2019). Primer of Palliative Care. American Association of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. ISBN 9781889296081.
  289. ^ "WHO | WHO Definition of Palliative Care". WHO. Archived from the original on October 4, 2003. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  290. ^ Sepulveda, Cecilia; Marlin, Amanda; Yoshida, Tokuo; Ullrich, Andreas (2 August 2002). "Palliative Care: The World Health's Global Perspective". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 24 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00440-2. PMID 12231124.
  291. ^ "the definition of palpation". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  292. ^ Scott, Kevin R.; Ahmed, Aiesha; Scott, Linda; Kothari, Milind J. (2013-01-01), Barnes, Michael P.; Good, David C. (eds.), "Chapter 42 - Rehabilitation of brachial plexus and peripheral nerve disorders", Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Neurological Rehabilitation, 110, Elsevier: 499–514, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52901-5.00042-3, ISBN 9780444529015, PMID 23312667, retrieved 2020-10-25
  293. ^ "12. Colon and Rectum" (PDF), AJCC Cancer Staging Atlas, American Joint Committee on Cancer, 2006, p. 109
  294. ^ a b Wolff BG, Fleshman JW, Beck DE, Pemberton JH, Wexner SD, Church JM, Garcia-Aguilar J, Roberts PL, Saclarides TJ, eds. (2007). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-24846-2.
  295. ^ Gray's Anatomy for students, 2nd edition, Page:176
  296. ^ "Rectus Abdominis Muscle | Actions | Attachments | Origin & Insertion". www.getbodysmart.com. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  297. ^ Sportsmedicine: Rectus Femoris Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Sportsmedicine.about.com. Retrieved on 2015-09-30.
  298. ^ Oxford Dictionaries and Webster's New College Dictionary (2010) admit the plural sacrums alongside sacra; The American Heritage Dictionary, Collins Dictionary and Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) give sacra as the only plural.
  299. ^ "SACRUM ANATOMY". www.scientificspine.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  300. ^ Edgar, Michael; Dawes, Colin; O'Mullane, Denis, eds. (2012). Saliva and oral health (4th ed.). Stephen Hancocks. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9565668-3-6.
  301. ^ Trivedi, Bijal P. (2012). "Gustatory system: The finer points of taste". Nature. 486 (7403): S2–S3. Bibcode:2012Natur.486S...2T. doi:10.1038/486s2a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22717400. S2CID 4325945.
  302. ^ Witt, Martin (2019). "Anatomy and development of the human taste system". Smell and Taste. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 164. pp. 147–171. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00010-1. ISBN 978-0-444-63855-7. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 31604544. S2CID 204332286.
  303. ^ Human biology (Page 201/464) Daniel D. Chiras. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2005.
  304. ^ N, Catena; Mg, Calevo; D, Fracassetti; D, Moharamzadeh; C, Origo; M, De Pellegrin (2019). "Risk of Ulnar Nerve Injury During Cross-Pinning in Supine and Prone Position for Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children: A Recent Literature Review". European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology: Orthopedie Traumatologie. 29 (6): 1169–1175. doi:10.1007/s00590-019-02444-0. PMID 31037406. S2CID 139108013. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  305. ^ Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987). Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-0-521-33792-2.
  306. ^ Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 583–. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  307. ^ Marianne J. Legato; John P. Bilezikian, eds. (2004). "109: The Evaluation and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence". Principles of Gender-specific Medicine. Vol. 1. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 1187.
  308. ^ Chancellor, Michael B; Yoshimura, Naoki (2004). "Neurophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence". Reviews in Urology. 6 (Suppl 3): S19–S28. PMC 1472861. PMID 16985861.
  309. ^ Jung, Junyang; Anh, Hyo Kwang; Huh, Youngbuhm (September 2012). "Clinical and Functional Anatomy of the Urethral Sphincter". International Neurourology Journal. 16 (3): 102–106. doi:10.5213/inj.2012.16.3.102. PMC 3469827. PMID 23094214.
  310. ^ Karam, I.; Moudouni, S.; Droupy, S.; Abd-Almasad, I.; Uhl, J. F.; Delmas, V. (April 2005). "The structure and innervation of the male urethra: histological and immunohistochemical studies with three-dimensional reconstruction". Journal of Anatomy. 206 (4): 395–403. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00402.x. PMC 1571491. PMID 15817107.
  311. ^ Ashton-Miller, J. A.; DeLancey, J. O. (April 2007). "Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1101 (1): 266–296. Bibcode:2007NYASA1101..266A. doi:10.1196/annals.1389.034. hdl:2027.42/72597. PMID 17416924. S2CID 6310287.
  312. ^ Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2016). Medical Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 738. ISBN 9781455733286. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  313. ^ Walker-Smith, John; Murch, Simon (1999). Cardozo, Linda (ed.). Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood (4 ed.). CRC Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781901865059. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  314. ^ "The Urinary Tract & How It Works | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
  315. ^ C. Dugdale, David (16 September 2011). "Female urinary tract". MedLine Plus Medical Encyclopedia.
  316. ^ Melief CJ, van Hall T, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH (September 2015). "Therapeutic cancer vaccines". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (9): 3401–12. doi:10.1172/JCI80009. PMC 4588240. PMID 26214521.
  317. ^ Bol KF, Aarntzen EH, Pots JM, Olde Nordkamp MA, van de Rakt MW, Scharenborg NM, de Boer AJ, van Oorschot TG, Croockewit SA, Blokx WA, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, Mus RD, van Rossum MM, van der Graaf CA, Punt CJ, Adema GJ, Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Schreibelt G (March 2016). "Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 65 (3): 327–39. doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1796-7. PMC 4779136. PMID 26861670.
  318. ^ Brotherton J (2015). "HPV prophylactic vaccines: lessons learned from 10 years experience". Future Virology. 10 (8): 999–1009. doi:10.2217/fvl.15.60.
  319. ^ Frazer IH (May 2014). "Development and implementation of papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines". Journal of Immunology. 192 (9): 4007–11. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1490012. PMID 24748633. S2CID 24181641.
  320. ^ Crawford, Dorothy (2011). Viruses: A Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0199574858.
  321. ^ Cann, Alan (2011). Principles of Molecular Virology (5 ed.). London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0123849397.
  322. ^ Cline D, Hofstetter HW, Griffin J (1997). Dictionary of Visual Science (4th ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-9895-5.
  323. ^ Mather, George. "The Visual Cortex". School of Life Sciences: University of Sussex. University of Sussex. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  324. ^ "Vital Signs".
  325. ^ "Emergency Physicians Home". www.emergencyphysicians.org.
  326. ^ "Vital Signs Table - ProHealthSys". 3 July 2013.
  327. ^ "Home". LOINC.
  328. ^ "LOINC - A Lingua Franca Critical for Electronic Medical Records and Health Information Exchange". Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  329. ^ a b "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D". ods.od.nih.gov. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  330. ^ a b Norman AW (August 2008). "From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88 (2): 491S–499S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.491S. PMID 18689389.
  331. ^ Bikle DD (March 2014). "Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications". Chemistry & Biology. 21 (3): 319–29. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016. PMC 3968073. PMID 24529992.
  332. ^ Loo, SK; Tang, WY (12 June 2014). "Warts (non-genital)". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2014. PMC 4054795. PMID 24921240.
  333. ^ Warts: Overview. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2019-11-07. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  334. ^ Kong, Erwin L.; Fowler, James B. (2019), "Rinne Test", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613725, retrieved 2019-04-24
  335. ^ Wahid, Nur Wahidah B.; Attia, Maximos (2019), "Weber Test", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30252391, retrieved 2019-04-24
  336. ^ Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS (January 2006). "Does this patient have hearing impairment?". JAMA. 295 (4): 416–28. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.416. PMID 16434632.
  337. ^ Mugunthan, Kayalvili; Doust, Jenny; Kurz, Bodo; Glasziou, Paul (2014-08-04). "Is there sufficient evidence for tuning fork tests in diagnosing fractures? A systematic review". BMJ Open. 4 (8): e005238. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005238. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 4127942. PMID 25091014.
  338. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
  339. ^ Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. "Q&A: Neck Injury". Archived from the original on 2007-10-04. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  340. ^ "whiplash" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  341. ^ Maton D, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD, Kulkarni DV (1997). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
  342. ^ Blumenfeld, Hal (2010). Neuroanatomy through clinical cases (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. p. 21. ISBN 9780878936137. Areas of the CNS made up mainly of myelinated axons are called white matter.
  343. ^ Douglas Fields, R. (2008). "White Matter Matters". Scientific American. 298 (3): 54–61. Bibcode:2008SciAm.298c..54D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0308-54.
  344. ^ Miyake, A.; Shah, P., eds. (1999). Models of working memory. Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58325-X.
  345. ^ a b Diamond A (2013). "Executive functions". Annu Rev Psychol. 64: 135–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. PMC 4084861. PMID 23020641. WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D'Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold.

    WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.
  346. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 313–321. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.  • Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.
     • Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ...
    working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
  347. ^ Cowan, Nelson (2008). "Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?". Essence of Memory. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 169. pp. 323–338. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9. ISBN 978-0-444-53164-3. PMC 2657600. PMID 18394484. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  348. ^ Behnke 2006, p. 76. "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones."
  349. ^ a b Moore 2006, p. 485. "The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (radiocarpal joint), intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other [...] "
  350. ^ Behnke 2006, p. 77. "With the large number of bones composing the wrist (ulna, radius, eight carpas, and five metacarpals), it makes sense that there are many, many joints that make up the structure known as the wrist."
  351. ^ Baratz 1999, p. 391. "The wrist joint is composed of not only the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints but also the intercarpal articulations."
  352. ^ a b James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  353. ^ a b c d e Mitjà O; Asiedu K; Mabey D (2013). "Yaws". The Lancet. 381 (9868): 763–73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62130-8. PMID 23415015. S2CID 208791874.
  354. ^ Mitjà O; Hays R; Rinaldi AC; McDermott R; Bassat Q (2012). "New treatment schemes for yaws: the path toward eradication". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 55 (3): 406–412. doi:10.1093/cid/cis444. PMID 22610931.
  355. ^ a b c "Yaws Fact sheet N°316". World Health Organization. February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  356. ^ a b c d e "Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100". World Health Organization. May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  357. ^ Scully, Crispian (2014). Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-7020-5963-6.
  358. ^ "zellweger". Zellweger UK. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  359. ^ "Zellweger Spectrum Disorders". University of Michigan. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  360. ^ "Zellweger Spectrum Disorder". National Organization of Rare Diseases. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  361. ^ "How to pronounce Zika". HowToPronounce.com.
  362. ^ "Zika virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (6): 1090. June 2014. doi:10.3201/eid2006.ET2006. PMC 4036762. PMID 24983096.
  363. ^ a b Malone RW, Homan J, Callahan MV, Glasspool-Malone J, Damodaran L, Schneider A, et al. (March 2016). "Zika Virus: Medical Countermeasure Development Challenges". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (3): e0004530. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004530. PMC 4774925. PMID 26934531.
  364. ^ a b Sikka V, Chattu VK, Popli RK, Galwankar SC, Kelkar D, Sawicki SG, Stawicki SP, Papadimos TJ (11 February 2016). "The Emergence of Zika Virus as a Global Health Security Threat: A Review and a Consensus Statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG)". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 8 (1): 3–15. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.176140. PMC 4785754. PMID 27013839.
  365. ^ Mehrjardi MZ (1 January 2017). "Is Zika Virus an Emerging TORCH Agent? An Invited Commentary". Virology. 8: 1178122X17708993. doi:10.1177/1178122X17708993. PMC 5439991. PMID 28579764.
  366. ^ "zoonosis". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  367. ^ WHO. "Zoonoses". Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  368. ^ "A glimpse into Canada's highest containment laboratory for animal health: The National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases". science.gc.ca. Government of Canada. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019. Zoonoses are infectious diseases which jump from an animal host or reservoir into humans.
  369. ^ Aiello, F; Rampat, R; Afflitto, G Gallo; Din, N; Mandal, N; Maurino, V (7 January 2023). "Zonular dialysis and cataract surgery: results from a UK tertiary eye care referral centre". Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.12.001.

Works cited[edit]