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| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]]) <br> [[Columbia University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]]) <br> [[Columbia University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
}}
'''Kristen M. Clarke''' (Born 1975) is an American attorney who is the president of the [[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]]. She previously managed the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights]] bureau of the New York Department of Law under [[Eric Schneiderman]]. In 2019, Clarke successfully represented Taylor Dumpson, the first Black American woman student body president of [[American University]], in her landmark case against [[White supremacy|white supremacists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/186797/black-students-at-american-university-speak-about-experiencing-hate-on-campus/|title=An American University|first=Christina Sturdivant|last=Sani|date=Mar 15, 2018|website=Washington City Paper|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref>
'''Kristen M. Clarke''' (Born 1975) is an American attorney who is the president of the [[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]]. She previously managed the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights]] bureau of the New York Department of Law under [[Eric Schneiderman]]. In 2019, Clarke successfully represented Taylor Dumpson, the first Black American woman student body president of [[American University]], in her landmark case against [[White supremacy|white supremacists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/186797/black-students-at-american-university-speak-about-experiencing-hate-on-campus/|title=An American University|first=Christina Sturdivant|last=Sani|date=Mar 15, 2018|website=Washington City Paper|access-date=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref>


[[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Joe Biden]] in 2021 selected Clarke as his choice to head the [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division]].<ref name="Biden's nominees">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/08/an-all-star-lineup-doj/ |title=Joe Biden's nominees will put 'Justice' back in the Justice Department |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2021 |author=Rubin, Jennifer}}</ref>
[[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Joe Biden]] in 2021 selected Clarke as his choice to head the [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division]].<ref name="Biden's nominees">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/08/an-all-star-lineup-doj/ |title=Joe Biden's nominees will put 'Justice' back in the Justice Department |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2021 |author=Rubin, Jennifer}}</ref>
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===Voting Rights===
===Voting Rights===


Kristen Clarke handled the legal argument in district court in [[Shelby County v. Holder|Shelby County Alabama v. Holder]]. In 2020, she testified before Congress about barriers to the vote.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110980/witnesses/HHRG-116-VC00-Wstate-ClarkeK-20200909.pdf</ref> She has advocated for passage of the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act. She has participated in the annual bridge crossing in Selma, Alabama to commemorate Bloody Sunday.<ref>https://twitter.com/KristenClarkeJD/status/1284491138137763842?s=20</ref> She sued the United States Postal Service during the pandemic because of delays with ballots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/news/2020/08/lawyers-committee-sues-postmaster-general-dejoy|title=Lawyers|website=Arnold & Porter|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> After John Lewis died, she called for honoring his life by passage of a bill to restore the Voting Rights Act.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/20/honor-john-lewis-pass-voting-rights-act-mitch-mcconnell-column/5468222002/).</ref> Clarke honored John Lewis in 2017 with an award named after John F. Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawyerscomm.medium.com/honoring-congressman-john-lewis-and-getting-into-goodtrouble-621e873fa44b|title=Honoring Congressman John Lewis And Getting Into #GoodTrouble|first=|last=Lawyers' Committee|date=Jun 8, 2017|website=Medium|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> She appears with [[Stacey Abrams]] in the 2020 documentary [[All In: The Fight for Democracy]]. In November 2020 Lebron James thanked her for supporting the work of his organization More Than a Vote.
Kristen Clarke handled the legal argument in district court in [[Shelby County v. Holder|Shelby County Alabama v. Holder]]. In 2020, she testified before Congress about barriers to the vote.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110980/witnesses/HHRG-116-VC00-Wstate-ClarkeK-20200909.pdf</ref> She has advocated for passage of the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act. She has participated in the annual bridge crossing in Selma, Alabama to commemorate Bloody Sunday.<ref>https://twitter.com/KristenClarkeJD/status/1284491138137763842?s=20</ref> She sued the United States Postal Service during the pandemic because of delays with ballots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/news/2020/08/lawyers-committee-sues-postmaster-general-dejoy|title=Lawyers|website=Arnold & Porter|access-date=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> After John Lewis died, she called for honoring his life by passage of a bill to restore the Voting Rights Act.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/20/honor-john-lewis-pass-voting-rights-act-mitch-mcconnell-column/5468222002/).</ref> Clarke honored John Lewis in 2017 with an award named after John F. Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawyerscomm.medium.com/honoring-congressman-john-lewis-and-getting-into-goodtrouble-621e873fa44b|title=Honoring Congressman John Lewis And Getting Into #GoodTrouble|first=|last=Lawyers' Committee|date=Jun 8, 2017|website=Medium|access-date=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> She appears with [[Stacey Abrams]] in the 2020 documentary [[All In: The Fight for Democracy]]. In November 2020 Lebron James thanked her for supporting the work of his organization More Than a Vote.


===LGBTQ Rights===
===LGBTQ Rights===


Her work also concerns LGBTQ equality. In 2015 she opened an investigation into the Boy Scouts to look at the national group's ban on openly gay adults and alleged hiring rejections based on sexual orientation in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NY Attorney General Warns Boy Scouts on LGBT Hiring Discrimination|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/boy-scouts-discrimination-lgbt-hiring-gay-lesbian-new-york-attorney-general-letter/821654/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=NBC New York|language=en-US}}</ref> The investigation was about "ensuring equal protection under the law for all New Yorkers, including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals who live and work in New York."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-23|title=AG’s Office Warns Boy Scouts of America that It Cannot Discriminate in N.Y.|url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/ag-s-office-warns-boy-scouts-of-america-that-it-cannot-discriminate-in-n-y/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Non Profit News {{!}} Nonprofit Quarterly|language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2015 her office secured an agreement with the [[Boy Scouts of America]] to end their policy of excluding openly gay adults from serving as leaders in the organization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A.G. Schneiderman Announces Agreement with the Boy Scouts Of America to Allow Openly Gay Leaders {{!}} New York State Attorney General|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2015/ag-schneiderman-announces-agreement-boy-scouts-america-allow-openly-gay-leaders|access-date=2021-04-15|website=ag.ny.gov|language=en}}</ref> The terms of the agreement applied nationally. In an editorial with Chad Griffin she called for policymakers and the public to treat the recent wave of hate-motivated violence toward trans women of color as a national crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Inquirer|first=Chad Griffin and Kristen Clarke, For the|title=Urgent action needed to end anti-LGBTQ violence {{!}} Opinion|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/commentary/violence-transgender-lgbtq-human-rights-campaign-opinion-20180223.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=https://www.inquirer.com|language=en}}</ref>
Her work also concerns LGBTQ equality. In 2015 she opened an investigation into the Boy Scouts to look at the national group's ban on openly gay adults and alleged hiring rejections based on sexual orientation in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NY Attorney General Warns Boy Scouts on LGBT Hiring Discrimination|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/boy-scouts-discrimination-lgbt-hiring-gay-lesbian-new-york-attorney-general-letter/821654/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=NBC New York|language=en-US}}</ref> The investigation was about "ensuring equal protection under the law for all New Yorkers, including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals who live and work in New York."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-23|title=AG’s Office Warns Boy Scouts of America that It Cannot Discriminate in N.Y.|url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/ag-s-office-warns-boy-scouts-of-america-that-it-cannot-discriminate-in-n-y/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Non Profit News {{!}} Nonprofit Quarterly|language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2015 her office secured an agreement with the [[Boy Scouts of America]] to end their policy of excluding openly gay adults from serving as leaders in the organization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A.G. Schneiderman Announces Agreement with the Boy Scouts Of America to Allow Openly Gay Leaders {{!}} New York State Attorney General|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2015/ag-schneiderman-announces-agreement-boy-scouts-america-allow-openly-gay-leaders|access-date=2021-04-15|website=ag.ny.gov|language=en}}</ref> The terms of the agreement applied nationally. In an editorial with Chad Griffin she called for policymakers and the public to treat the recent wave of hate-motivated violence toward trans women of color as a national crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Griffin|first=Chad|last2=Clarke|first2=Kristen|date=Feb 23, 2018|title=Urgent action needed to end anti-LGBTQ violence {{!}} Opinion|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/commentary/violence-transgender-lgbtq-human-rights-campaign-opinion-20180223.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-15|website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|language=en}}</ref>


===Disability Rights===
===Disability Rights===


She has worked to ensuring equal access for people with disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act. She secured agreements with bus companies,<ref>{{Cite web|title=A.G. Schneiderman Secures Agreement With National Bus Company Ensuring Equal Access For People With Disabilities {{!}} New York State Attorney General|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2012/ag-schneiderman-secures-agreement-national-bus-company-ensuring-equal-access|access-date=2021-04-15|website=ag.ny.gov|language=en}}</ref> major retailers [https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/DR-NY-0002-0001.pdf ], movie theatres, theatre clubs [https://www.longisland.com/news/05-06-14/schneiderman-require-nyc-theatre-listening-devices.html AG Schneiderman Announces Agreements Requiring Three NYC Theatres To Provide Listening Devices To Individuals With Hearing Loss] and polling sites. [https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2013/07/26/111932/schneiderman-announces-victories-for-disability-rights-on-23rd-anniversary-of-americans-with-disabilities-act Schneiderman announces victories for disability rights on 23rd anniversary of Americans with Disabilities Act]
She has worked to ensuring equal access for people with disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act. She secured agreements with bus companies,<ref>{{Cite web|title=A.G. Schneiderman Secures Agreement With National Bus Company Ensuring Equal Access For People With Disabilities {{!}} New York State Attorney General|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2012/ag-schneiderman-secures-agreement-national-bus-company-ensuring-equal-access|access-date=2021-04-15|website=ag.ny.gov|language=en}}</ref> major retailers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=DR-NY-0002-0001.pdf|url=https://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/DR-NY-0002-0001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> movie theatres, theatre clubs,<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 6, 2014|title=AG Schneiderman Announces Agreements Requiring Three NYC Theatres To Provide Listening Devices To Individuals With Hearing Loss|url=https://www.longisland.com/news/05-06-14/schneiderman-require-nyc-theatre-listening-devices.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=[[LongIsland.com]]}}</ref> and polling sites.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jul 26, 2013|title=Schneiderman announces victories for disability rights on 23rd anniversary of Americans with Disabilities Act|url=https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2013/07/26/111932/schneiderman-announces-victories-for-disability-rights-on-23rd-anniversary-of-americans-with-disabilities-act|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Niagara Frontier Publications}}</ref>


===Religious Rights Work===
===Religious Rights Work===


Clarke secured settlements on religious rights. These agreements helped employees at NYC Health And Hospitals Corporation [[NYC Health %2B Hospitals]], the largest municipal healthcare organization in the country [https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2012/ag-schneiderman-announces-settlement-enhancing-religious-accommodations-employees A.G. Schneiderman Announces Settlement Enhancing Religious Accommodations For Employees Of NYC Health And Hospitals Corporation | New York State Attorney General], by ensuring that employees’ religious accommodations requests comply with state and local law and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[https://qns.com/2012/07/settlement_protects_hhc_workers_religious_rights/ Settlement Protects Hhc Workers’ Religious Rights – QNS.com] She secured similar agreements with Milrose Consulting.[https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2012/ag-schneiderman-announces-settlement-consulting-firm-failing-accommodate A.G. Schneiderman Announces Settlement With Consulting Firm For Failing To Accommodate Religious Observance | New York State Attorney General]
Clarke secured settlements on religious rights. These agreements helped employees at [[NYC Health and Hospitals Corporation|NYC Health And Hospitals Corporation]], the largest municipal healthcare organization in the country,<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 6, 2012|title=A.G. Schneiderman Announces Settlement Enhancing Religious Accommodations For Employees Of NYC Health And Hospitals Corporation {{!}} New York State Attorney General|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2012/ag-schneiderman-announces-settlement-enhancing-religious-accommodations-employees|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=ag.ny.gov|publisher=[[New York State Attorney General]]|language=en}}</ref> by ensuring that employees’ religious accommodations requests comply with state and local law and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 12, 2012|title=Settlement Protects Hhc Workers’ Religious Rights – QNS.com|url=https://qns.com/2012/07/settlement_protects_hhc_workers_religious_rights/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=qns.com|publisher=[[TimesLedger Newspapers]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She secured similar agreements with Milrose Consulting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 8, 2012|title=A.G. Schneiderman Announces Settlement With Consulting Firm For Failing To Accommodate Religious Observance {{!}} New York State Attorney General|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2012/ag-schneiderman-announces-settlement-consulting-firm-failing-accommodate|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=ag.ny.gov|publisher=[[New York State Attorney General]]|language=en}}</ref>


===Immigration===
===Immigration===


She supported a legal effort behind Cesar Vargas who became the first undocumented person to carry a law license in New York.[https://casetext.com/case/in-re-cesar-adrian-vargas-for-admission-to-the-bar-of-state In re Application of Vargas, 131 A.D.3d 4 | Casetext Search + Citator] She successfully sued the Trump administration when they tried to revoke Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberian Americans.[https://africans.us/liberianssuetrump Liberian Immigrants Sue President Trump]
She supported a legal effort behind Cesar Vargas who became the first undocumented person to carry a law license in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jun 3, 2015|title=In re Application of Vargas, 131 A.D.3d 4 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/in-re-cesar-adrian-vargas-for-admission-to-the-bar-of-state|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Casetext}}</ref> She successfully sued the Trump administration when they tried to revoke Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberian Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=Liberian Immigrants Sue President Trump|url=https://africans.us/liberianssuetrump|access-date=2021-04-17|website=African Communities Together|language=en}}</ref>


===Hurricane Katrina===
===Hurricane Katrina===


In 2005 she co-edited Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis, Race, and Public Policy Reader with [[Manning Marable]]. The book examines the racial impact of the disaster and the failure of governmental, corporate and private agencies to respond to the plight of the New Orleans black community.[https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403983961 Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis, Race, and Public Policy Reader]
In 2005 she co-edited Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis, Race, and Public Policy Reader with [[Manning Marable]]. The book examines the racial impact of the disaster and the failure of governmental, corporate and private agencies to respond to the plight of the New Orleans black community.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403983961|title=Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis, Race, and Public Policy Reader|date=2008|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] US|isbn=978-1-4039-8396-1|editor-last=Marable|editor-first=M.|series=Critical Black Studies|language=en|editor-last2=Clarke|editor-first2=Kristen}}</ref>


===Online Hate Speech===
===Online Hate Speech===


She works to fight the spread of hate online. Clarke said: “Online hate must be confronted if we are going to make meaningful progress in the fight against hate, so this is a really significant victory.” [https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2019/03/28/facebook-announces-new-policy-to-ban-white.html ] This involved getting Facebook to extend its ban on hate speech to prohibit the promotion and support of white nationalism and white separatism. [https://spectrumlocalnews.com/section/know-your-electeds/ap-top-news/2019/03/27/facebook-extends-ban-on-hate-speech-to-white-nationalists Facebook extends ban on hate speech to 'white nationalists'] Her advocacy led to a temporary shutdown of [[stormfront (website)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-now/oldest-white-supremacist-site-stormfrontorg-shut-down/465-44f2e79b-eaef-4b88-b79d-bc34b17b5d0e|title=Oldest white supremacist site, stormfront.org, shut down|website=wkyc.com|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> a white supremacist website. [https://www.snopes.com/ap/2017/08/28/oldest-white-supremacist-site-shut-complaint/ Oldest White Supremacist Site Shut Down After Complaint] Stormfront is known as the oldest white supremacist site.[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront Stormfront] At a Congressional hearing, she noted white nationalism was about “real issues that are truly a life-and-death matter for far too many.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/hate-crimes-hearing-white-nationalism-kristen-clarke-820619/|title=There Were Also Serious People at That Hearing on White Nationalism|first=Jamil|last=Smith|date=Apr 10, 2019|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref>
She works to fight the spread of hate online. Clarke said: “Online hate must be confronted if we are going to make meaningful progress in the fight against hate, so this is a really significant victory.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook announces new policy to ban white nationalist content|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2019/03/28/facebook-announces-new-policy-to-ban-white.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=[[BizJournals]]}}</ref> This involved getting Facebook to extend its ban on hate speech to prohibit the promotion and support of white nationalism and white separatism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 27, 2019|title=Facebook extends ban on hate speech to 'white nationalists'|url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/section/know-your-electeds/ap-top-news/2019/03/27/facebook-extends-ban-on-hate-speech-to-white-nationalists|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=[[Spectrum News]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|language=en}}</ref> Her advocacy led to a temporary shutdown of [[stormfront (website)|Stormfront]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 28, 2017|title=Oldest white supremacist site, stormfront.org, shut down|url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-now/oldest-white-supremacist-site-stormfrontorg-shut-down/465-44f2e79b-eaef-4b88-b79d-bc34b17b5d0e|url-status=live|access-date=Apr 15, 2021|website=[[WKYC]]}}</ref> a white supremacist website.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2017|title=Oldest White Supremacist Site Shut Down After Complaint|url=https://www.snopes.com/ap/2017/08/28/oldest-white-supremacist-site-shut-complaint/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=[[Snopes]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Stormfront is known as the oldest white supremacist site.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stormfront|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|language=en}}</ref> At a Congressional hearing, she noted white nationalism was about “real issues that are truly a life-and-death matter for far too many.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Jamil|date=Apr 10, 2019|title=There Were Also Serious People at That Hearing on White Nationalism|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/hate-crimes-hearing-white-nationalism-kristen-clarke-820619/|url-status=live|access-date=Apr 15, 2021|website=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>


===Hate Crimes===
===Hate Crimes===


Kristen Clarke sued the [[Proud Boys]] after they attacked the [[Metropolitan AME Church]] and other churches in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/1/5/proud_boys_vandalism_kristen_clarke|title=Ahead of Pro-Trump Protest, Proud Boys Leader Arrested for Burning BLM Banner at Black Church|website=Democracy Now!|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> A [[Black Lives Matter]] banner was stolen from the church and burned during a pro-Trump march on December 12, 2020.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/enrique-tarrio-proud-boys-black-lives-matter-sign/2020/12/18/c056c05e-415a-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html</ref> After the suit was filed, she said: "Black churches and other religious institutions have a long and ugly history of being targeted by white supremacists in racist and violent attacks meant to intimidate and create fear. Our lawsuit aims to hold those who engage in such action accountable."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55540347|title=Proud Boys leader released after arrest for burning BLM flag|date=Jan 5, 2021|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> She leads{{when|date=February 2021}} the [[James Byrd Jr.]] Center to Stop Hate at the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Together with Spencer Freedman, she supervised the Religious Rights Unit at the New York State Attorney General's Office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2011/ag-schneiderman-launches-new-initiative-protect-religious-rights|title=A.G. Schneiderman Launches New Initiative To Protect Religious Rights &#124; New York State Attorney General|website=ag.ny.gov|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> She exposed a member of the Proud Boys inside the [[East_Hampton,_Connecticut|East Hampton]] Police Department in Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/kevin-wilcox-police-retire-proud-boys-77dd9b8871ff4aaaab63861ee04e1f11|title=Police officer retires after far-right group ties revealed|date=Nov 1, 2019|website=AP NEWS|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> She has fought for passage of the federal Anti-Lynching Prevention Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/congress-makes-lynching-federal-crime-65-years-after-emmett-till-n1143626|title=Congress makes lynching a federal crime, 65 years after Emmett Till|website=NBC News|accessdate=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> As a keynote speaker for Georgetown University’s Center for Jewish Civilization, she said: “White nationalism should be of profound concern to all Americans because it affects all communities and tears at the fabric of our nation.”
Kristen Clarke sued the [[Proud Boys]] after they attacked the [[Metropolitan AME Church]] and other churches in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead of Pro-Trump Protest, Proud Boys Leader Arrested for Burning BLM Banner at Black Church|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2021/1/5/proud_boys_vandalism_kristen_clarke|url-status=live|access-date=Apr 15, 2021|website=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> A [[Black Lives Matter]] banner was stolen from the church and burned during a pro-Trump march on December 12, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hermann|first=Peter|date=Dec 18, 2020|title=Proud Boys leader says he burned Black Lives Matter banner stolen from church during demonstrations in D.C.|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/enrique-tarrio-proud-boys-black-lives-matter-sign/2020/12/18/c056c05e-415a-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html|access-date=2021-04-17|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> After the suit was filed, she said: "Black churches and other religious institutions have a long and ugly history of being targeted by white supremacists in racist and violent attacks meant to intimidate and create fear. Our lawsuit aims to hold those who engage in such action accountable."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55540347|title=Proud Boys leader released after arrest for burning BLM flag|date=Jan 5, 2021|access-date=Apr 15, 2021|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> She leads{{when|date=February 2021}} the [[James Byrd Jr.]] Center to Stop Hate at the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Together with Spencer Freedman, she supervised the Religious Rights Unit at the New York State Attorney General's Office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2011/ag-schneiderman-launches-new-initiative-protect-religious-rights|title=A.G. Schneiderman Launches New Initiative To Protect Religious Rights &#124; New York State Attorney General|website=ag.ny.gov|access-date=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> She exposed a member of the Proud Boys inside the [[East_Hampton,_Connecticut|East Hampton]] Police Department in Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/kevin-wilcox-police-retire-proud-boys-77dd9b8871ff4aaaab63861ee04e1f11|title=Police officer retires after far-right group ties revealed|date=Nov 1, 2019|website=AP NEWS|access-date=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> She has fought for passage of the federal Anti-Lynching Prevention Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/congress-makes-lynching-federal-crime-65-years-after-emmett-till-n1143626|title=Congress makes lynching a federal crime, 65 years after Emmett Till|website=NBC News|access-date=Apr 15, 2021}}</ref> As a keynote speaker for Georgetown University’s Center for Jewish Civilization, she said: “White nationalism should be of profound concern to all Americans because it affects all communities and tears at the fabric of our nation.”


===The Private Bar===
===The Private Bar===

Revision as of 02:28, 17 April 2021

For Canadian curler, see Kristin Clarke.
Kristen M. Clarke
United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division
Nominee
Assuming office
TBD
PresidentJoe Biden
SucceedingEric Dreiband
Personal details
BornCivil Rights Division]]
DiedCivil Rights Division]]
Resting placeCivil Rights Division]]
Parent
  • Civil Rights Division]]
EducationHarvard University (AB)
Columbia University (JD)

Kristen M. Clarke (Born 1975) is an American attorney who is the president of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. She previously managed the Civil Rights bureau of the New York Department of Law under Eric Schneiderman. In 2019, Clarke successfully represented Taylor Dumpson, the first Black American woman student body president of American University, in her landmark case against white supremacists.[1]

President-elect Joe Biden in 2021 selected Clarke as his choice to head the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.[2]

Early life and education

Clarke's parents immigrated to Brooklyn from Jamaica.[3] She has said that she "grew up in a household that was about discipline, working hard in school and about making the most of every opportunity".[3] Clarke was a member of Prep for Prep, a non-profit organization that looks to support students of color in accessing private school education.[4][5]

She attended Choate Rosemary Hall, where she was the only girl to join the boy's wrestling squad.[6] She was presented with the 2017 Choate Alumni Award at a school-wide meeting on May 2017.[7] At the awards presentation she asked students to envision and work towards "a world with more justice, greater equity, and equal access."[8]

Clarke earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University, where she was involved with initiatives to support and champion African-American students, including being president of the Black Student's Association.[9] While presiding over the BSA in 1994 she invited Tony Martin to speak.[10]

Clarke graduated from Harvard in 1997,[11] then earned a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 2000.[12][13]

Career

After graduating she worked as a trial attorney in the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. In this capacity, she served as a federal prosecutor and worked on voting rights, hate crimes and human trafficking cases.[4][14]

In 2006, Clarke joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, where she co-led the political participation group and focused on election law reform.[15] In 2011, Clarke was appointed Director of the Civil Rights bureau of then Attorney General of New York, Eric Schneiderman, where she led initiatives on criminal justice issues and housing discrimination. Under her initiative, the bureau reached agreements with retailers on racial profiling of their customers, police departments on policy reformer and with school districts on the school-to-prison pipeline.[16][17]

In 2015, Clarke was appointed president and Executive Director of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law.[14][16] One of her first roles was leading Election Protection, a voter protection coalition.[3] She became well known for her work combating the discrimination faced by marginalized communities.[14]

In 2019, Clarke represented Taylor Dumpson, the first African-American woman student body president of American University, in her lawsuit against avowed neo-Nazi Andrew Anglin, who initiated a racist "troll storm" against her making her fear for her life and disrupting her ability to pursue her education.[18][19] Clarke successfully fought for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to recognize that hateful online trolling can interfere with access to public accommodation, as well as securing damages and a restraining order.[18]

In early 2020, Clarke said that she was "deeply concerned that African American communities are being hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that racial bias may be impacting the access they receive to testing and healthcare."[20] In the aftermath of the Killing of George Floyd, Clarke described the pandemic, record rates of unemployment and racial injustice caused by police brutality as a "perfect storm" for social unrest in the United States.[21]

Clarke has appeared as a legal commentator on Here and Now, A.M. Joy, PoliticsNation with Al Sharpton, Sky News Tonight, and Democracy Now![22]

Voting Rights

Kristen Clarke handled the legal argument in district court in Shelby County Alabama v. Holder. In 2020, she testified before Congress about barriers to the vote.[23] She has advocated for passage of the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act. She has participated in the annual bridge crossing in Selma, Alabama to commemorate Bloody Sunday.[24] She sued the United States Postal Service during the pandemic because of delays with ballots.[25] After John Lewis died, she called for honoring his life by passage of a bill to restore the Voting Rights Act.[26] Clarke honored John Lewis in 2017 with an award named after John F. Kennedy.[27] She appears with Stacey Abrams in the 2020 documentary All In: The Fight for Democracy. In November 2020 Lebron James thanked her for supporting the work of his organization More Than a Vote.

LGBTQ Rights

Her work also concerns LGBTQ equality. In 2015 she opened an investigation into the Boy Scouts to look at the national group's ban on openly gay adults and alleged hiring rejections based on sexual orientation in New York.[28] The investigation was about "ensuring equal protection under the law for all New Yorkers, including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals who live and work in New York."[29] In July 2015 her office secured an agreement with the Boy Scouts of America to end their policy of excluding openly gay adults from serving as leaders in the organization.[30] The terms of the agreement applied nationally. In an editorial with Chad Griffin she called for policymakers and the public to treat the recent wave of hate-motivated violence toward trans women of color as a national crisis.[31]

Disability Rights

She has worked to ensuring equal access for people with disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act. She secured agreements with bus companies,[32] major retailers,[33] movie theatres, theatre clubs,[34] and polling sites.[35]

Religious Rights Work

Clarke secured settlements on religious rights. These agreements helped employees at NYC Health And Hospitals Corporation, the largest municipal healthcare organization in the country,[36] by ensuring that employees’ religious accommodations requests comply with state and local law and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[37] She secured similar agreements with Milrose Consulting.[38]

Immigration

She supported a legal effort behind Cesar Vargas who became the first undocumented person to carry a law license in New York.[39] She successfully sued the Trump administration when they tried to revoke Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberian Americans.[40]

Hurricane Katrina

In 2005 she co-edited Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis, Race, and Public Policy Reader with Manning Marable. The book examines the racial impact of the disaster and the failure of governmental, corporate and private agencies to respond to the plight of the New Orleans black community.[41]

Online Hate Speech

She works to fight the spread of hate online. Clarke said: “Online hate must be confronted if we are going to make meaningful progress in the fight against hate, so this is a really significant victory.”[42] This involved getting Facebook to extend its ban on hate speech to prohibit the promotion and support of white nationalism and white separatism.[43] Her advocacy led to a temporary shutdown of Stormfront,[44] a white supremacist website.[45] Stormfront is known as the oldest white supremacist site.[46] At a Congressional hearing, she noted white nationalism was about “real issues that are truly a life-and-death matter for far too many.”[47]

Hate Crimes

Kristen Clarke sued the Proud Boys after they attacked the Metropolitan AME Church and other churches in Washington, D.C.[48] A Black Lives Matter banner was stolen from the church and burned during a pro-Trump march on December 12, 2020.[49] After the suit was filed, she said: "Black churches and other religious institutions have a long and ugly history of being targeted by white supremacists in racist and violent attacks meant to intimidate and create fear. Our lawsuit aims to hold those who engage in such action accountable."[50] She leads[when?] the James Byrd Jr. Center to Stop Hate at the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Together with Spencer Freedman, she supervised the Religious Rights Unit at the New York State Attorney General's Office.[51] She exposed a member of the Proud Boys inside the East Hampton Police Department in Connecticut.[52] She has fought for passage of the federal Anti-Lynching Prevention Law.[53] As a keynote speaker for Georgetown University’s Center for Jewish Civilization, she said: “White nationalism should be of profound concern to all Americans because it affects all communities and tears at the fabric of our nation.”

The Private Bar

She leads a Board of over 200 lawyers that includes major law firms across the country. She also works with private lawyers who provide pro bono support for cases. Election Protection is an example.

Nomination to the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice

On January 7, 2021, President-elect Joe Biden chose Clarke to head the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. Clarke said in response, "If I am fortunate enough to be confirmed, we will turn the page on hate and close the door on discrimination by enforcing our federal civil rights laws."[2]

Four days later, Tucker Carlson and Fox News revealed a letter Clarke wrote to The Harvard Crimson as an undergraduate claiming that Blacks had "superior physical and mental abilities" due to their higher levels of melanin.[54][55] Clarke claimed that the article was supposed to be a satirical statement about "fighting one ridiculous absurd racist theory with another ridiculous absurd theory."[56] A fact-check by Newsweek quoted her article as saying it was "in response to those who defend The Bell Curve," however the fact-check concluded the article didn't state that it was not serious. [57] Former presidents of Harvard's Black Students Association defended Clarke for considering Melanin theory worthy of inquiry.[58][59]

The Jewish News Syndicate also noted Clarke's role as leader of Harvard's Black Student Association in 1994 in inviting antisemitic conspiracy theorist professor Tony Martin as a guest speaker on campus.[60] Clarke characterized Martin as “an intelligent, well-versed black intellectual who bases his information of indisputable fact.”[60] On January 14, 2021, Clarke apologized for inviting Martin, saying, "Giving someone like him a platform, it's not something I would do again."[61]

During her confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Clarke was criticized by Senators – notably, Senator Ted Cruz – for her alleged writings in support of "Defunding the Police".

Awards and honors

Selected publications

  • Marable, Manning; Clarke, Kristen (2009). Barack Obama and African American empowerment : the rise of Black America's new leadership (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10329-0. OCLC 608023888.
  • Marable, Manning; Clarke, Kristen (2008). Seeking higher ground : the Hurricane Katrina crisis, race, and public policy reader. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8396-1. OCLC 129952587.
  • Clarke, Kristen (2008). "Race-Ing the Post-Katrina Political Landscape: An Analysis of the 2006 New Orleans Election". Seeking Higher Ground. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US: 33–37. doi:10.1057/9780230610095_3. ISBN 978-1-4039-7779-3.

References

  1. ^ Sani, Christina Sturdivant (Mar 15, 2018). "An American University". Washington City Paper. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Rubin, Jennifer (January 8, 2021). "Joe Biden's nominees will put 'Justice' back in the Justice Department". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Journal, A. B. A. "10 Questions: Kristen Clarke is a leader in 21st century fight for civil rights". ABA Journal. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  4. ^ a b "Kristen Clarke". www.law.upenn.edu. Retrieved 20 July 2020. She is also an active alumna of Prep for Prep.
  5. ^ "Prep for Prep | Social Justice & Social Impact". www.prepforprep.org. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  6. ^ a b "2017 Alumni Award Presented to Kristen Clarke '93". www.choate.edu. Retrieved 20 July 2020. Choate taught her to be bold and courageous in other realms as well -- she was the only girl to join the boys wrestling squad, an opportunity for an intense workout and to challenge gender stereotypes.
  7. ^ "2017 Alumni Award Presented to Kristen Clarke '93". www.choate.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  8. ^ Kristen Clarke - Alumni Award 2017, retrieved 2021-04-15
  9. ^ Bishai, Graham W.; Murphy, Norah M. (12 October 2017). "A Social Blueprint: Harvard's Houses, From Randomization to Renewal". The Crimson. The Quad was "vibrant," and "one of the most racially diverse sections of campus," former president of the Black Student's Association Kristen M. Clarke '97 recalls. In 1996, only 11 percent of juniors and seniors at the college were black, while 25 percent of juniors and seniors living in Quad houses were black, according to a student-produced report. Clarke describes her time in Currier House as "a core part of my social experience on campus." These distinctive communities within the Houses were an "opportunity for students who were in search of that kind of support network and system on campus at that time," says Clarke.
  10. ^ Lebwohl, Martin (6 December 1994). "The BSA President's Actions Raise Unsettling Questions". The Crimson. Last week, Wellesley Professor Tony Martin spoke at Harvard at the invitation of the Black Students Association .. after the introduction, Martin lavished praise on Kristen M. Clarke '97, the BSA president, who, he said, had courageously invited him
  11. ^ "Alumni encourage students to pursue work in public service". Harvard Gazette. 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2020-07-20. Keynote speaker Kristen Clarke '97 encouraged Harvard students
  12. ^ a b c "Black Law Students Association Honors Maya Wiley '89 at Annual Paul Robeson Gala". law.columbia.edu. 7 April 2014.
  13. ^ "Biography: Kristen Clarke". law.howard.edu. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  14. ^ a b c "Kristen Clarke". Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Kristen Clarke". Source of the Week. 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  16. ^ a b "Isaacson Miller Results Details". www.imsearch.com. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  17. ^ "Biography: Kristen Clarke | Howard University School of Law". www2.law.howard.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  18. ^ a b Augustin, Stanley (9 August 2019). "National Civil Rights Organization Wins Lawsuit Against Daily Stormer and White Supremacists Engaging in Online Threats and Harassment". Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Intercom - Civil Rights Attorney Kristen Clarke to Speak on the Rise of Hate Crimes". www.ithaca.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  20. ^ Cooney, Elizabeth (2020-04-07). "African Americans may be bearing the brunt of Covid-19, but data limited". STAT. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  21. ^ "'A Perfect Storm': Kristen Clarke on the National Protests Ripping Across the Nation". NBC New York. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  22. ^ "Kristen Clarke". IMDb. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  23. ^ https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110980/witnesses/HHRG-116-VC00-Wstate-ClarkeK-20200909.pdf
  24. ^ https://twitter.com/KristenClarkeJD/status/1284491138137763842?s=20
  25. ^ "Lawyers". Arnold & Porter. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.
  26. ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/20/honor-john-lewis-pass-voting-rights-act-mitch-mcconnell-column/5468222002/).
  27. ^ Lawyers' Committee (Jun 8, 2017). "Honoring Congressman John Lewis And Getting Into #GoodTrouble". Medium. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.
  28. ^ "NY Attorney General Warns Boy Scouts on LGBT Hiring Discrimination". NBC New York. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  29. ^ "AG's Office Warns Boy Scouts of America that It Cannot Discriminate in N.Y." Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly. 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  30. ^ "A.G. Schneiderman Announces Agreement with the Boy Scouts Of America to Allow Openly Gay Leaders | New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  31. ^ Griffin, Chad; Clarke, Kristen (Feb 23, 2018). "Urgent action needed to end anti-LGBTQ violence | Opinion". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2021-04-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ "A.G. Schneiderman Secures Agreement With National Bus Company Ensuring Equal Access For People With Disabilities | New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  33. ^ "DR-NY-0002-0001.pdf" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "AG Schneiderman Announces Agreements Requiring Three NYC Theatres To Provide Listening Devices To Individuals With Hearing Loss". LongIsland.com. May 6, 2014. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ "Schneiderman announces victories for disability rights on 23rd anniversary of Americans with Disabilities Act". Niagara Frontier Publications. Jul 26, 2013. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ "A.G. Schneiderman Announces Settlement Enhancing Religious Accommodations For Employees Of NYC Health And Hospitals Corporation | New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov. New York State Attorney General. July 6, 2012. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ "Settlement Protects Hhc Workers' Religious Rights – QNS.com". qns.com. TimesLedger Newspapers. July 12, 2012. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ "A.G. Schneiderman Announces Settlement With Consulting Firm For Failing To Accommodate Religious Observance | New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov. New York State Attorney General. June 8, 2012. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ "In re Application of Vargas, 131 A.D.3d 4 | Casetext Search + Citator". Casetext. Jun 3, 2015. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "Liberian Immigrants Sue President Trump". African Communities Together. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  41. ^ Marable, M.; Clarke, Kristen, eds. (2008). Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis, Race, and Public Policy Reader. Critical Black Studies. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-4039-8396-1.
  42. ^ "Facebook announces new policy to ban white nationalist content". BizJournals. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ "Facebook extends ban on hate speech to 'white nationalists'". Spectrum News. Associated Press. March 27, 2019. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ^ "Oldest white supremacist site, stormfront.org, shut down". WKYC. August 28, 2017. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ "Oldest White Supremacist Site Shut Down After Complaint". Snopes. Associated Press. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ "Stormfront". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2021-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ Smith, Jamil (Apr 10, 2019). "There Were Also Serious People at That Hearing on White Nationalism". Rolling Stone. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "Ahead of Pro-Trump Protest, Proud Boys Leader Arrested for Burning BLM Banner at Black Church". Democracy Now!. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ Hermann, Peter (Dec 18, 2020). "Proud Boys leader says he burned Black Lives Matter banner stolen from church during demonstrations in D.C." Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  50. ^ "Proud Boys leader released after arrest for burning BLM flag". Jan 5, 2021. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021 – via www.bbc.com.
  51. ^ "A.G. Schneiderman Launches New Initiative To Protect Religious Rights | New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.
  52. ^ "Police officer retires after far-right group ties revealed". AP NEWS. Nov 1, 2019. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.
  53. ^ "Congress makes lynching a federal crime, 65 years after Emmett Till". NBC News. Retrieved Apr 15, 2021.
  54. ^ Rosenberg, David (January 12, 2021). "Biden nominates Black supremacist who endorsed anti-Semitic lecturer". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  55. ^ The CRIMSON Staff (November 4, 1994). "Clarke Should Retract Statements". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  56. ^ Kornbluh, Jacob (January 13, 2021). "Biden's Deputy AG touts record on antisemitism amid criticism of her college activity". forward.com.
  57. ^ Marnin, Julia (14 January 2021). "Fact Check: Did Joe Biden's assistant AG pick write about Black vs. white genetics?". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 February 2021. Despite Clarke's recent assertions that her 1994 co-authored article for The Harvard Crimson was meant to 'express an equally absurd point of view,' it is not stated in the article that her and Kennedy's claims on Black vs. white genetics were not serious at the time.
  58. ^ "Crimson Is No Friend of Black People - Opinion". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2021-02-23. Second, by listing five theories and observations that suggest that darker-skinned people may indeed benefit--other than cosmetically--from the presence of melanin, Clarke calls for a more open, comprehensive examination of race and intelligence
  59. ^ "Book Sparks Campus Debate". The Harvard Crimson. 28 October 1994. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  60. ^ a b "Biden nominee for Justice Department invited anti-Semite to Harvard University". Jewish News Syndicate. January 12, 2021.
  61. ^ Kampeas, Ron (January 14, 2021). "Kristen Clarke, top Biden civil rights nominee, says she erred in inviting anti-Semitic author to speak while at Harvard". JTA.
  62. ^ "National Bar Association "40 under 40 Best Advocates" sponsor brochure for 2016". Issuu. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  63. ^ "American Law Journal :: Kristen Clarke ~ Lawyers' Committee For Civil Rights". lawjournaltv.com. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  64. ^ "2015 NYLJ Rising Stars 061615". na.eventscloud.com. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  65. ^ "Kristen Clarke, Hamden's Marcus McCraven Receive Quinnipiac BLSA Awards". Hamden, CT Patch. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  66. ^ "Louis L. Redding Gala". delawarebarristers. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  67. ^ "The Root 100 - The Most Influential African Americans In 2019". The Root. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
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