Streaked scrub warbler: Difference between revisions
m Task 19: convert/update IUCN references to {{cite iucn}} using data from IUCN Red List API; IUCN status confirmed; IUCN status ref updated; (2/00:03.82); |
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[[File:Scotocerca inquieta saharae MHNT 225 El Outaya Algerie.jpg|thumb|Eggs of ''Scotocerca inquieta saharae'' [[MHNT]]]] |
[[File:Scotocerca inquieta saharae MHNT 225 El Outaya Algerie.jpg|thumb|Eggs of ''Scotocerca inquieta saharae'' [[MHNT]]]] |
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The '''streaked scrub warbler''' (''Scotocerca inquieta''), also known simply as the '''scrub warbler''', is a small [[passerine]] bird. It is the only |
The '''streaked scrub warbler''' (''Scotocerca inquieta''), also known simply as the '''scrub warbler''', is a small [[passerine]] bird. It is the only species placed in the genus '''''Scotocerca'''''. It is found in Africa and south-western Asia. It is a bird of desert fringes, frequenting scrubby areas, ravines and gorges, and is mainly resident, although local movements can occur outside the breeding season.<ref name = HBW/> |
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The genus is placed in its own [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Scotocercidae''' that was introduced in 2012 by Silke Fregin and collaborators.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Fregin | first1=Silke |last2=Haase |first2=Martin | last3=Olsson | first3=Urban | last4=Alström | first4=Per | year=2012 | title=New insights into family relationships within the avian superfamily Sylvioidea (Passeriformes) based on seven molecular markers | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=12 | issue=Article 157 | pages=1-12 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-157 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=9 December 2021}}</ref> Some taxonomic authorities expand the family to include the closely-related [[Cettiidae]] and [[Erythrocercidae]] as well.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Winkler D. |author2=Billerman, S. |author3=Lovette I. | year = 2015 | title = Bird Families of the World | publisher = Lynx Editions | pages = 442–444| isbn = 978-84-941892-0-3}}</ref> |
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Some authorities have split the streaked scrub warbler into two species, the Saharan scrub warbler (''Scotocerca saharae'', including subspecies ''saharae'' and ''theresae'') and the Levant scrub warbler (''Scotocerca inquieta'', including all other subspecies), an approach which has been followed in the most recent version of the [[Collins Bird Guide]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rarebirdalert.co.uk/v2/Content/Collins_Bird_Guide_updated_but_did_anyone_know.aspx?s_id=1069081932 | title = Collins Bird Guide - special offer on revised hardback edition | access-date = 9 April 2019 | publisher = Rare Bird Alert | date = 28 May 2015}}</ref> |
Some authorities have split the streaked scrub warbler into two species, the Saharan scrub warbler (''Scotocerca saharae'', including subspecies ''saharae'' and ''theresae'') and the Levant scrub warbler (''Scotocerca inquieta'', including all other subspecies), an approach which has been followed in the most recent version of the [[Collins Bird Guide]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rarebirdalert.co.uk/v2/Content/Collins_Bird_Guide_updated_but_did_anyone_know.aspx?s_id=1069081932 | title = Collins Bird Guide - special offer on revised hardback edition | access-date = 9 April 2019 | publisher = Rare Bird Alert | date = 28 May 2015}}</ref> |
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{{Cladogram |
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|caption=Cladogram showing the family relationships based on a study by Carl Oliveros and colleagues published in 2019.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | doi-access=free | pmc=6475423 }}</ref><!---Kuhl et al 2020 obtained the same cladogram--> The number of species is taken from the bird list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=9 December 2021}}</ref> |
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|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%;width:550px; |
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|label1= Aegithaloidea |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Phylloscopidae]] – leaf warblers (80 species) |
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|1=[[Hyliidae]] – hylias (2 species) |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Aegithalidae]] – bushtits (13 species) |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Erythrocercidae]] – flycatchers (3 species) |
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|2={{clade |
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|1='''Scotocercidae''' – streaked scrub warbler |
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|2=[[Cettiidae]] – bush warblers and allies (32 species) |
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==Status== |
==Status== |
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Revision as of 16:52, 9 December 2021
| Streaked scrub warbler | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Scotocercidae Fregin, Haase, Olsson, & Alström, 2012 |
| Genus: | Scotocerca Sundevall, 1872 |
| Species: | S. inquieta
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| Binomial name | |
| Scotocerca inquieta (Cretzschmar, 1827)[2]
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The streaked scrub warbler (Scotocerca inquieta), also known simply as the scrub warbler, is a small passerine bird. It is the only species placed in the genus Scotocerca. It is found in Africa and south-western Asia. It is a bird of desert fringes, frequenting scrubby areas, ravines and gorges, and is mainly resident, although local movements can occur outside the breeding season.[3]
The genus is placed in its own family Scotocercidae that was introduced in 2012 by Silke Fregin and collaborators.[4][5] Some taxonomic authorities expand the family to include the closely-related Cettiidae and Erythrocercidae as well.[6]
Description
The streaked scrub warbler is a small, skulking desert warbler which cocks its tail over its back. The adults are grey brown above, finely streaked with dark brown. They have a broad pale supercilium and a thin black eyestripe. The underparts are whitish with reddish flanks and vent, the breast is finely streaked. The tail is graduated and dark brown with a white tip. Juveniles are duller.[7]
Voice
The song of the streaked scrub warbler is distinctive and is rendered as "zit-zit dweedle-doolredle-doleed"[7]
Habitat
The streaked scrub warbler is a bird of open desert with a sparse cover of scrub, especially wadi beds with a denser cover than the surrounding desert, as well as scree areas with bushes in ravines and gorges.[8]
Distribution and subspecies
There are currently eight recognised subspecies of streaked scrub warbler:[2][3]
- Scotocerca inquieta theresae R. Meinertzhagen, 1939 – Southern Morocco, Western Sahara and the Adrar Region of Mauritania.
- Scotocerca inquieta saharae (Loche, 1858) – Eastern Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
- Scotocerca inquieta inquieta (Cretzschmar, 1830) – Egypt, Israel and northern Arabian Peninsula east to the Persian Gulf.
- Scotocerca inquieta grisea Bates, 1936 – Western Saudi Arabia, eastern Yemen and Oman.
- Scotocerca inquieta buryi Ogilvie-Grant, 1902 – Southern Saudi Arabia and western Yemen.
- Scotocerca inquieta striata (W. E. Brooks, 1872) – South-central Iraq, southern Iran, Pakistan and southern Afghanistan.
- Scotocerca inquieta montana Stepanyan, 1970 – The mountains of North-eastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, western Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan.
- Scotocerca inquieta platyura (Severtsov, 1873) – The plains of northern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and south-western Tajikistan.
Habits
The streaked scrub warbler nests in low scrub up to 1.5m above the ground, the nest is a domed structure made of grass and twigs and lined with feathers, fur and plant down. It has 1-2 side entrances, if there is a second it is used only as an exit. The clutch size averages 3–5 but varies from 2–5, incubation is roughly two weeks with another two weeks before the young fledge. Its main food is insects but it will also eat seeds which may be very important in winter. It forages on the ground, fossicking through leaf litter and other debris under bushes, and into cavities but will also feed up in the vegetation at times.[9]
Taxonomy
The streaked scrub warbler was formerly placed in the family Cisticolidae,[10] and then in its own family. D. Winkler et al. now place this species and those included by IOC in Cettiidae and Erythrocercidae in an enlarged family Scotocercidae.[11]
Some authorities have split the streaked scrub warbler into two species, the Saharan scrub warbler (Scotocerca saharae, including subspecies saharae and theresae) and the Levant scrub warbler (Scotocerca inquieta, including all other subspecies), an approach which has been followed in the most recent version of the Collins Bird Guide.[12]
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| Cladogram showing the family relationships based on a study by Carl Oliveros and colleagues published in 2019.[13] The number of species is taken from the bird list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).[5] |
Status
The streaked scrub warbler has a very wide range and is scarce in some places and common in others. No particular threats have been identified and the population is believed to be steady or declining slightly. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".[1]
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Scotocerca inquieta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22713547A132103832. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22713547A132103832.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Scotocerca inquieta (Cretzschmar, 1830)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (https://www.itis.gov). Retrieved 2016-11-27.
- ^ a b "Streaked Scrub-warbler (Scotocerca inquieta)". HBW Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ Fregin, Silke; Haase, Martin; Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (2012). "New insights into family relationships within the avian superfamily Sylvioidea (Passeriformes) based on seven molecular markers". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (Article 157): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-157.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List Version 11.2". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ Winkler D.; Billerman, S.; Lovette I. (2015). Bird Families of the World. Lynx Editions. pp. 442–444. ISBN 978-84-941892-0-3.
- ^ a b Borrow, Nik; Demey, Ron (2001). Birds of Western Africa. A & C Black. p. 635. ISBN 0-7136-3959-8.
- ^ Mark Beaman; Steve Madge (1998). The Handbook of Bird Identification for Europe and the Western Palearctic. Christopher Helm. pp. 648–649. ISBN 0-7136-3960-1.
- ^ Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 2 Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 1241–1242. ISBN 0-19-850188-9.
- ^ Alstrom, P; J. Fjeldsa; S. Fregin; U Olsson (2011). "Gross morphology betrays phylogeny: the Scrub Warbler Scotocerca inquieta is not a cisticolid". Ibis. 153: 87–97. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2010.01093.x.
- ^ Winkler D.; Billerman, S.; Lovette I. (2015). Bird Families of the World. Lynx Editions. pp. 442–444. ISBN 978-84-941892-0-3.
- ^ "Collins Bird Guide - special offer on revised hardback edition". Rare Bird Alert. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.