Aura (symptom): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Seizures: citations added,changed 'true' text , +
Line 40: Line 40:
The most common auras include motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sharma S., Dixit V. | year = 2013 | title = Epilepsy – A Comprehensive Review | journal = International Journal of Pharmacological Research & Review | volume = 2 | issue = 12| pages = 61–80 }}</ref> The activation in the brain during an aura can spread through multiple regions continuously or discontinuously, on the same side or to both sides.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Tuxhorn I. E. B. | year = 2005 | title = Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study | journal = Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy | volume = 14 | issue = 4| pages = 262–268 | doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2005.02.005| pmid = 15911361 | s2cid = 18386228 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The most common auras include motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sharma S., Dixit V. | year = 2013 | title = Epilepsy – A Comprehensive Review | journal = International Journal of Pharmacological Research & Review | volume = 2 | issue = 12| pages = 61–80 }}</ref> The activation in the brain during an aura can spread through multiple regions continuously or discontinuously, on the same side or to both sides.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Tuxhorn I. E. B. | year = 2005 | title = Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study | journal = Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy | volume = 14 | issue = 4| pages = 262–268 | doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2005.02.005| pmid = 15911361 | s2cid = 18386228 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


Auras are particularly common in [[focal seizures]]. If the [[motor cortex]] is involved in the overstimulation of neurons, motor auras can result. Likewise, somatosensory auras (such as tingling, numbness, and pain) can result if the somatosensory cortex is involved. When the [[primary somatosensory cortex]] is activated, more discrete parts on the opposite side of the body and the secondary somatosensory areas result in symptoms ipsilateral to the seizure focus.{{cn|date=July 2021}}
Auras are particularly common in [[focal seizures]]. If the [[motor cortex]] is involved in the overstimulation of neurons, motor auras can result. Likewise, somatosensory auras (such as tingling, numbness, and pain) can result if the somatosensory cortex is involved. When the [[primary somatosensory cortex]] is activated, more discrete parts on the opposite side of the body and the secondary somatosensory areas result in symptoms ipsilateral to the seizure focus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tuxhorn|first=I. E. B.|date=2005-06-01|title=Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059131105000397|journal=Seizure|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=262–268|doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2005.02.005|issn=1059-1311}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 1995|title=Association of ipsilateral head turning and dystonia in temporal lobe seizures|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7588449/|url-status=live}}</ref>


Visual auras can be simple or complex. Simple visual symptoms can include static, flashing, or moving lights/shapes/colors caused mostly by abnormal activity in the [[primary visual cortex]]. Complex visual auras can include people, scenes, and objects which results from stimulation of the temporo-occipital junction and is lateralized to one hemifield. Auditory auras can also be simple (ringing, buzzing) or complex (voices, music). Simple symptoms can occur from activation in the [[primary auditory cortex]] and complex symptoms from the temporo-occipital cortex at the location of the auditory association areas.<ref name=foldvary>Foldvary-Schaefer, N. & Unnwonqse, K. (2011). Localizing and Lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy behavior 20: 160-166</ref>
Visual auras can be simple or complex. Simple visual symptoms can include static, flashing, or moving lights/shapes/colors caused mostly by abnormal activity in the [[primary visual cortex]]. Complex visual auras can include people, scenes, and objects which results from stimulation of the temporo-occipital junction and is lateralized to one hemifield. Auditory auras can also be simple (ringing, buzzing) or complex (voices, music). Simple symptoms can occur from activation in the [[primary auditory cortex]] and complex symptoms from the temporo-occipital cortex at the location of the auditory association areas.<ref name=foldvary>Foldvary-Schaefer, N. & Unnwonqse, K. (2011). Localizing and Lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy behavior 20: 160-166</ref>
Line 59: Line 59:
** Shimmering, pulsating patches, often curved
** Shimmering, pulsating patches, often curved
** [[Tunnel vision]]
** [[Tunnel vision]]
* [[Scotoma]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Scintillating Scotoma: Causes, Treatment, Risk Factors|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/scintillating-scotoma|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Scotoma]]
** Blind or dark spots
** Blind or dark spots
** Curtainlike effect over one eye
** Curtainlike effect over one eye
Line 65: Line 65:
* [[Kaleidoscope]] effects<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-29|title=What Causes Kaleidoscope Vision?|url=https://greatist.com/health/kaleidoscope-vision|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Greatist|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kaleidoscope]] effects<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-29|title=What Causes Kaleidoscope Vision?|url=https://greatist.com/health/kaleidoscope-vision|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Greatist|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Amaurosis fugax|Temporary blindness]] in one or both eyes<ref>Robert, Teri. "Living Well With Migraine Disease and Headaches" New York HarperCollins 2004</ref><ref name="ccjm">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/6/529.full.pdf+html|title = Migraine aura without headache: Benign, but a diagnosis of exclusion|journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|date = June 2005|volume = 72|issue = 6|pages = 529–534|last1 = Kunkel|first1 = Robert S.|doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.6.529|pmid = 16018294}}</ref>
* [[Amaurosis fugax|Temporary blindness]] in one or both eyes<ref>Robert, Teri. "Living Well With Migraine Disease and Headaches" New York HarperCollins 2004</ref><ref name="ccjm">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/6/529.full.pdf+html|title = Migraine aura without headache: Benign, but a diagnosis of exclusion|journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine|date = June 2005|volume = 72|issue = 6|pages = 529–534|last1 = Kunkel|first1 = Robert S.|doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.6.529|pmid = 16018294}}</ref>
* [[Photophobia|Heightened sensitivity to light]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Photophobia: Causes, symptoms, and treatment|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/photophobia|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Photophobia|Heightened sensitivity to light]]


===Auditory changes===
===Auditory changes===
* Hearing voices or sounds that do not exist: true [[auditory hallucinations]]
* Hearing voices or sounds that do not exist: [[auditory hallucinations]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=DiLonardo|first=Mary Jo|title=Epilepsy: What is Seizure With Aura?|url=https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/seizure-with-aura|access-date=2022-01-11|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref>
* Modification of voices or sounds in the environment: buzzing, [[tremolo]], [[amplitude modulation]] or other modulations
* Modification of voices or sounds in the environment: buzzing, [[tremolo]], [[amplitude modulation]] or other modulations<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=Migraine and Hallucinations: Visual, Olfactory, and Auditory|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine-hallucinations|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref>
* Heightened sensitivity to hearing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van der Feltz-Cornelis|first=Christina M|last2=Biemans|first2=Henk|last3=Timmer|first3=Jan|date=2012|title=Hearing voices: does it give your patient a headache? A case of auditory hallucinations as acoustic aura in migraine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3333787/|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=8|pages=105–111|doi=10.2147/NDT.S29300|issn=1176-6328|pmc=3333787|pmid=22536065}}</ref>
* Heightened sensitivity to hearing
*Vestibular dysfunction causing vertigo<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2018|title=Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraineurs without vertigo|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29658983/|url-status=live|website=Pubmed.gov}}</ref>


===Other sensations===
===Other sensations===

Revision as of 07:27, 11 January 2022

Aura
Artist's depiction of zig-zag lines appearing as part of a migraine aura phenomenon
SpecialtyNeurology, Neuro-ophthalmology
TypesScintillating scotoma
Differential diagnosisPersistent aura without infarction, retinal migraine, visual snow

An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with epilepsy or migraine. An epileptic aura is a seizure.[1]

Epileptic and migraine auras are due to the involvement of specific areas of the brain, which are those that determine the symptoms of the aura. Therefore, if the visual area is affected, the aura will consist of visual symptoms, while if a sensory one, then sensory symptoms will occur.

Epileptic auras are subjective sensory or psychic phenomena due to a focal seizure, i.e. a seizure that originates from that area of the brain responsible for the function which then expresses itself with the symptoms of the aura. It is important because it makes it clear where the alteration causing the seizure is located. An epileptic aura is in most cases followed by other manifestations of a seizure, for example a convulsion, since the epileptic discharge spreads to other parts of the brain. Rarely it remains isolated. Auras, when they occur, allow some people who have epilepsy time to prevent injury to themselves and/or others when they lose consciousness.

The aura of migraine is visual in the vast majority of cases, because dysfunction starts from the visual cortex. The aura is usually followed, after a time varying from minutes to an hour, by the migraine headache. However, the migraine aura can manifest itself in isolation, that is, without being followed by headache. The aura can stay with a migraine sufferer for the duration of the migraine; depending on the type of aura, it can leave the person disoriented and confused. It is common for migraine sufferers to experience more than one type of aura during the migraine. Most people who have auras have the same type of aura every time.

Auras can also be confused with sudden onset of panic, panic attacks or anxiety attacks, which creates difficulties in diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of patients who experience symptoms of paresthesias, derealization, dizziness, chest pain, tremors, and palpitations can be quite challenging.[2]

Seizures

An epileptic aura is the consequence of the activation of functional cortex by abnormal neuronal discharge.[3] In addition to being a warning sign for an impending seizure, the nature of an aura can give insight into the localization and lateralization of the seizure or migraine.[4][5]

The most common auras include motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory symptoms.[6] The activation in the brain during an aura can spread through multiple regions continuously or discontinuously, on the same side or to both sides.[7]

Auras are particularly common in focal seizures. If the motor cortex is involved in the overstimulation of neurons, motor auras can result. Likewise, somatosensory auras (such as tingling, numbness, and pain) can result if the somatosensory cortex is involved. When the primary somatosensory cortex is activated, more discrete parts on the opposite side of the body and the secondary somatosensory areas result in symptoms ipsilateral to the seizure focus.[8][9]

Visual auras can be simple or complex. Simple visual symptoms can include static, flashing, or moving lights/shapes/colors caused mostly by abnormal activity in the primary visual cortex. Complex visual auras can include people, scenes, and objects which results from stimulation of the temporo-occipital junction and is lateralized to one hemifield. Auditory auras can also be simple (ringing, buzzing) or complex (voices, music). Simple symptoms can occur from activation in the primary auditory cortex and complex symptoms from the temporo-occipital cortex at the location of the auditory association areas.[10]

Examples

Artist's depiction of scintillating scotoma
Example of a scintillating scotoma aura with each dot or line flickering.
Example of Scintillating Scotoma showing an obscured/distorted area bordered with colors.

An aura sensation can include one or a combination of the following:

Visual changes

Auditory changes

Other sensations

Animated depictions

See also

  • Focal seizure – Seizures which affect only one brain hemisphere
  • Hallucination – Perception in the absence of external stimulation that has the qualities of real perception
  • Persistent aura without infarction – disease
  • Synesthesia – Neurological condition involving the crossing of senses
  • CADASIL – autosomal dominant cerebrovascular disorder characterized by recurrent subcortical ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment
  • Retinal migraine – Migraine causing aura in vision
  • Photopsia – Presence of perceived flashes of light in one's field of vision

References

  1. ^ Epilepsy auras
  2. ^ Sudden Onset Panic: Epileptic Aura or Panic Disorder? Robin A. Hurley, M.D., Ronald Fisher, M.D., Ph.D. and Katherine H. Taber, Ph.D.
  3. ^ Perven G and So NK (2015). "Epileptic auras: phenomenologu and neurophysiology". Epileptic Disorders. 17 (4): 549–562.
  4. ^ Ye, Byoung Seok; Cho, Yang-Je; Jang, Sang Hyun; Lee, Moon Kyu; Lee, Byung In; Heo, Kyoung (2012-05-01). "The Localizing and Lateralizing Value of Auras in Lesional Partial Epilepsy Patients". Yonsei Medical Journal. 53 (3): 477–485. doi:10.3349/ymj.2012.53.3.477. ISSN 0513-5796. PMC 3343447. PMID 22476989.
  5. ^ "Localizing and lateralizing features of auras and seizures". February 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Sharma S., Dixit V. (2013). "Epilepsy – A Comprehensive Review". International Journal of Pharmacological Research & Review. 2 (12): 61–80.
  7. ^ Tuxhorn I. E. B. (2005). "Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study". Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy. 14 (4): 262–268. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2005.02.005. PMID 15911361. S2CID 18386228.
  8. ^ Tuxhorn, I. E. B. (2005-06-01). "Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study". Seizure. 14 (4): 262–268. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2005.02.005. ISSN 1059-1311.
  9. ^ "Association of ipsilateral head turning and dystonia in temporal lobe seizures". November 1995.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Foldvary-Schaefer, N. & Unnwonqse, K. (2011). Localizing and Lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy behavior 20: 160-166
  11. ^ "Aura: Migraine's Odd Companion". Migraineur. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  12. ^ "Patient's Guide to Visual Migraine - Brigham and Women's Hospital". www.brighamandwomens.org. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  13. ^ a b Vincent, MB; Hadjikhani, N (2007). "Migraine aura and related phenomena: beyond scotomata and scintillations". Cephalalgia. 27 (12): 1368–1377. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01388.x. ISSN 0333-1024. PMC 3761083. PMID 17944958.
  14. ^ "Understanding the Aura Stage of Migraine Doctor Q&A". Migraine Again. 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  15. ^ "Scintillating Scotoma: Causes, Treatment, Risk Factors". Healthline. 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  16. ^ "What Causes Kaleidoscope Vision?". Greatist. 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  17. ^ Robert, Teri. "Living Well With Migraine Disease and Headaches" New York HarperCollins 2004
  18. ^ a b c d Kunkel, Robert S. (June 2005). "Migraine aura without headache: Benign, but a diagnosis of exclusion". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 72 (6): 529–534. doi:10.3949/ccjm.72.6.529. PMID 16018294.
  19. ^ "Photophobia: Causes, symptoms, and treatment". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  20. ^ DiLonardo, Mary Jo. "Epilepsy: What is Seizure With Aura?". WebMD. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  21. ^ "Migraine and Hallucinations: Visual, Olfactory, and Auditory". Healthline. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  22. ^ van der Feltz-Cornelis, Christina M; Biemans, Henk; Timmer, Jan (2012). "Hearing voices: does it give your patient a headache? A case of auditory hallucinations as acoustic aura in migraine". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 8: 105–111. doi:10.2147/NDT.S29300. ISSN 1176-6328. PMC 3333787. PMID 22536065.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ "Subclinical vestibular dysfunction in migraineurs without vertigo". Pubmed.gov. 16 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ a b Kissoon, Narayan R.; Cutrer, Fred Michael (July 2017). "Aura and Other Neurologic Dysfunction in or with Migraine". Headache. 57 (7): 1179–1194. doi:10.1111/head.13101. ISSN 1526-4610. PMID 28542895. S2CID 13042444.
  25. ^ Marcel Neckar; Petr Bob (11 January 2016). "Synesthetic associations and psychosensory symptoms of temporal epilepsy". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 12: 109–12. doi:10.2147/NDT.S95464. PMC 4714732. PMID 26811683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Page 258 in: Britt Talley Daniel (2010). Migraine. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4490-6962-9.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aura_(symptom)&oldid=1064994118"