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{{Prose|date=March 2008}}
{{Prose|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox disease |
{{Infobox disease
Name = Back pain |
| Name = Back pain
Image = Spinal column curvature.png |
| Image = Spinal column curvature.png
Caption = Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column |
| Caption = Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column
DiseasesDB = 15544 |
| DiseasesDB = 15544
ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|54||m|50}} |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|54||m|50}}
ICD9 = {{ICD9|724.5}} |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|724.5}}
ICDO = |
| ICDO =
OMIM = |
| OMIM =
MedlinePlus = |
| MedlinePlus =
eMedicineSubj = |
| eMedicineSubj =
eMedicineTopic = |
| eMedicineTopic =
MeshID = D001416 |
| MeshID = D001416
}}
}}


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Another potential source of low back pain is the [[synovial joints]] of the spine (e.g. [[zygapophysial joints]]). These have been identified as the primary source of the pain in approximately one third of people with chronic low back pain, and in most people with neck pain following whiplash.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> However, the cause of zygapophysial joint pain is not fully understood. Capsule tissue damage has been proposed in people with neck pain following whiplash. In people with spinal pain stemming from zygapophysial joints, one theory is that intra-articular tissue such as invaginations of their synovial membranes and fibro-adipose meniscoids (that usually act as a cushion to help the bones move over each other smoothly) may become displaced, pinched or trapped, and consequently give rise to [[nociception]].
Another potential source of low back pain is the [[synovial joints]] of the spine (e.g. [[zygapophysial joints]]). These have been identified as the primary source of the pain in approximately one third of people with chronic low back pain, and in most people with neck pain following whiplash.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> However, the cause of zygapophysial joint pain is not fully understood. Capsule tissue damage has been proposed in people with neck pain following whiplash. In people with spinal pain stemming from zygapophysial joints, one theory is that intra-articular tissue such as invaginations of their synovial membranes and fibro-adipose meniscoids (that usually act as a cushion to help the bones move over each other smoothly) may become displaced, pinched or trapped, and consequently give rise to [[nociception]].


There are several common other potential sources and causes of back pain: these include [[spinal disc herniation]] and [[degenerative disc disease]] or isthmic spondylolisthesis, [[Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)]] and [[spinal stenosis]], trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/backpain/backpain.htm].
There are several common other potential sources and causes of back pain: these include [[spinal disc herniation]] and [[degenerative disc disease]] or isthmic spondylolisthesis, [[Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)]] and [[spinal stenosis]], trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/backpain/backpain.htm |title=Back Pain Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |publisher=Ninds.nih.gov |date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2010-06-02}}</ref>


Radicular pain ([[sciatica]]) is distinguished from 'non-specific' back pain, and may be diagnosed without invasive diagnostic tests.
Radicular pain ([[sciatica]]) is distinguished from 'non-specific' back pain, and may be diagnosed without invasive diagnostic tests.
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* Use of [[medication]]s, such as [[muscle relaxants]],<ref name=pmid12804507>{{cite journal | author = van Tulder M, Touray T, Furlan A, Solway S, Bouter L | title = Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 2| pages = CD004252 | year = 2003| pmid = 12804507 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004252}}</ref> [[opioids]], [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs/NSAIAs)]]<ref name=pmid10796356>{{cite journal | author = van Tulder M, Scholten R, Koes B, Deyo R | title = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 2| pages = CD000396 | year = 2000| pmid = 10796356 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000396}}</ref> or [[paracetamol|paracetamol (acetaminophen)]]. A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] found that there is insufficient clinical trials to determine if injection therapy, usually with corticosteroids, helps in cases of low back pain<ref name="pmid10796449">{{cite journal |author=Nelemans P, de Bie R, de Vet H, Sturmans F |title=Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue= 2|pages=CD001824 |year= 1999|pmid=10796449 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001824}}</ref> A study of intramuscular [[corticosteroids]] found no benefit.<ref name="pmid17046475">{{cite journal |author=Friedman B, Holden L, Esses D, Bijur P, Choi H, Solorzano C, Paternoster J, Gallagher E |title=Parenteral corticosteroids for Emergency Department patients with non-radicular low back pain |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=365–70 |year=2006 |pmid=17046475 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.09.023}}</ref>
* Use of [[medication]]s, such as [[muscle relaxants]],<ref name=pmid12804507>{{cite journal | author = van Tulder M, Touray T, Furlan A, Solway S, Bouter L | title = Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 2| pages = CD004252 | year = 2003| pmid = 12804507 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004252}}</ref> [[opioids]], [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs/NSAIAs)]]<ref name=pmid10796356>{{cite journal | author = van Tulder M, Scholten R, Koes B, Deyo R | title = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 2| pages = CD000396 | year = 2000| pmid = 10796356 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000396}}</ref> or [[paracetamol|paracetamol (acetaminophen)]]. A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] found that there is insufficient clinical trials to determine if injection therapy, usually with corticosteroids, helps in cases of low back pain<ref name="pmid10796449">{{cite journal |author=Nelemans P, de Bie R, de Vet H, Sturmans F |title=Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue= 2|pages=CD001824 |year= 1999|pmid=10796449 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001824}}</ref> A study of intramuscular [[corticosteroids]] found no benefit.<ref name="pmid17046475">{{cite journal |author=Friedman B, Holden L, Esses D, Bijur P, Choi H, Solorzano C, Paternoster J, Gallagher E |title=Parenteral corticosteroids for Emergency Department patients with non-radicular low back pain |journal=J Emerg Med |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=365–70 |year=2006 |pmid=17046475 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.09.023}}</ref>


* [[Massage]] therapy, especially from an experienced therapist, can provide short term relief<ref name="BMJ 2008;337:a2656">Sandra Hollinghurst et al.,[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec11_2/a2656 Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain: economic evaluation], [[British Medical Journal]], 11 December 2008.</ref>. [[Acupressure]] or pressure point massage may be more beneficial than classic (Swedish) massage.<ref name=pmid12076429>{{cite journal | author = Furlan A, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E | title = Massage for low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 2| pages = CD001929 | year = 2002| pmid = 12076429 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001929}}</ref>
* [[Massage]] therapy, especially from an experienced therapist, can provide short term relief.<ref name="BMJ 2008;337:a2656">Sandra Hollinghurst et al.,[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec11_2/a2656 Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain: economic evaluation], [[British Medical Journal]], 11 December 2008.</ref> [[Acupressure]] or pressure point massage may be more beneficial than classic (Swedish) massage.<ref name=pmid12076429>{{cite journal | author = Furlan A, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E | title = Massage for low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 2| pages = CD001929 | year = 2002| pmid = 12076429 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001929}}</ref>


===Conservative treatments===
===Conservative treatments===
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* [[Physical therapy]] consisting of [[manipulation]] and [[exercise]], including [[stretching]] and strengthening (with specific focus on the [[muscle]]s which support the spine). 'Back schools'<ref name=pmid15494995>{{cite journal | author = Heymans M, van Tulder M, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes B | title = Back schools for non-specific low-back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 4| pages = CD000261 | year = 2004| pmid = 15494995 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000261.pub2}}</ref> have shown benefit in occupational settings. The Schroth method, a specialized physical exercise therapy for [[scoliosis]], [[kyphosis]], [[spondylolisthesis]], and related spinal disorders, has been shown to reduce severity and frequency of back pain in adults with scoliosis.<ref>Weiss HR, Scoliosis-related pain in adults: Treatment influences. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 3(3):91-94.</ref>
* [[Physical therapy]] consisting of [[manipulation]] and [[exercise]], including [[stretching]] and strengthening (with specific focus on the [[muscle]]s which support the spine). 'Back schools'<ref name=pmid15494995>{{cite journal | author = Heymans M, van Tulder M, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes B | title = Back schools for non-specific low-back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 4| pages = CD000261 | year = 2004| pmid = 15494995 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000261.pub2}}</ref> have shown benefit in occupational settings. The Schroth method, a specialized physical exercise therapy for [[scoliosis]], [[kyphosis]], [[spondylolisthesis]], and related spinal disorders, has been shown to reduce severity and frequency of back pain in adults with scoliosis.<ref>Weiss HR, Scoliosis-related pain in adults: Treatment influences. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 3(3):91-94.</ref>


* A randomized control trial, published in the [[British Medical Journal]], found that the [[The Alexander Technique]] provided long term benefits for patients with chronic back pain.<ref name=BMJ2008;337:a884>Paul Little et al.,[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/aug19_2/a884 Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique (AT) lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain], [[British Medical Journal]], August 19, 2008.</ref>. A subsequent review concluded that 'a series of six lessons in Alexander technique combined with an exercise prescription seems the most effective and cost effective option for the treatment of back pain in primary care'<ref name="BMJ 2008;337:a2656" />.
* A randomized control trial, published in the [[British Medical Journal]], found that the [[The Alexander Technique]] provided long term benefits for patients with chronic back pain.<ref name=BMJ2008;337:a884>Paul Little et al.,[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/aug19_2/a884 Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique (AT) lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain], [[British Medical Journal]], August 19, 2008.</ref> A subsequent review concluded that 'a series of six lessons in Alexander technique combined with an exercise prescription seems the most effective and cost effective option for the treatment of back pain in primary care'<ref name="BMJ 2008;337:a2656" />.


* Studies of [[Joint manipulation|manipulation]] suggest that this approach has a benefit similar to other therapies and superior to [[placebo]].<ref name=pmid14973958>{{cite journal | author = Assendelft W, Morton S, Yu E, Suttorp M, Shekelle P | title = Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1| pages = CD000447 | year = 2004| pmid = 14973958 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2}}</ref><ref name=pmid12779300>{{cite journal | author = Cherkin D, Sherman K, Deyo R, Shekelle P | title = A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 138 | issue = 11 | pages = 898–906 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12779300}}</ref>
* Studies of [[Joint manipulation|manipulation]] suggest that this approach has a benefit similar to other therapies and superior to [[placebo]].<ref name=pmid14973958>{{cite journal | author = Assendelft W, Morton S, Yu E, Suttorp M, Shekelle P | title = Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1| pages = CD000447 | year = 2004| pmid = 14973958 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2}}</ref><ref name=pmid12779300>{{cite journal | author = Cherkin D, Sherman K, Deyo R, Shekelle P | title = A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 138 | issue = 11 | pages = 898–906 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12779300}}</ref>


* [[Acupuncture]] has some proven benefit for back pain <ref>[http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab001351.html]</ref>; however, a recent [[randomized controlled trial]] suggested insignificant difference between real and sham acupuncture <ref>[http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions/msd/1116/1116.jsp]</ref>.
* [[Acupuncture]] has some proven benefit for back pain;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab001351.html |title=Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain |publisher=Cochrane.org |date=2003-06-02 |accessdate=2010-06-02}}</ref> however, a recent [[randomized controlled trial]] suggested insignificant difference between real and sham acupuncture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/conditions/msd/1116/1116.jsp |title=Interventions - Low back pain (chronic) - Musculoskeletal disorders - Clinical Evidence |publisher=Clinicalevidence.bmj.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-02}}</ref>


* Education, and attitude adjustment to focus on psychological or emotional causes<ref name="sarno1">{{cite book | title = Healing Back Pain: The Mind-Body Connection | first = John E. | last = Sarno | authorlink = John E. Sarno | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-446-39320-8}}</ref> - respondent-cognitive therapy and progressive relaxation therapy can reduce chronic pain.<ref name=pmid15674889>{{cite journal | author = Ostelo R, van Tulder M, Vlaeyen J, Linton S, Morley S, Assendelft W | title = Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1| pages = CD002014 | year = 2005| pmid = 15674889 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub2}}</ref>
* Education, and attitude adjustment to focus on psychological or emotional causes<ref name="sarno1">{{cite book | title = Healing Back Pain: The Mind-Body Connection | first = John E. | last = Sarno | authorlink = John E. Sarno | publisher = Warner Books | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-446-39320-8}}</ref> - respondent-cognitive therapy and progressive relaxation therapy can reduce chronic pain.<ref name=pmid15674889>{{cite journal | author = Ostelo R, van Tulder M, Vlaeyen J, Linton S, Morley S, Assendelft W | title = Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = | issue = 1| pages = CD002014 | year = 2005| pmid = 15674889 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub2}}</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
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* {{DMOZ|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Musculoskeletal_Disorders/Back_and_Spine/|Back and spine}}
* {{DMOZ|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Musculoskeletal_Disorders/Back_and_Spine/|Back and spine}}
* [http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Back_Pain/default.asp Handout on Health: Back Pain] at [[National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases]]
* [http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Back_Pain/default.asp Handout on Health: Back Pain] at [[National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases]]

Revision as of 04:38, 2 June 2010

Back pain
SpecialtyOrthopedic surgery Edit this on Wikidata

Back pain (also known "dorsalgia") is pain felt in the back that usually originates from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine.

The pain can often be divided into neck pain, upper back pain, lower back pain or tailbone pain. It may have a sudden onset or can be a chronic pain; it can be constant or intermittent, stay in one place or radiate to other areas. It may be a dull ache, or a sharp or piercing or burning sensation. The pain may be radiate into the arm and hand), in the upper back, or in the low back, (and might radiate into the leg or foot), and may include symptoms other than pain, such as weakness, numbness or tingling.

Back pain is one of humanity's most frequent complaints. In the U.S., acute low back pain (also called lumbago) is the fifth most common reason for physician visits. About nine out of ten adults experience back pain at some point in their life, and five out of ten working adults have back pain every year.[1]

The spine is a complex interconnecting network of nerves, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, and all are capable of producing pain. Large nerves that originate in the spine and go to the legs and arms can make pain radiate to the extremities.

Classification

Back pain can be divided anatomically: neck pain, upper back pain, lower back pain or tailbone pain.

By its duration: acute (less than 4 weeks), subacute (4 – 12 weeks), chronic (greater than 12 weeks).

By its cause: MSK, infectious, cancer, etc.

Associated conditions

Back pain can be a sign of a serious medical problem, although this is not most frequently the underlying cause:

  • Typical warning signs of a potentially life-threatening problem are bowel and/or bladder incontinence or progressive weakness in the legs.
  • Severe back pain (such as pain that is bad enough to interrupt sleep) that occurs with other signs of severe illness (e.g. fever, unexplained weight loss) may also indicate a serious underlying medical condition.
  • Back pain that occurs after a trauma, such as a car accident or fall may indicate a bone fracture or other injury.
  • Back pain in individuals with medical conditions that put them at high risk for a spinal fracture, such as osteoporosis or multiple myeloma, also warrants prompt medical attention.
  • Back pain in individuals with a history of cancer (especially cancers known to spread to the spine like breast, lung and prostate cancer) should be evaluated to rule out metastatic disease of the spine.

Back pain does not usually require immediate medical intervention. The vast majority of episodes of back pain are self-limiting and non-progressive. Most back pain syndromes are due to inflammation, especially in the acute phase, which typically lasts for two weeks to three months.

A few observational studies suggest that two conditions to which back pain is often attributed, lumbar disc herniation and degenerative disc disease may not be more prevalent among those in pain than among the general population, and that the mechanisms by which these conditions might cause pain are not known.[2][3][4][5] Other studies suggest that for as many as 85% of cases, no physiological cause can be shown.[6][7]

A few studies suggest that psychosocial factors such as on-the-job stress and dysfunctional family relationships may correlate more closely with back pain than structural abnormalities revealed in x-rays and other medical imaging scans.[8][9][10][11]

Differential diagnosis

There are several potential sources and causes of back pain.[12] However, the diagnosis of specific tissues of the spine as the cause of pain presents problems. This is because symptoms arising from different spinal tissues can feel very similar and is difficult to differentiate without the use of invasive diagnostic intervention procedures, such as local anesthetic blocks.

One potential source of back pain is skeletal muscle of the back. Potential causes of pain in muscle tissue include Muscle strains (pulled muscles), muscle spasm, and muscle imbalances. However, imaging studies do not support the notion of muscle tissue damage in many back pain cases, and the neurophysiology of muscle spasm and muscle imbalances are not well understood.

Another potential source of low back pain is the synovial joints of the spine (e.g. zygapophysial joints). These have been identified as the primary source of the pain in approximately one third of people with chronic low back pain, and in most people with neck pain following whiplash.[12] However, the cause of zygapophysial joint pain is not fully understood. Capsule tissue damage has been proposed in people with neck pain following whiplash. In people with spinal pain stemming from zygapophysial joints, one theory is that intra-articular tissue such as invaginations of their synovial membranes and fibro-adipose meniscoids (that usually act as a cushion to help the bones move over each other smoothly) may become displaced, pinched or trapped, and consequently give rise to nociception.

There are several common other potential sources and causes of back pain: these include spinal disc herniation and degenerative disc disease or isthmic spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and spinal stenosis, trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease.[13]

Radicular pain (sciatica) is distinguished from 'non-specific' back pain, and may be diagnosed without invasive diagnostic tests.

New attention has been focused on non-discogenic back pain, where patients have normal or near-normal MRI and CT scans. One of the newer investigations looks into the role of the dorsal ramus in patients that have no radiographic abnormalities. See Posterior Rami Syndrome.

Management

The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible; to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities; to help the patient cope with residual pain; to assess for side-effects of therapy; and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.

Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many find that they need to try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority of back pain patients (most estimates are 1% - 10%) require surgery.

Short-term relief

  • Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. A meta-analysis of studies by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and sub-acute low-back pain.[14] Some patients find that moist heat works best (e.g. a hot bath or whirlpool) or continuous low-level heat (e.g. a heat wrap that stays warm for 4 to 6 hours). Cold compression therapy (e.g. ice or cold pack application) may be effective at relieving back pain in some cases.
  • Massage therapy, especially from an experienced therapist, can provide short term relief.[19] Acupressure or pressure point massage may be more beneficial than classic (Swedish) massage.[20]

Conservative treatments

  • Exercises can be an effective approach to reducing pain, but should be done under supervision of a licensed health professional. Generally, some form of consistent stretching and exercise is believed to be an essential component of most back treatment programs. However, one study found that exercise is also effective for chronic back pain, but not for acute pain.[21] Another study found that back-mobilizing exercises in acute settings are less effective than continuation of ordinary activities as tolerated.[22]
  • A randomized control trial, published in the British Medical Journal, found that the The Alexander Technique provided long term benefits for patients with chronic back pain.[25] A subsequent review concluded that 'a series of six lessons in Alexander technique combined with an exercise prescription seems the most effective and cost effective option for the treatment of back pain in primary care'[19].
  • Education, and attitude adjustment to focus on psychological or emotional causes[30] - respondent-cognitive therapy and progressive relaxation therapy can reduce chronic pain.[31]

Surgery

Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for patients with:

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are often a solution for many symptoms and causes of back pain. These types of procedures offer many benefits over traditional spine surgery, such as more accurate diagnoses and shorter recovery times.[32]

Of doubtful benefit

  • Cold compression therapy is advocated for a strained back or chronic back pain and is postulated to reduce pain and inflammation, especially after strenuous exercise such as golf, gardening, or lifting. However, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded "The evidence for the application of cold treatment to low-back pain is even more limited, with only three poor quality studies located. No conclusions can be drawn about the use of cold for low-back pain"[14]
  • Bed rest is rarely recommended as it can exacerbate symptoms,[33] and when necessary is usually limited to one or two days. Prolonged bed rest or inactivity is actually counterproductive, as the resulting stiffness leads to more pain.
  • Inversion therapy is useful for temporary back relief due to the traction method or spreading of the back vertebres through (in this case) gravity. The patient hangs in an upside down position for a period of time from ankles or knees until this separation occurs. The effect can be achieved without a complete vertical hang ( 90 degree) and noticeable benefits can be observed at angles as low as 10 to 45 degrees.[citation needed]
  • Ultrasound has been shown not to be beneficial and has fallen out of favor.[37]

Pregnancy

About 50% of women experience low back pain during pregnancy.[38] Back pain in pregnancy may be severe enough to cause significant pain and disability and pre-dispose patients to back pain in a following pregnancy. No significant increased risk of back pain with pregnancy has been found with respect to maternal weight gain, exercise, work satisfaction, or pregnancy outcome factors such as birth weight, birth length, and Apgar scores.

Biomechanical factors of pregnancy that are shown to be associated with low back pain of pregnancy include abdominal sagittal and transverse diameter and the depth of lumbar lordosis. Typical factors aggravating the back pain of pregnancy include standing, sitting, forward bending, lifting, and walking. Back pain in pregnancy may also be characterized by pain radiating into the thigh and buttocks, night-time pain severe enough to wake the patient, pain that is increased during the night-time, or pain that is increased during the day-time. The avoidance of high impact, weight-bearing activities and especially those that asymmetrically load the involved structures such as: extensive twisting with lifting, single-leg stance postures, stair climbing, and repetitive motions at or near the end-ranges of back or hip motion can easen the pain. Direct bending to the ground without bending the knee causes severe impact on the lower back in pregnancy and in normal individuals, which leads to strain, especially in the lumbo-saccral region that in turn strains the multifidus.

Economics

Back pain is regularly cited by national governments as having a major impact on productivity, through loss of workers on sick leave. Some national governments, notably Australia and the United Kingdom, have launched campaigns of public health awareness to help combat the problem, for example the Health and Safety Executive's Better Backs campaign. In the United States lower back pain’s economic impact reveals that it is the number one reason for individuals under the age of 45 to limit their activity, second highest complaint seen in physician’s offices, fifth most common requirement for hospitalization, and the third leading cause for surgery.

Research

  • Vertebroplasty involves the percutaneous injection of surgical cement into vertebral bodies that have collapsed due to compression fractures has been found to be ineffective in the treatment of compression fractures of the spine.
  • The use of specific biologic inhibitors of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha may result in rapid relief of disc-related back pain. [39]

Clinical trials

There are many clinical trials sponsored both by industry and the National Institutes of Health. Clinical trials sponsored by the National Institutes of Health related to back pain can be viewed at NIH Clinical Back Pain Trials.

Pain is subjective and is impossible to test objectively. There are no clinical tests that can be objectively verified. Clinical test utilize the patient's report o pain severity on a scale of 1 to 10. Sometimes and particularly with children a series of emoticons are presented to the patient and the subject is asked to point to an emoticon. Even though some clinical trials succeed in getting regulatory approval for products this is not a proof that this therapy is more effective or even has a benefit. All the tests rely on the patient's perception. The doctor can not verify whether 5 is a more appropriate score than 1 or 10 nor determine if one patient's 5 is comparable to another patient's rating of 5.

A 2008 randomized controlled trial found marked improvement in addressing back pain with The Alexander Technique. Exercise and a combination of 6 lessons of AT reduced back pain 72% as much as 24 AT lessons. Those receiving 24 lessons had 18 fewer days of back pain than the control median of 21 days.[25]

References

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External links

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