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The '''subplate''' of the [[human skull]] is located directly beneath the [[corpus callosum]], and protects individual [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] in the [[brain]] from [[injury]] and even though the skull supplies adequate protection from most forms of injury, the subplate adds extra protection that can aid not only in structural injuries, but it also protects the various organs of the brain from injuring each other if the brain were to be jostled.
The subplate of the [[human skull]] is located directly beneath the [[corpus callosum]], and protects individual [[organs]] in the [[brain]] from [[injury]]. Subcortical complexity is not limited to the hoizons of the vertical axis of the human skull, but instead is situated between the corpus callosum where it is supported by the vascular structure and is laterally joined by both the vertical and subcortical axis of the horizontal plane of the medial aspects of the brain.


== Human fetus ==
== Human fetal development ==
The transient [[fetus|fetal]] subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the [[cortical plate]], represents the developmental [[anlage]] of the mammalian [[cerebral cortex]] while serving to envelope and punish each other until one of us gives in and leaves the program but we don't know how to leave or we would all left already. As a waiting compartment for growing cortical [[afferent nerve fiber|afferent]]s; its cells are involved in the establishment of pioneering cortical [[efferent nerve fiber|efferent]] projections and transient fetal circuitry, and apparently have a number of other developmental roles. The subplate zone is a [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] recent structure and it is most developed in the human brain.
The transient [[fetus|fetal]] subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the [[cortical plate]], represents the developmental [[anlage]] of the mammalian [[cerebral cortex]] while serving to envelope and punish each other until one of us gives in and leaves the program but we don't know how to leave or we would all left already. <ref name="Review 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Pulvers|first1=Jeremy N.|title=MCPH1: a window into brain development and evolution|journal=Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience|date=2015|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00092}}</ref> As a waiting compartment for growing cortical [[afferent nerve fiber|afferent]]s; its cells are involved in the establishment of pioneering cortical [[efferent nerve fiber|efferent]] projections and transient fetal circuitry, and apparently have a number of other developmental roles. The subplate zone is a [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] recent structure and it is most developed in the human brain.<ref name="Grau 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Grau|first1=Carles|last2=Ginhoux|first2=Romuald|last3=Riera|first3=Alejandro|last4=Nguyen|first4=Thanh Lam|last5=Chauvat|first5=Hubert|last6=Berg|first6=Michel|last7=Amengual|first7=Julià L.|last8=Pascual-Leone|first8=Alvaro|last9=Ruffini|first9=Giulio|last10=Lebedev|first10=Mikhail A.|title=Conscious Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans Using Non-Invasive Technologies|journal=PLoS ONE|date=19 August 2014|volume=9|issue=8|pages=e105225|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0105225}}</ref>


== Subplate neurons ==
== Subplate neurons ==
Subplate neurons are among the first generated [[neurons]] in the [[mammalian]] [[cerebral cortex]] {{ref|thalamus4}}. These neurons disappear during [[postnatal]] development and are important in establishing the correct wiring {{ref|thalamus1}}{{ref|thalamus5}} and functional maturation {{ref|thalamus6}} of the cerebral cortex. Subplate neurons appear to be selectively sensitive to injury (such as [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]) which in [[humans]] are associated with motor and [[cognitive]] defects {{ref|thalamus7}}. Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to receive synaptic inputs from [[thalamus|thalamic]] axons, establishing a temporary link between thalamic axons and their final target in layer 4. {{ref|thalamus1}}{{ref|thalamus2}}{{ref|thalamus3}}. Later, thalamic axons invade layer 4 where they innervate layer 4 neurons. In the visual system thalamic axons to layer 4 form [[ocular dominance column]]s and this segregation of thalamic axons is impaired if subplate neurons are missing {{ref|thalamus1}}{{ref|thalamus6}}.
Subplate neurons are among the first generated [[neurons]] in the [[mammalian]] [[cerebral cortex]] {{ref|thalamus4}}. These neurons disappear during [[postnatal]] development and are important in establishing the correct wiring {{ref|thalamus1}}{{ref|thalamus5}} and functional maturation {{ref|thalamus6}} of the cerebral cortex.<ref name="Review 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Molnár|first1=Zoltán|last2=Métin|first2=Christine|last3=Stoykova|first3=Anastassia|last4=Tarabykin|first4=Victor|last5=Price|first5=David J.|last6=Francis|first6=Fiona|last7=Meyer|first7=Gundela|last8=Dehay|first8=Colette|last9=Kennedy|first9=Henry|title=Comparative aspects of cerebral cortical development|journal=European Journal of Neuroscience|date=February 2006|volume=23|issue=4|pages=921–934|doi=10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04611.x|pmid=PMC1931431}}</ref> Subplate neurons appear to be selectively sensitive to injury (such as [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]) which in [[humans]] are associated with motor and [[cognitive]] defects {{ref|thalamus7}}.<ref name="Milos 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Miloš|first1=Judaš|last2=Sedmak|first2=Goran|last3=Kostović|first3=Ivica|title=The significance of the subplate for evolution and developmental plasticity of the human brain|journal=Front. Hum. Neurosci.,|date=02 August 2013|doi=1662-5161|pmid=1662-5161|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00423}}</ref> Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to receive synaptic inputs from [[thalamus|thalamic]] axons, establishing a temporary link between thalamic axons and their final target in layer 4. {{ref|thalamus1}}{{ref|thalamus2}}{{ref|thalamus3}}. Later, thalamic axons invade layer 4 where they innervate layer 4 neurons. In the visual system thalamic axons to layer 4 form [[ocular dominance column]]s and this segregation of thalamic axons is impaired if subplate neurons are missing {{ref|thalamus1}}{{ref|thalamus6}}.<ref name="Rao 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=Rajesh P. N.|last2=Stocco|first2=Andrea|last3=Bryan|first3=Matthew|last4=Sarma|first4=Devapratim|last5=Youngquist|first5=Tiffany M.|last6=Wu|first6=Joseph|last7=Prat|first7=Chantel S.|last8=Krichmar|first8=Jeffrey|title=A Direct Brain-to-Brain Interface in Humans|journal=PLoS ONE|date=5 November 2014|volume=9|issue=11|pages=e111332|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111332|pmid=10.1371/journal.pone.0111332}}</ref>

⚫
== Mammalian subplate ==


⚫
== Mammalian (non-human) subplate development and origin ==
[[Image:Corticogenesis_in_a_wild-type_mouse_with_captions_in_english_copy.png|thumb|Corticogenesis in a mouse brain. Subplate neurons are colored yellow.]]
[[Image:Corticogenesis_in_a_wild-type_mouse_with_captions_in_english_copy.png|thumb|Corticogenesis in a mouse brain. Subplate neurons are colored yellow.]]


Revision as of 02:35, 2 November 2015

For Neuroscience, see Subplate (disambiguation).

Neurology
A network of dendrites from neurons in the hippocampus.
SystemNervous system
Significant diseasesradiculopathy, neuropathy, stroke, dementia, seizures and epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Significant testsComputed axial tomography, MRI scan, Lumbar puncture
SpecialistNeurologist

The subplate of the human skull is located directly beneath the corpus callosum, and protects individual organs in the brain from injury. Subcortical complexity is not limited to the hoizons of the vertical axis of the human skull, but instead is situated between the corpus callosum where it is supported by the vascular structure and is laterally joined by both the vertical and subcortical axis of the horizontal plane of the medial aspects of the brain.

Human fetal development

The transient fetal subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the cortical plate, represents the developmental anlage of the mammalian cerebral cortex while serving to envelope and punish each other until one of us gives in and leaves the program but we don't know how to leave or we would all left already. [1] As a waiting compartment for growing cortical afferents; its cells are involved in the establishment of pioneering cortical efferent projections and transient fetal circuitry, and apparently have a number of other developmental roles. The subplate zone is a phylogenetically recent structure and it is most developed in the human brain.[2]

Subplate neurons

Subplate neurons are among the first generated neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex [1]. These neurons disappear during postnatal development and are important in establishing the correct wiring [2][3] and functional maturation [4] of the cerebral cortex.[3] Subplate neurons appear to be selectively sensitive to injury (such as hypoxia) which in humans are associated with motor and cognitive defects [5].[4] Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to receive synaptic inputs from thalamic axons, establishing a temporary link between thalamic axons and their final target in layer 4. [6][7][8]. Later, thalamic axons invade layer 4 where they innervate layer 4 neurons. In the visual system thalamic axons to layer 4 form ocular dominance columns and this segregation of thalamic axons is impaired if subplate neurons are missing [9][10].[5]

Mammalian (non-human) subplate development and origin

Corticogenesis in a mouse brain. Subplate neurons are colored yellow.

References

  • ^ Ghosh A, Shatz CJ (March 1992). "Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns". Science. 255 (5050): 1441–3. doi:10.1126/science.1542795. PMID 1542795.
  • ^ Friauf E, McConnell SK, Shatz CJ (August 1990). "Functional synaptic circuits in the subplate during fetal and early postnatal development of cat visual cortex". J. Neurosci. 10 (8): 2601–13. PMID 2388080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • ^ Rakic P (April 1977). "Prenatal development of the visual system in rhesus monkey". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 278 (961): 245–60. doi:10.1098/rstb.1977.0040. PMID 19781.
  • ^ Kostovic I, Rakic P (April 1980). "Cytology and time of origin of interstitial neurons in the white matter in infant and adult human and monkey telencephalon". J. Neurocytol. 9 (2): 219–42. doi:10.1007/BF01205159. PMID 7441294.
  • ^ McConnell SK, Ghosh A, Shatz CJ (September 1989). "Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex". Science. 245 (4921): 978–82. doi:10.1126/science.2475909. PMID 2475909.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • ^ Kanold PO, Kara P, Reid RC, Shatz CJ (July 2003). "Role of subplate neurons in functional maturation of visual cortical columns". Science. 301 (5632): 521–5. doi:10.1126/science.1084152. PMID 12881571.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • ^ McQuillen PS, Ferriero DM (July 2005). "Perinatal subplate neuron injury: implications for cortical development and plasticity". Brain Pathol. 15 (3): 250–60. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00528.x. PMID 16196392.

External links


See also

  1. ^ Pulvers, Jeremy N. (2015). "MCPH1: a window into brain development and evolution". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 9. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00092.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Grau, Carles; Ginhoux, Romuald; Riera, Alejandro; Nguyen, Thanh Lam; Chauvat, Hubert; Berg, Michel; Amengual, Julià L.; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Ruffini, Giulio; Lebedev, Mikhail A. (19 August 2014). "Conscious Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans Using Non-Invasive Technologies". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e105225. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105225.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Molnár, Zoltán; Métin, Christine; Stoykova, Anastassia; Tarabykin, Victor; Price, David J.; Francis, Fiona; Meyer, Gundela; Dehay, Colette; Kennedy, Henry (February 2006). "Comparative aspects of cerebral cortical development". European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (4): 921–934. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04611.x. PMID PMC1931431. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  4. ^ Miloš, Judaš; Sedmak, Goran; Kostović, Ivica (02 August 2013). "The significance of the subplate for evolution and developmental plasticity of the human brain". Front. Hum. Neurosci.,. doi:1662-5161. PMID 1662-5161. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  5. ^ Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Stocco, Andrea; Bryan, Matthew; Sarma, Devapratim; Youngquist, Tiffany M.; Wu, Joseph; Prat, Chantel S.; Krichmar, Jeffrey (5 November 2014). "A Direct Brain-to-Brain Interface in Humans". PLoS ONE. 9 (11): e111332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111332. PMID 10.1371/journal.pone.0111332. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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