List of United States presidential firsts: Difference between revisions

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This list lists achievements and distinctions of various Presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent.

George Washington

First President of the United States.^[1]
First President to appear on a postage stamp.^[1]
First President to be a Freemason.^[2]
First (and, to date, only) President to receive votes from every Presidential elector in an election (in both the 1789 and 1792 elections; each elector voted for Washington and for another candidate).^[3]
First President to add "So help me God" to the Oath of Office.^[4]
First (and, to date, only) sitting President to command a standing field army (during the Whiskey Rebellion).^[5]
First President to have been a Lieutenant general.
First President to have a parent live to see them be elected and become President.
First (and, to date, only) president to not be affiliated with any political party.
First President to be an Episcopalian.^[6]
First President from Virginia.^[7]
First President to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
First President to have had a Supreme Court nominee be rejected.
First President to have a submarine named after him.^[8]

John Adams

First President to live in the White House.^[9]
First President to have previously served as Vice-President.^[10]
First President to have previously served as an Ambassador to a foreign country.^[11]
First (and only) President elected as a Federalist.
First President to have a Vice President of an opposing party.
First President to be a lawyer.^[12]
First President who had never served in the military.^[13]^[14]
First President to not be a slave owner.^[15]
First President to be a Unitarian.
First President from Massachusetts.^[16]
First President who attended one of the Ivy League colleges, and first to attend Harvard College.^[11]
First President to have been multilingual, as he was fluent in French and Latin.
First President to have been married for more than 50 years.
First President to have children.^[17]
First President whose son (John Quincy Adams) was also a President.
First President to receive the oath of office from a Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court^[18]
First President to veto no bills while in office.^[19]
First President to have a child die while in office.^[20]
First President to have served only one term.
First President to be defeated for a second term in office.^[21]
First President to not attend the inauguration of his successor.
First President to take office in his 60s.
First President to live to the age of 90.^[21]
First President to have had a post-presidency of at least 25 years.
First President to have signed the Declaration of Independence.^[22]
First President to die on Independence Day (along with his Vice President and successor Thomas Jefferson).
First President to have outlived his successor as President.
First President to have met a British monarch, having met George III of the United Kingdom while serving as Ambassador to Britain.
First President to have had a Secretary of the Navy.
First President to appoint judges to the circuit courts.

Thomas Jefferson

First President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.^[18]
First President to live a full presidential term in the White House.^[23]
First President elected as a Democratic-Republican.
First President to have previously been a Governor.^[13]
First President to have previously served as Secretary of State.^[24]
First President to have served as a non-colonial state legislator.
First President to have been Ambassador to France.
First President to be elected by defeating another President.
First President to defeat a person (Adams) whom he had previously lost to in a Presidential election.^[25]
First President to receive other more 100 electoral votes than his closest opponent.
First President to have been widowed prior to his inauguration (His wife Martha Jefferson died in 1782, long before he was inaugurated).^[26]
First President whose election was decided in the House of Representatives.^[27]
First President to cite the doctrine of executive privilege.^[28]
First president to have a vice president elected under the 12th Amendment. Originally the runner-up in the presidential election was named vice president.^[29]
First President to have more than one Vice President.
First President to be a Deist.
First President to be fluent in Greek, Italian, and Spanish.
First President to have neither of his parents living at his inauguration.
First President who died on Independence Day (Along with his President and predecessor John Adams).
First President to be survived by his predecessor as President.
First President to win his opponent's home state.
First President to serve in the military, yet never fight in an armed conflict.
First President to serve as Rector of the University of Virginia.^[30]

James Madison

First President to have served in the United States House of Representatives^[31]
First President to ask Congress for a Declaration of War.^[32]
First war-time Commander-in-Chief.^[33]
First President to have an Inaugural ball.^[18]
First President to be inaugurated at the House Chamber of the United States Capitol.
First President to wear long trousers instead of knee breeches.^[34]
First President to issue a pocket veto.^[19]
First President to be fluent in Hebrew.
First President to have a Vice President die while in office.
First President to have a parent live throughout his presidency (He left office in 1817 and his mother died in 1829).

James Monroe

First President to have served in the United States Senate^[35]
First President to have a child marry at the White House.^[36]
First President to ride on a steamboat^[37]
First President to receive more than 200 electoral votes in a single election.^[38]
First President to have served as Secretary of War.
First President to issue a doctrine.
First President to be inaugurated outdoors.
First President to be inaugurated the day after his term officially began, due to it taking place on a Sunday.
First President to never appoint a judge of the circuit courts or Courts of Appeals.

John Quincy Adams

First President to have a middle name.
First President to be married to a First Lady born outside of the United States.
First President to be the son of another President (He was the son of John Adams).^[39]
First President elected despite losing the popular vote.^[40]
First (and to date, only) President to be elected despite being the runner up in the Electoral College.
First President to seek reelection under a different political party.
First President to have facial hair. (He wore long sideburns).
First President to have his photograph taken.^[41]
First President to serve in Congress after serving in the Presidency.^[42]
First President to have served in both houses of Congress.
First President to have been Ambassador to the Netherlands, Germany, and Russia.
First President to have be fluent in German.
First President to have served in a State Senate.
First President to serve with a Senate where the opposing party had a majority.

Andrew Jackson

First President born in a log cabin.^[43]
First President born in the Carolinas (Place of birth disputed between North and South Carolina).
First President to be a Presbyterian.
First President to adopt a child.
First Democrat elected to the Presidency.^[38]
First President to have been a Major general.
First President to be inaugurated at the East Portico of the United States Capitol Building.
First President to kill someone in a duel.^[44]
First President to be targeted by an assassin.^[45]
First President to ride on a railroad train.^[46]
First President to appoint a Catholic (Roger Taney) to the Supreme Court.
First President to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed.
First President to be reelected as his party lost control of the Senate.
First President to win with a 10% margin of victory in the popular vote.
First President whose home state was not also his birth state (His birth state is disputed between North and South Carolina, while he resided in Tennessee at the time of his election).
First President to issue more than ten vetoes.
First President to have a Vice President resign before the completion of his term.
First President to serve in both Houses of Congress before his presidency.

Martin Van Buren

First President born a citizen of the United States, rather than a British subject.
First President born in New York state.
First President born after the Declaration of Independence.^[18]
First (and, to date, only) President who spoke a language other than English as his first language.^[47] (Dutch was his first language)
First (and to date only) President to be of the Dutch Reformed faith.
First President to attempt to return to the Presidency after leaving office.
First President to have served as a State Attorney General.
First President to lose more than 100 Electoral votes between elections.

William Henry Harrison

First Whig elected to the Presidency.^[38]
First President to reside in Ohio.
First President to receive more than one million popular votes in a single election.^[38]
First President to win the popular vote by a margin of less than 10%.
First President to have 10 or more children.^[17]
First President to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words.^[48]
First President to have his photograph taken while in office.^[49]
First President to die in office.^[50]
First President to die in the White House.
First President to take office over the age of 65.
First President to have had a state funeral.
First President to have never appointed a Supreme Court justice.
First President to never issue a pardon.
First President to serve as Ambassador to a South American country.
First President to have been a Brigadier general.

John Tyler

First Vice-President to ascend to the Presidency by the death of his predecessor.^[51]
First President to have a veto overridden.^[19]^[44]
First President to face a vote of impeachment in the House (it was unsuccessful).^[52]
First President to be widowed while in office.^[53]
First President to have married twice.
First President to remarry while in office (to Julia Gardiner Tyler).^[37]^[50]
First (and, to date, only) President to have served as President pro tempore of the Senate.
First President to be born after the ratification of the United States Constitution.^[54]
First President to change parties while in office.
First (and only) President to join the Confederacy and serve in the Provisional Confederate States Congress.

James K. Polk

First President to be elected to the office before reaching the age of 50.^[55]
First (and, to date, only) President to have served as Speaker of the House of Representatives.^[55]
First President born in North Carolina (Andrew Jackson's birthplace is disputed between that state and South Carolina).
First President to be a Methodist.
First President to be elected despite losing his states of birth and residence.^[56]
First President to win with a plurality of the popular vote.
First President to win the popular vote by a margin less than 5%.
First President to be nominated by his party as a dark horse.^[57]
First President not to seek re-election upon the completion of his term.^[58]
First President to die before reaching the age of 60.^[55]
First President to predecease a parent (He died in 1849, soon after leaving office, and his mother outlived him for three years, finally dying in 1852).^[59]^[60]

Zachary Taylor

First President who had served in no prior elected office.^[61]
First President to serve in the Mexican-American War.^[7]
First President to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.^[62]
First President to never serve with a congress controlled by his party.
First President to reside in Louisiana.
First President to be elected while winning his state of residence but not his state of birth.
First President to elected while winning the same number of states as his opponent.
First President to have had a Secretary of the Interior.

Millard Fillmore

First President to establish a permanent White House library.^[44]
First President born in the 1800s^[63]
Firs President to remarry after leaving office.

Franklin Pierce

First President born in New Hampshire.
First President to install central heating in the White House.^[37]
First President born in the 19th century^[63]
First sitting president to seek renomination by his party but be denied it.^[64]
First President to receive over 200 more electoral votes than his closest opponent.
First President to serve as Speaker of a State House of Representatives.

James Buchanan

First President born in Pennsylvania.
First (and, to date, only) President to be a bachelor.^[37]^[50]
First sitting President to meet a Member of the British Royal Family. (He met the future King Edward VII in 1860 during his tour of America).
First President to serve in the military solely as an enlisted member.

Abraham Lincoln

First President born outside of the original 13 colonies and first born in Kentucky.^[65]
First President from Illinois.
First (and, to date, only) President to hold a patent.^[65]
First President to be photographed at his inauguration.^[65]
First President to be assassinated.^[50]
First President to die in office after serving one full term.
First President to have lain in state in the United States Capitol Rotunda.
First Republican elected to the Presidency.^[38]
First (and to date only) President to win with a plurality of the popular vote less than 40%.
First President to receive more than two million popular votes in a single election.^[38]
First President to be elected on a ticket with a running mate from an opposing party.
First President to appear on a U.S. coin^[37]
First President to wear a beard.^[66]
First President inducted into the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Andrew Johnson

First President to ascend to the Presidency by the assassination of his predecessor.^[67]
First President to be impeached by the House of Representatives.^[68]
First President to serve in the United States Senate after being President.^[68]
First President to have been mayor of a town.
First President to issue more than 20 vetoes.

Ulysses S. Grant

First President born in Ohio.^[7]
First President to have had a mustache.
First President educated at the United States Military Academy.^{[citation needed]}
First President to have been a four-star General.
First President to have served as Commanding General of the United States Army, though Washington held a similar post under a different name.
First President to win the popular vote by more than 500,000 votes.^[38]
First President to have both parents live into his Presidency (His father died in 1873, and his mother died in 1882).^[60]
First President to veto more than fifty bills.^[19]
First President to visit Ireland, Egypt, China and Japan. (In 1878–79, after leaving the presidency.)^[69]^[70]^[71]
First President to publish his memoirs.^[72]
First President to legally change his name, his original name having been Hiram Ulysses Grant.
First President to appoint ten Circuit Court judges.
First President to appoint more than 30 judges to the district courts.
First President to appoint more than 40 federal judges.

Rutherford B. Hayes

First President to hold a state Thanksgiving dinner.^[37]
First President to hold the White House Easter Egg Roll.^[37]
First President to have a telephone and a typewriter installed in the White House.^[46]^[73]
First President to visit the West Coast of the United States while in office.^[74]
First President to serve a full term with his party not holding a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.
First President to have been a sitting governor when elected to the presidency.

James A. Garfield

First President to be left-handed or ambidextrous.^[75]
First President to die before reaching the age of 50.^[76]
First President to be a Congregationalist.
First President to be elected to the Presidency directly from the House of Representatives.
First President to have been party leader in the House of Representatives.
First President to win the popular vote with a margin of less than 1%.
First President to have served as a University President.^[77]^[78]

Chester A. Arthur

First President born in Vermont.^[79]
First President to take the oath of office in his own home.^[80]
First President to have an elevator installed in the White House.^[73]
First President to wear a mustache without a beard.
First President to have appointed to a non-cabinet or ambassadorial federal office, having been appointed Collector of the Port of New York by Ulysses S. Grant in 1871.

Grover Cleveland

First President born in New Jersey.
First President to go by his middle name rather than his first name.
First President to get married at the White House.^[36]
First President to have a child born in the White House.^[37]^[81]
First (and, to date, only) President to serve non-consecutive terms.^[50]
First President to be elected twice despite never receiving a majority of the popular vote.
First President to be filmed.^[82]
First President to veto more than 100 bills, veto more than 200 bills, veto more than 300 bills, or veto more than 400 bills.^[19]
First President to issue more than 100 pocket vetos.^[19]
First President to serve a full term with a Senate controlled by the opposing party.
First President to have had a Secretary of Agriculture.
First President to serve as a county sheriff.

Benjamin Harrison

First President to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House.^[40]^[46]
First President to be a grandson of another President (W. H. Harrison)
First President (with Cleveland) to receive more than five million popular votes in a single election.^[38]
First President to have electric lighting installed in the White House.^[73]
First President to make a sound recording.
First President from Indiana.
First President to appoint judges to the Courts of Appeals.
First President to lose reelection by more than 400,000 popular votes.

William McKinley

First President to ride in an automobile. He rode with Freelan Oscar Stanley of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company in his steam car in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he died.^[83]
First President to serve as Permanent Chairman of the Republican National Convention.

Theodore Roosevelt

First Vice-President who ascended to the Presidency upon the death of a predecessor, who later was elected to the Presidency in his own right (He was elected Vice-President in 1900, ascended to the Presidency in 1901, and was elected in his own right in 1904). ^[84] ^[85]^[86] ^[87]
First President (and first American) to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.^[88] Roosevelt won the award in 1906, due to his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).^[89]^[90]
First President to ride in a submarine and an airplane^[37]^[46]
First President to travel outside the United States while in office (to the Panama Canal Zone), first President to visit Panama.^[46]^[91]
First President to receive more than 300 electoral votes in a single election.^[38] Roosevelt received 336 electoral votes in the United States presidential election, 1904. ^[92]
First President to win a presidential election by a difference of 2 million popular votes from his opponent.^[38]
First President to have his offices in the West Wing.^[93]
First President (and, to date, only) to earn the Medal of Honor.^[94] Roosevelt won the award for his service in the Spanish–American War, and in particular his role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001, by President Bill Clinton.
First President to receive the Freedom of the City of the City of London.
First President to appoint more than 50 judges to the district courts.
First President to appoint more than 70 federal judges.
First President to have had a Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
First President to serve as Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

William Howard Taft

First President to throw out a ceremonial first pitch.^[95] Taft threw his pitch at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. The pitch took place on April 14, 1910.^[96]
First President to own an automobile (He in fact owned four while in office)^[37]
First President to serve in the federal judiciary, having served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
First former Solicitor General to become President.^[97] Taft served as Solicitor General from 1890^[98] to 1892.^[99] He became President in 1909.
First President to receive the Silver Buffalo Award.
First President to preside all of the 48 contiguous states (Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union under his Presidency).^[93]
First President to lose more than 300 electoral votes between elections.
First incumbent President to come in third place in a reelection attempt.
First President to lose reelection by more than 2 million popular votes.
First President to visit Mexico while in office^[100]
First President to use the Oval Office^[93]
First President to appoint a sitting Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as Chief Justice.
First (and, to date, only) President to also serve on the Supreme Court of the United States (as Chief Justice).^[101] Taft left office as President in 1913. He was appointed Chief Justice in 1921, by President Warren Harding. ^[102]
First President to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery^[50] Taft died in 1930. He became the first president and first member of the Supreme Court to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.^[103]^[104]

Woodrow Wilson

First (and, to date, only) President to have a Ph.D.^[105]
First President to visit Europe while in office (he visited France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Holy See (Vatican City, not yet a sovereign nation), and Belgium).^[106]
First President to meet with the Pope while in office.^[106] Wilson met Pope Benedict XV in 1919, during a visit at Vatican City.^[107]
First sitting President to meet a British monarch, having met George V in 1918.
First President to give a radio address.^[108]
First President to hold a press conference or regular news briefings.^[108]
First President to appoint a Jew (Louis Brandeis) to the Supreme Court.^[105]^[108]
First President to attend a World Series game.^[108] Wilson attended Game 2 of the 1915 World Series in Philadelphia, viewing a baseball game between the Boston Red Sox and the Philadelphia Phillies.
First (and, to date, only) President to be buried in Washington, D.C..^[105] Wilson died in 1924, and was interred in a sarcophagus in Washington National Cathedral.^[109]
First President to win over 300 more electoral votes than his closest opponent.
First President to be reelected despite losing more than 100 electoral votes between elections.
First President to be elected consecutively with pluralities of the popular vote.
First President to appoint 20 judges to the Courts of Appeals.
First President to have separate Secretaries of Commerce and Labor.

Warren G. Harding

First President to receive more than ten million popular votes or 400 electoral votes in a single election.^[38] Harding received 16,144,093 votes in the United States presidential election, 1920. He also received 404 electoral votes. The election took part following the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted voting rights to women. There were more eligible voters than previous elections, though voter turnout was relatively low. In 1920, just 36% of eligible women turned out to vote (compared with 68% of men).^[110]^[111] The low turnout was partly due to other barriers to voting, such as literacy tests, long residency requirements and poll taxes. Inexperience with voting and persistent beliefs that voting was inappropriate for women may also have kept turnout low.^[110]^[111]
First President to win more than 60% of the popular vote. Harding won 60.3% of the popular vote.
First President to win the popular vote with a margin of victory over 20%.
First sitting U.S. Senator elected to the presidency.^[56] Harding was serving as a Senator from Ohio when elected. He resigned his position as senator and was replaced by Frank B. Willis.
First President to have served as a Lieutenant Governor.
First President to win the popular vote by more than 5 million.^[38]
First President elected after women gained the right to vote.^[38]
First President to ride to and from his inauguration in an automobile.^[18] The inauguration of Harding took place in 1921.
First President to visit Canada while in office^[112]
First President to be a Baptist.
First President to be on the cover of Time Magazine.
First President to have had a Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
First President to serve as Temporary Chairman of the Republican National Convention.
First President to have been keynote speaker at the Republican National Convention.
First President (and, to date, only) to be elected on his birthday (he was elected on November 2, 1920, his 55th birthday).

Calvin Coolidge

First (and, to date, only) President to be sworn in by his father, John Calvin Coolidge, Sr, (following the death of Harding).
First President to be sworn in by another President (William Howard Taft, who was Chief Justice at the time of the second inauguration of Coolidge in 1925).^[18]
First President to give a radio broadcast from the White House.^[44]^[46]
First President to visit Cuba while in office.^[113]
First President to claim Native American ancestry.^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117] Coolidge's mother Victoria Moor was claimed to be of a mixed-race family in Vermont.^[118]
First (and, to date, only) President born on Independence Day.
First President to appoint more than 60 judges to the district courts.

Herbert Hoover

First President born west of the Mississippi River and first born in Iowa.^[119]
First President to receive more than twenty million popular votes in a single election.^[38] Hoover received 21,427,123 votes in the United States presidential election, 1928. The Hoover vote touched the high-water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate up to that time; 21,400,000 votes cast was an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote of four years before.^[120]
First President to have a telephone on his desk.^[93]
First President to have a post-presidency of more than 30 years.^[121] Hoover left office in 1933, and died in 1964. He died 31 years, and 230 days after leaving office.
First Quaker to serve as President.
First President to have served as Secretary of Commerce.
First President to be fluent in Mandarin Chinese.
First President to lose reelection by more than 7 million popular votes.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

First (and, per the 22nd amendment, only) President to serve more than two terms.^[51] Roosevelt won a record four presidential elections, and served four terms in office from 1933 to 1945. More precisely, Roosevelt served three full terms, and Died 2 months and 24 days into his fourth term.
First President to be inaugurated on January 20 (after the passage of the Twentieth Amendment).^[18] His first inauguration took place on March 4, 1933. His second inauguration took place on January 20, 1937 and is the inauguration to take place on that date.
First President to be elected after losing as Vice-President on a major party ticket. Roosevelt was Democratic nominee for Vice-President in the United States presidential election, 1920. He was the Democratic nominee for President in United States presidential election, 1932, and was successfully elected.
First President to appear on television^[46]^[122] On April 30, 1939, Roosevelt appeared at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World's Fair and gave a speech. The speech was televised, and Roosevelt became the first President of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television. Roosevelt's speech was seen on black and white television sets with 5 to 12-inch tubes.^[123]
First President to nominate a woman (Frances Perkins) to a Cabinet post.^[124] Perkins was appointed United States Secretary of Labor in 1933.
First President to establish a presidential library^[125]
First President to receive more than 500 electoral votes in a single election.^[38] He received 523 electoral votes in the United States presidential election, 1936. Roosevelt won 98.5% of the electoral vote.
First President to have had three vice presidents.
First President to win the popular vote by more than 10 million votes, in 1936.^[38]
First President to win over 400 more electoral votes than his closest opponent, in 1932.
First President to win over 500 more electoral votes than his opponent, in 1936.
First President to veto more than 500 bills.^[19] His total vetoes were 635, though 9 were overridden.
First President to issue more than 200 pocket vetos.^[19] He issued 263 pocket vetoes.
First sitting President to visit South America (Hoover visited as President-elect; Roosevelt visited Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay), Africa (he visited Morocco, Liberia and Egypt), Haiti, Iran, and the Soviet Union, as well as Hawaii while in office.^[126]^[127]^[128]
First President to make a transatlantic flight. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 Clipper flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco, a flight that covered 5,500 miles (8,890 km) in three legs.^[129]
First President to have had no full siblings.
First President to receive a British monarch during a visit to the U.S., having met George VI in 1939.
First President to meet a King of Saudi Arabia, having met Ibn Saud in 1945.
First President to be named Time Person of the Year.
First President to appoint more than 50 judges to the Courts of Appeals.
First President to appoint more than 100 judges to the district courts.
First President to appoint more than 100 federal judges.
First President to have a National Library administered by the National Archives and Records Administration.

Harry S. Truman

First President born in Missouri.
First President to be assigned a Secret Service codename.^[130]
First sitting President to visit Germany. He visited the Allied-occupied Germany.
First President to serve in World War I.^[131] Truman served as an officer of the American Expeditionary Forces and commanded a unit of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment. He saw combat service in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He was discharged from the army in 1919, with the rank of major. He remained affiliated with the United States Army Reserve until 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1925 and colonel in 1932.
First to have a nationally-televised inauguration.^[18] His second inauguration in 1949 was the first presidential inauguration televised. Millions of people watched the inauguration, broadcast as a single live program that aired on every network.^[132] Many schoolchildren watched from their classrooms.^[133] Truman authorized a holiday for federal employees so that they could also watch.^[134] The ceremony, and Truman's speech, were also broadcast abroad through the Voice of America, and translated into other languages including Russian and German.^[135] According to some calculations, the 1949 inauguration had more witnesses than all previous Presidential inaugurations combined.^[133]^[136]
First President to leave office on January 20 (after the passage of the Twentieth amendment).^[18] He left office on January 20, 1953.
First person to be issued a Medicare card.^[137] In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess Truman, to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.^[138]
First President to address a joint session of the Canadian Parliament.
First President to have had a Secretary of Defense.
First President to have had a White House Chief of Staff.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

First President to serve in World War II, and only President to serve in both World Wars.^[44]
First President to have been a Five-star General of the Army.
First President to have served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
First President to have served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe.
First President to be born in Texas.^[139]
First President from Kansas.
First President to celebrate his 70th birthday while in office. Eisenhower was born in 1890 and turned 70 in 1960. His office term ended in 1961.
First President to travel by jet aircraft and helicopter.
First President to get a pilot's license.^[140]
First sitting President to visit the independent nations of Switzerland, Vatican City, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Greece, Tunisia, Spain, Chile, Portugal, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
First President to give a televised news conference, in 1955.^[141]
First President to appear on color television.^[142]
First President to be photographed in color.
First President of all 50 states (Alaska and Hawaii were admitted during his Presidency).
First President to be term-limited, due to the 22nd Amendment.
First President to have served more than one full term with a Congress controlled by the opposing party.
First President to have received an honorary knighthood from a foreign nation (Eisenhower received 22 such honors).^[143]^[144]
First President to receive the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit.^[143]
First President to receive the Philippine Distinguished Service Star, the French Médaille militaire, the French Croix de guerre 1939–1945, the Belgian Croix de guerre, and the Luxembourgish Military Medal.^[143]
First President and first American to be appointed to the British Order of Merit.^[143]
First President to be made a Grand Cordon of the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum.^[143]
First (and only) President and American to receive the Soviet Order of Victory, for serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force.^[143]
First President to have had a Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
First President to have had a National Security Advisor.

John F. Kennedy

First (and, to date, only) Catholic to serve as President.^[145]
First President born in the 20th Century.^[146] Kennedy was born in 1917 and took office in 1961.
First President (along with Richard Nixon) to participate in televised Presidential debates.^[147] He took part in four televised debates in 1960.
First President to have been a Boy Scout.^[44]
First (and, to date, only) President to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize.^[148] He won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 1957, for his biographical work Profiles in Courage.
First President to have previously served in the United States Navy.^[131]^[148]
First (and, to date, only) President to earn a Purple Heart.^[148]
First sitting President to have a brother serve in the Senate (Ted Kennedy) and another brother (Robert Kennedy) serve in the Cabinet.
First (and, to date, only) President to be survived by both his parents. Kennedy died in 1963. His father Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. outlived him for six years, dying in 1969. His mother Rose Kennedy outlived him for more than three decades, dying in 1995.^[60]
First (and, to date, only) President who died on the same date as his assassination attempt occurred.
First President to use the Situation Room.^[149]
First sitting President to visit Ireland.^[150]
First President to receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom (awarded posthumously on December 6, 1963).
First President to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart.
First President to win the Popular and Electoral vote despite his opponent winning more states.

Lyndon B. Johnson

First President to be inaugurated on an airplane.^[18] His inauguration was held aboard Air Force One in 1963.
First President to be sworn in by a woman (Sarah T. Hughes).^[18]
First sitting President to visit Australia, New Zealand, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Guatemala, Austria, and Venezuela.^[151]
First President to win the popular vote by more than 15 million votes.^[38]
First President to ride to and from his inauguration in a bullet-proof limousine (to and from his second inauguration).^[18]
First President to appoint an African-American (Thurgood Marshall) to the Supreme Court.^[152]
First President to appoint an African-American (Robert C. Weaver) to a Cabinet post.^[153] Weaver was appointed the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1966.
First President to have been party leader in the United States Senate, having been Minority Leader from 1953-1955 and Majority Leader from 1955-1961.^[154]
First President to have served as Senate Majority Whip, having served in that office from 1951-1953.^[155]
First President to receive the Silver Star.
First President to have had a Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and a Secretary of Transportation.

Richard Nixon

First (and, to date, only) Vice-President who did not immediately succeed his President (Dwight Eisenhower). He served as Vice-President from 1953 to 1961. He ran to succeed Eisenhower in 1960 but lost the general election. He was first elected President in 1968 and took office in 1969.
First (and, to date, only) President to be elected twice to both Presidency (1968 and 1972) and Vice-Presidency (1952 and 1956).
First President (along with Kennedy) to participate in televised Presidential debates.^[147] He participated in four televised debates in 1960.
First President born in California.
First sitting President to visit the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Israel, Poland, Iceland, and Jordan.^[156]^[157]
First (and, to date, only) President to resign from the Presidency.^[158] The resignation of Nixon in 1974, was a result of the Watergate scandal. There were efforts by the United States House of Representatives to impeach the President for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. Nixon had also lost the support of his own party.^[159]
First (and, to date, only) President to be pardoned by another President (Gerald Ford).^[160] The Pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.^[161]^[162]^[163]
First President to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.
First President to have served more than one full term having never served with a Congress controlled by his party.
First President to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal.
First President to gain more than 200 electoral votes between elections.
First President to meet an Emperor of Japan, having met Hirohito in 1971.^[164]
First President to appoint more than 200 federal judges.

Gerald Ford

First President born in Nebraska.
First President from Michigan.
First (and, to date, only) President to ascend to the Presidency without being elected to either the offices of the President or Vice-President.^[50] He was appointed Vice-President in 1973 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Spiro Agnew. He succeeded President Richard Nixon in 1974, following the resignation of Nixon.
First (and to date, only) President to succeed to the office under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which codified the previously established precedent of the Vice President succeeding to the presidency.
First (and, to date, only) President to be an Eagle Scout^[165]
First President to receive the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.
First sitting President to visit Japan and Finland while in office.^[166]
First (and, to date, only) President to pardon another President (Richard Nixon).^[160] The Pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.^[161]^[162]^[163]
First President to release a full report of his medical checkup to the public.^[160]
First President to serve as House Minority Leader, having served in that office in 1965-1973.^[167]
First President to serve as Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives.^[168]

Jimmy Carter

First President born in Georgia.
First sitting President to visit Nigeria.^[169]
First President born in a hospital.^[170] He was born in the Wise Sanitarium of Plains, Georgia, in 1924.
First (and, to date, only) President to attend the United States Naval Academy.
First President to use a nickname in an official capacity. His actual name is James Earl Carter Jr, but he is better known by the nickname Jimmy Carter.
First President to have served a full term without appointing a Supreme Court Justice.
First President to receive the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights.
First President to appoint more than 200 judges to the district courts.
First President to have separate Secretaries of Health and Human Services and Education.
First President to have had a Secretary of Energy.
First President to lose reelection by more than 8 million popular votes.

Ronald Reagan

First President born in Illinois.^[171]
First President to receive more than fifty million popular votes in a single election.^[38]
First President to have been divorced.^[172] He divorced his first wife Jane Wyman in 1949.
First (and, to date, only) President to have been a professional actor.^{[citation needed]}
First (and, to date, only) President to be the head of a union (the Screen Actors Guild).^[173]
First President to be inaugurated at the West Front of the United States Capitol Building.^[174]
First sitting President to visit Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada.
First President to appoint a woman to the Supreme Court (Sandra Day O'Connor).
First sitting President to visit the New York Stock Exchange, on March 28, 1985.^[175]
First serving President to address a joint sitting of the British Parliament (House of Commons and House of Lords) on June 8, 1982.^[176]
First sitting President to survive an assassination attempt despite being wounded.
First President to invoke Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
First living President to be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the first to be Awarded with Distinction.
First President to have served in the United States Army Air Forces.
First President to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
First President to receive a Golden Globe Award.
First President to appoint more than 80 judges to the Courts of Appeals.
First President to appoint more than 300 federal judges.
First President to serve two full terms with a House of Representatives controlled by the opposing party.

George H. W. Bush

First Vice-President to have served as Acting President (when Reagan was sedated for eight hours due to colon surgery).^[177]
First sitting President to visit Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Singapore, Somalia, and the Russian Federation, as well as reunified Germany.^[178]^[179]
First President to have served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (having served in the predecessor office of Director of Central Intelligence)^[180]^[181]^[182] or United States Ambassador to the United Nations.^[183]
First President to serve as a diplomat to China.
First serving President to address a joint sitting of the Australian Parliament (House of Representatives and Senate) in 1992 in reciprocation of the first address of a joint sitting of Congress by an Australian Prime Minister (Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke) in 1988.
First President to have been a naval aviator.^[140]
First President to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal.
First President to have been married for 70 years.
First President to have had a Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
First President to serve as Chairman of the Republican National Committee.

Bill Clinton

First President born in Arkansas.
First sitting President to visit Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Syria, Kuwait, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Denmark, Ghana, Uganda, Rwanda, South Africa, Botswana, Senegal, Slovenia, the Republic of Macedonia, Norway, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Bangladesh, Oman, Tanzania, Brunei, as well as the Palestinian National Authority and reunited Vietnam.^[184]^[185]
First President to send an email.
First President to earn a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford.
First President whose inauguration was streamed on the internet.^[18]
First President to win a Grammy Award.
First President to be made a Grand Companion of the Papa New Guinean Order of Logohu.
First President to appoint more than 300 judges to the district courts.
First President to appoint an Asian-American (Norman Mineta to a Cabinet post. Mineta was appointed Secretary of Commerce in 2000.

George W. Bush

First President born in Connecticut.
First President to serve in the Air National Guard.
First president to have an M.B.A. degree.
First sitting President to visit Sweden, Peru, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Qatar, Iraq, Slovakia, Georgia, Mongolia, Estonia, Albania, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Benin.
First President to have State of the Union live broadcast on the Internet.^[186]
First President to have served in the military during the Vietnam War, where he performed stateside service.
First President to invoke Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution twice.
First President to have had a Secretary of Homeland Security.
First President to be elected twice despite losing his birth state both times.

Barack Obama

First President born outside of the 48 contiguous states and first born in Hawaii.^[187]
First African-American to serve as President.^[188]
First multiracial American to serve as President.^[189]
First President to publicly endorse same-sex marriage.^[190]
First President to have a Catholic Vice President (Joe Biden).^[191]
First President to appoint a Hispanic-American to the Supreme Court (Sonia Sotomayor).^[192]
First President to appoint multiple women to the Supreme Court (Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan).
First President to address both houses of the British Parliament.^[193]^[194]
First President to visit a federal prison.^[195]
First President to visit Hiroshima.^[196]
First sitting President to publish a scientific paper.^[197]
First sitting President to visit Trinidad and Tobago, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Kenya, and Ethiopia.
First President to have his official photograph portrait taken with a digital camera.^[198]
First President to have been keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention.

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[2] The Book of Political Lists, from the editors of George. 1998. p. 22.

[3] Unger, Harlow Giles (2013). "Mr. President" George Washington and the Making of the Nation's Highest Office. Boston: Da Capo Press, A Member of the Perseus Book Group. pp. 61, 146. ISBN 978-0-306-82241-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[4] Ellis, Joseph J. (2004). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4031-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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[9] Robert P. Watson (ed.). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. p. 18.

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[119] Book of Political Lists, pg. 5

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[130] Book of Political Lists, pg. 26

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 * First (and, to date, only) president to not be affiliated with any political party.
 * First President to be an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]].<ref name="adherents.Washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/George_Washington.html|title=The Religion of George Washington|publisher=adherents.com|accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref>
-* First President from [[Virginia]].<ref name="Political Lists pg. 5">''Book of Political Lists'', pg. 5</ref>
+* First President from [[Virginia]].<ref name="Book of Political Lists, pg. 5">''Book of Political Lists'', pg. 5</ref>
 * First President to be awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]].
 * First President to have had a Supreme Court nominee be rejected.
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 * First President to be a lawyer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/11/05/barack-obama-the-uss-44th-president-and-24th-lawyer-president/ |title=Barack Obama: The U.S.'s 44th President (and 25th Lawyer-President!) |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=2008-11-05}}</ref>
 * First President who had never served in the military.<ref name="Political Lists pg. 17">''Book of Political Lists'', pg. 17</ref><ref name=PrezWhoAreVets>{{cite web|title=Military Roots: Presidents who were Veterans|url=http://www.va.gov/health/NewsFeatures/20110221a.asp |publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs}}</ref>
-* First President to not be a slave owner.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hauensteincenter.org/slaveholding/}}</ref>
+* First President to not be a slave owner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hauensteincenter.org/slaveholding/|title=Slaveholding Presidents|publisher=}}</ref>
 * First President to be a [[Unitarian]].
-* First President from [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Political Lists pg. 5"></ref>
+* First President from [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Political Lists pg. 5"/>
 * First President who attended one of the [[Ivy League]] colleges, and first to attend [[Harvard College]].<ref name=PrezTriviaFortyNine />
 * First President to have been multilingual, as he was fluent in French and Latin.
@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 <!--PLEASE provide references for all future items added to this List.-->
 * First President who had served in no prior elected office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/zachary_taylor_springfield.html |accessdate=2014-09-25 |title=Zachary Taylor Home, Springfield, Kentucky |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
-* First President to serve in the [[Mexican-American War]].<ref name="Book of Political Lists, pg. 5">''Book of Political Lists'', pg. 5</ref>
+* First President to serve in the [[Mexican-American War]].<ref name="Book of Political Lists, pg. 5"/>
 * First President to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.<ref>''Book of Political Lists'', pg. 34</ref>
 * First President to never serve with a congress controlled by his party.
@@ Line 335: / Line 335: @@
 ==[[William McKinley]]==
 <!--PLEASE provide references for all future items added to this List.-->
-* First President to ride in an [[Car|automobile]]. He rode with [[Freelan Oscar Stanley]] of the [[Stanley Motor Carriage Company]] in his [[steam car]] in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he died.<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/mckinley/5.html The Assassination of President William McKinley]</ref>
+* First President to ride in an [[Car|automobile]]. He rode with [[Freelan Oscar Stanley]] of the [[Stanley Motor Carriage Company]] in his [[steam car]] in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/mckinley/5.html|title=The Assassination of President William McKinley|publisher=}}</ref>
 * First President to serve as Permanent Chairman of the [[Republican National Convention]].
@@ Line 523: / Line 523: @@
 * First President to appoint an African-American ([[Thurgood Marshall]]) to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lbj/ |title=LBJ (Part of the collection: The Presidents). |publisher=[[American Experience]]}}</ref>
 * First President to appoint an African-American ([[Robert C. Weaver]]) to a Cabinet post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/johnson-appoints-first-african-american-cabinet-member |title=This Day in History: Johnson appoints first African-American cabinet member|publisher=The History Channel|accessdate=2014-09-30}}</ref> Weaver was appointed the first [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] in 1966.
-* First President to have been party leader in the United States Senate, having been Minority Leader from 1953-1955 and Majority Leader from 1955-1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Majority_Minority_Leaders.htm}}</ref>
+* First President to have been party leader in the United States Senate, having been Minority Leader from 1953-1955 and Majority Leader from 1955-1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Majority_Minority_Leaders.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips|publisher=}}</ref>
-* First President to have served as [[Senate Majority Whip]], having served in that office from 1951-1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Party_Whips.htm}}</ref>
+* First President to have served as [[Senate Majority Whip]], having served in that office from 1951-1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Party_Whips.htm|title=Party Whips|publisher=}}</ref>
 * First President to receive the [[Silver Star]].
 * First President to have had a [[Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] and a [[Secretary of Transportation]].
@@ Line 545: / Line 545: @@
   | isbn = 978-1-58648-519-1
   }}, p. 978.</ref>
-* First (and, to date, only) President to be pardoned by another President (Gerald Ford).<ref name=IPLFord /> The [[Pardon of Richard Nixon]] in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.<ref name="pardonspeech">{{cite web |last=Ford |first=Gerald |date=September 8, 1974 |url=https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740061.asp|title=President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon |work=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum| publisher= University of Texas |accessdate=December 30, 2006}}</ref><ref name="pardonimage">{{cite web |last= Ford |first= Gerald |date=September 8, 1974 |url=http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775| title=Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon |work=Pardon images|publisher=University of Maryland |accessdate=December 30, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1974/Ford-Pardons-Nixon/12305808208934-3/ |title=Ford Pardons Nixon - Events of 1974 - Year in Review |publisher=UPI.com |accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref>
+* First (and, to date, only) President to be pardoned by another President (Gerald Ford).<ref name=IPLFord /> The [[Pardon of Richard Nixon]] in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.<ref name="pardonspeech">{{cite web |last=Ford |first=Gerald |date=September 8, 1974 |url=https://fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740061.asp|title=President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon |work=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum| publisher= University of Texas |accessdate=December 30, 2006}}</ref><ref name="pardonimage">{{cite web |last= Ford |first= Gerald |date=September 8, 1974 |url=http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775| title=Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon |work=Pardon images|publisher=University of Maryland |accessdate=December 30, 2006}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1974/Ford-Pardons-Nixon/12305808208934-3/ |title=Ford Pardons Nixon - Events of 1974 - Year in Review |publisher=UPI.com |accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref>
 * First President to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.
 * First President to have served more than one full term having never served with a Congress controlled by his party.
 * First President to receive the [[Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal]].
 * First President to gain more than 200 electoral votes between elections.
-* First President to meet an [[Emperor of Japan]], having met [[Hirohito]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/hirohito/speeches/speeches-hirohito-visits-the-united-states}}</ref>
+* First President to meet an [[Emperor of Japan]], having met [[Hirohito]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/hirohito/speeches/speeches-hirohito-visits-the-united-states|title=Hirohito|publisher=}}</ref>
 * First President to appoint more than 200 federal judges.
@@ Line 563: / Line 563: @@
 * First President to receive the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]].
 * [[List of international trips made by the President of the United States#Gerald Ford|First sitting President to visit]] [[Japan]] and [[Finland]] while in office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/japan |title=Presidents' Travels to Japan |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian}}</ref>
-* First (and, to date, only) President to pardon another President (Richard Nixon).<ref name=IPLFord>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/grford.html|title=Gerald Rudolph Ford |publisher=iSchool at Drexel, College of Information Science and Technology}}</ref> The [[Pardon of Richard Nixon]] in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.<ref name="pardonspeech"/><ref name="pardonimage"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1974/Ford-Pardons-Nixon/12305808208934-3/ |title=Ford Pardons Nixon - Events of 1974 - Year in Review |publisher=UPI.com |accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref>
+* First (and, to date, only) President to pardon another President (Richard Nixon).<ref name=IPLFord>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/grford.html|title=Gerald Rudolph Ford |publisher=iSchool at Drexel, College of Information Science and Technology}}</ref> The [[Pardon of Richard Nixon]] in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.<ref name="pardonspeech"/><ref name="pardonimage"/><ref name="auto"/>
 * First President to release a full report of his [[General medical examination|medical checkup]] to the public.<ref name=IPLFord />
-* First President to serve as [[House Minority Leader]], having served in that office in 1965-1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/People/Office/Minority-Leaders/}}</ref>
+* First President to serve as [[House Minority Leader]], having served in that office in 1965-1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/People/Office/Minority-Leaders/|title=Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present) - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|publisher=}}</ref>
-* First President to serve as [[Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/People/Office/Republican-Conference-Chairmen/}}</ref>
+* First President to serve as [[Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/People/Office/Republican-Conference-Chairmen/|title=Republican Conference Chairmen - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|publisher=}}</ref>
 ==[[Jimmy Carter]]==
@@ Line 589: / Line 589: @@
 * First (and, to date, only) President to have been a professional [[actor]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
 * First (and, to date, only) President to be the head of a [[Trade union|union]] (the [[Screen Actors Guild]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001654/bio |title=Ronald Reagan @ IMDB|publisher=[[IMDB]]}}</ref>
-* First President to be [[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|inaugurated]] at the West Front of the [[United States Capitol Building]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/presidents-swearing-in-ceremony}}</ref>
+* First President to be [[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|inaugurated]] at the West Front of the [[United States Capitol Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/presidents-swearing-in-ceremony|title=President's Swearing-In Ceremony - The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies|publisher=}}</ref>
 * [[List of international trips made by the President of the United States#Ronald Reagan|First sitting President to visit]] [[Jamaica]], [[Barbados]], and [[Grenada]].
 * First President to appoint a woman to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ([[Sandra Day O'Connor]]).
@@ Line 654: / Line 654: @@
 * First President to visit a [[federal prison]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vox.com/2015/7/11/8933095/obama-prison-visit |title=Obama is the first president to visit a federal prison. Here's why. |publisher=Vox |date= |accessdate=2015-07-20}}</ref>
 * First President to visit [[Hiroshima]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Liptak |first=Kevin |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/27/politics/obama-hiroshima-japan/ |title=Obama in Hiroshima calls for 'world without nuclear weapons' - CNNPolitics.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=2016-05-27}}</ref>
-* First sitting President to publish a [[Scientific literature#Scientific article|scientific paper]].<ref>http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2533698</ref>
+* First sitting President to publish a [[Scientific literature#Scientific article|scientific paper]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2533698|title=United States Health Care Reform|first=Barack|last=Obama|date=2 August 2016|publisher=|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=5|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797|pmid=27400401|pmc=5069435}}</ref>
 * [[List of international trips made by the President of the United States#Barack Obama|First sitting President to visit]] [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Kenya]], and [[Ethiopia]].
 * First President to have his official photograph portrait taken with a digital camera.<ref>{{cite web |title=New official portrait released Wednesday |url=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/new_official_portrait_released/ |date=January 14, 2009 |publisher= change.gov, [[Office of the President-Elect]]}}</ref>