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=== Nipple stimulation ===
=== Nipple stimulation ===
{{Main|Nipple stimulation}}
{{Main|Nipple stimulation}}
During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will simulate the release of [[oxytocin]] from the hypoythalmus. a hormone that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the [[milk-ejection reflex]]. Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/#o|title=Glossary - womenshealth.gov|website=womenshealth.gov|accessdate=12 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract. These contractions are necessary to prevent post-partum hemorrhage. When the baby suckles or stimulates the nipple oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract and move the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the newborn helps to move out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the “let-down reflex.”<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf</ref>
During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will simulate the release of [[oxytocin]] from the hypoythalmus. a hormone that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the [[milk-ejection reflex]]. Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/#o|title=Glossary - womenshealth.gov|website=womenshealth.gov|accessdate=12 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract. These contractions are necessary to prevent post-partum hemorrhage.<ref name=Abedi2016>{{cite journal|last1=Abedi|first1=P|last2=Jahanfar|first2=S|last3=Namvar|first3=F|last4=Lee|first4=J|title=Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=27 January 2016|volume=1|pages=CD010845|pmid=26816300|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2}}</ref> When the baby suckles or stimulates the nipple oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract and move the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the newborn helps to move out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the “let-down reflex.”<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf</ref>


Nipples can be sensitive to touch and can lead to [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="winkelmann">{{cite journal |title=The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance |author=Winkelmann RK |journal=Mayo Clin Proc |year=1959 |volume=34 |pages=39–47 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/ |issue=2}}</ref> The male and female nipple have a similar nerve supply, though nerve endings are closer together in men, whereas in a female nipple they are further apart.<ref name="sarhadi">{{cite journal |title=An anatomical study of the nerve supply of the breast, including the nipple and areola |author=Sarhadi NS |journal=British Journal of Plastic Surgery |year=1996 |volume=49 |pages=156–164 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007122696902180 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/S0007-1226(96)90218-0 |pmid=8785595 |last2=Shaw Dunn |first2=J |last3=Lee |first3=FD |last4=Soutar |first4=DS}}</ref> Stimulation can sometimes lead to an [[orgasm]]. [[Nipple stimulation]] may also be directly linked to "the genital area of the brain".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Levay|first=Simon|author2=Sharon McBride Valente |title=Human Sexuality, Second Edition|publisher = Sinauer Associates, Inc.|date=15 November 2005|isbn =978-0-87893-465-2}}</ref>
Nipples can be sensitive to touch and can lead to [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="winkelmann">{{cite journal |title=The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance |author=Winkelmann RK |journal=Mayo Clin Proc |year=1959 |volume=34 |pages=39–47 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/ |issue=2}}</ref> The male and female nipple have a similar nerve supply, though nerve endings are closer together in men, whereas in a female nipple they are further apart.<ref name="sarhadi">{{cite journal |title=An anatomical study of the nerve supply of the breast, including the nipple and areola |author=Sarhadi NS |journal=British Journal of Plastic Surgery |year=1996 |volume=49 |pages=156–164 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007122696902180 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/S0007-1226(96)90218-0 |pmid=8785595 |last2=Shaw Dunn |first2=J |last3=Lee |first3=FD |last4=Soutar |first4=DS}}</ref> Stimulation can sometimes lead to an [[orgasm]]. [[Nipple stimulation]] may also be directly linked to "the genital area of the brain".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Levay|first=Simon|author2=Sharon McBride Valente |title=Human Sexuality, Second Edition|publisher = Sinauer Associates, Inc.|date=15 November 2005|isbn =978-0-87893-465-2}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:39, 12 August 2017

This article is about the anatomical structure. For other uses, see Nipple (disambiguation).
Nipple
A nipple, areola and breast of a human female.
Details
Identifiers
Latinpapilla mammaria
MeSHD009558
TA98A16.0.02.004
TA27105
FMA67771
Anatomical terminology

In its most general form, a nipple is a structure from which a fluid emanates. More specifically, it is the projection on the breasts or udder of a mammal by which, in females, breast milk is delivered to a mother's young. In this sense, it is often called a teat, especially when referring to non-humans, and the medical term is papilla. A breast or nipple is sometimes called a "pap".[1] The rubber mouthpiece of a baby bottle or pacifier may also be referred to as a "nipple" or a "teat". In humans, nipples of both males and females are also one of the erogenous zones. In many cultures, human female nipples are sexualized[2] and it is considered a taboo[3][4] or a public indecency to uncover them in public.

Etymology

The word "nipple" most likely originates as a diminutive of neb, an Old English word meaning "beak", "nose", or "face", and which is of Germanic origin.[5] The words "teat" and "tit" share a Germanic ancestor. The second of the two, tit, was inherited directly from Proto-Germanic, while the first entered English via Old French.[6][7]

Anatomy

The breast: cross-section scheme of the mammary gland:

In the anatomy of mammals, a nipple, mammary papilla or teat is a small projection of skin containing the outlets for 15–20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. The skin of the nipple is rich in a supply of special nerves that are sensitive to certain stimuli: these are slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting cutaneous mechanocepetors. Mechanoreceptors are identified respectively by Type I slowly-adapting with multiple Merkel corpuscle end-organs and Type II slowly-adapting with single Ruffini corpuscle end-organs, as well as Type I rapidly-adapting with multiple Meissner corpuscle end-organs and Type II rapidly-adapting with single Pacinian corpuscle end-organs.

The dominant innervation to the nipple is derived from the lateral cutaneous branches of fourth intercostal nerve.[8] The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver milk to the infant, produced in the female mammary glands during lactation. Marsupials and eutherian mammals typically have an even number of nipples arranged bilaterally, from as few as two to as many as 19.[9]

In humans

Changes in size

The average projection and size of human female nipples is slightly more than 3/8 of an inch (10mm).[10] This is equal to about five stacked American quarters.[11] Pregnancy and nursing tend to increase nipple size, sometimes permanently. Pregnancy also deepens the pigmentation.

Nipple stimulation

Main article: Nipple stimulation

During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will simulate the release of oxytocin from the hypoythalmus. a hormone that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the milk-ejection reflex. Oxytocin also causes uterine contractions.[12] The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract. These contractions are necessary to prevent post-partum hemorrhage.[13] When the baby suckles or stimulates the nipple oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract and move the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the newborn helps to move out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the “let-down reflex.”[14]

Nipples can be sensitive to touch and can lead to sexual arousal.[15] The male and female nipple have a similar nerve supply, though nerve endings are closer together in men, whereas in a female nipple they are further apart.[16] Stimulation can sometimes lead to an orgasm. Nipple stimulation may also be directly linked to "the genital area of the brain".[17]

In male mammals

A human male nipple

Mammalian fetuses within the same species look the same, regardless of sex. In humans, this lasts for around 6 weeks, after which genetically-male fetuses begin producing male hormones such as testosterone.[18] Usually, males' nipples do not change much past this point; however, some males develop a condition known as gynecomastia, in which the fatty tissue around and under the nipple develops into something similar to a female breast. This may happen whenever the testosterone level drops. Gynecomastia, although not as severe, may occur in pubescent boys undergoing physical changes due to the rapid and uncontrolled release of hormones, including estrogen. The heightened levels of estrogen in pubescent male bodies leads to the swelling of the nipple and surrounding tissue – this can often look similar to a female human nipple – and may cause slight discomfort. Thus, because the "female template" is the default for humans, the question is not why evolution has not selected against male nipples, but why it would be advantageous to select against male nipples to begin with:

The uncoupling of male and female traits occurs if there is selection for it: if the trait is important to the reproductive success of both males and females but the best or "optimal" trait is different for a male and a female. We would not expect such an uncoupling if the attribute is important in both sexes and the "optimal" value is similar in both sexes, nor would we expect uncoupling to evolve if the attribute is important to one sex but unimportant in the other. The latter is the case for nipples. Their advantage in females, in terms of reproductive success, is clear. But because the genetic "default" is for males and females to share characters, the presence of nipples in males is probably best explained as a genetic correlation that persists through lack of selection against them, rather than selection for them. Interestingly, though, it could be argued that the occurrence of problems associated with the male nipple, such as carcinoma, constitutes contemporary selection against them.

In a now-famous paper, Stephen Jay Gould and Richard C. Lewontin emphasize that we should not immediately assume that every trait has an adaptive explanation. Just as the spandrels of St. Mark's domed cathedral in Venice are simply an architectural consequence of the meeting of a vaulted ceiling with its supporting pillars, the presence of nipples in male mammals is a genetic architectural by-product of nipples in females. This idea implies men have nipples because females do.[19]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nipples.
Look up nipple, teat, or papilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ "pap". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Todd Beer (2015-05-12). "Social Construction of the Body: The Nipple". sociologytoolbox.com. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
  3. ^ "When Did Bare Breasts Become Taboo?". Slate. 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
  4. ^ Sara Sheridan (2014-11-15). "Toplessness - the one Victorian taboo that won't go away". BBC Magazine. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
  5. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2010). "nipple". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  6. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2010). "teat". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  7. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2010). "tit (1)". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  8. ^ Grabb & Smith's Plastic Surgery 6th edition. Chapter 59 page 593
  9. ^ "The Wonder of Milk". Earthlife.net. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  10. ^ M. Hussain, L. Rynn, C. Riordan and P. J. Regan, "Nipple-areola reconstruction: outcome assessment"; European Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 26, Num. 7, December, 2003
  11. ^ Dr. Ted Eisenberg and Joyce K. Eisenberg, ‘’The Scoop on Breasts: A Plastic Surgeon Busts the Myths,’’ Incompra Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-9857249-3-1
  12. ^ "Glossary - womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. Retrieved 12 August 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ Abedi, P; Jahanfar, S; Namvar, F; Lee, J (27 January 2016). "Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 1: CD010845. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2. PMID 26816300.
  14. ^ https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/your-guide-to-breastfeeding.pdf
  15. ^ Winkelmann RK (1959). "The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance". Mayo Clin Proc. 34 (2): 39–47.
  16. ^ Sarhadi NS; Shaw Dunn, J; Lee, FD; Soutar, DS (1996). "An anatomical study of the nerve supply of the breast, including the nipple and areola". British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 49 (3): 156–164. doi:10.1016/S0007-1226(96)90218-0. PMID 8785595.
  17. ^ Levay, Simon; Sharon McBride Valente (15 November 2005). Human Sexuality, Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87893-465-2.
  18. ^ "The Developing Embryo". Gender.org/Jed Bland. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  19. ^ Simons, Andrew M. "Why do men have nipples? Scientific American (September 17, 2003)
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