Multiculturalism in Canada: Difference between revisions

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{{Culture of Canada sidebar}}
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A policy of [[multiculturalism]] was officially adopted by the [[Government of Canada]] under [[Pierre Trudeau]] during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="duncan-1983">{{citation
|title = Place/culture/representation
|chapter = Multiculturalism: Representing a Canadian Institution
|pages = 205–206
|last = Kobayashi
|first = Audrey
|editor1 = Duncan, James S
|editor2 = Duncan, Ley
|publisher = Routledge
|publication-date = 1983
|isbn = 0-415-09451-8
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XsINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA205
}}</ref>
The Canadian federal government has been described as the instigator of [[multiculturalism]] as an ideology because of its public emphasis on the [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|social importance of immigration]].<ref name="wayland-1997">{{citation
|title = Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada
|year = 1997
|author = Wayland, Shara
|publisher = University of Toronto (Department of Political Science)
|url = http://www.geography.ryerson.ca/jmaurer/030_108art/030Multiculturalism.pdf
|format = PDF
|accessdate= September 12, 2010
}}</ref> The 1960s [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]] is often referred to as the origin of modern political awareness of multiculturalism.<ref name="II2010.">{{cite book|author=Ronald L. Jackson, II|title=Encyclopedia of Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2WmSCOBR2IC&pg=PA480|date=June 29, 2010|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-5153-1|page=480}}</ref>

Canadians have used the term "multiculturalism" in different ways: descriptively (as a sociological fact), prescriptively (as ideology) or politically (as policy).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lop.parl.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2009-20-e.htm|title=Current Publications: Social affairs and population: Canadian Multiculturalism|website=lop.parl.ca}}</ref><ref name=dewing>{{cite book|author=Michael Dewing|title=Canadian Multiculturalism|volume=Publication No. 2009-20-E Library of Parliament|date=2013|publisher=Legal and Social Affairs Division Parliamentary Information and Research Service |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2009-20-e.pdf|page=4}}</ref> In the first sense "multiculturalism" is a description of the many different religious traditions and cultural influences that in their unity and coexistence in Canada make up [[Canadian culture]].<ref name=dewing/> The nation consists of people from a multitude of racial, religious and cultural backgrounds and is open to [[Pluralism (political theory)|cultural pluralism]].<ref name="Berdichewsky2007b">{{cite book|author=Bernardo Berdichewsky|title=Latin Americans Integration Into Canadian Society in B.C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywzTMxb1OE8C&pg=PA67|year=2007|publisher=The Canadian Association for Latin American and Caribbean Studies|isbn=978-0-9784152-0-4|page=67}}</ref> Canada has experienced different [[Immigration to Canada|waves of immigration]] since the nineteenth century, and by the 1980s almost 40 percent of the population were of neither [[English Canadian|British]] nor [[French Canadian|French origins]] (the two largest groups, and among the oldest).<ref>Troper, H. (1980). [http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/m9 Multiculturalism] Multicultural Canada. Retrieved March 28, 2012</ref> In the past, the relationship between the British and the French has been given a lot of importance in [[History of Canada|Canada's history]]. By the early twenty-first century, people from outside British and French heritage composed the majority of the population, with an increasing percentage of individuals who identify themselves as "[[visible minorities]]".

Multiculturalism is reflected in the law through the [[Canadian Multiculturalism Act]] of 1988 and [[section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] and is administered by the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]]. The [[Broadcasting Act (1991)|Broadcasting Act]] of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Despite the official policies, a small segment of the Canadian population are critical of the concept(s) of a [[cultural mosaic]] and implementation(s) of multiculturalism legislation.<ref name="NelsonNelson2004">{{cite book|author1=Charmaine Nelson|author2=Camille Antoinette Nelson|title=Racism, Eh?: a critical inter-disciplinary anthology of race and racism in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zyL163nF8sC&pg=PA445|year=2004|publisher=Captus Press|isbn=978-1-55322-061-9|page=445}}</ref> Quebec's ideology differs from that of the other provinces in that its official policies focus on [[interculturalism]].<ref name="VickersIsaac2012">{{cite book|author1=Jill Vickers|author2=Annette Isaac|title=The Politics of Race: Canada, the United States, and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tify6AZsLtgC&pg=PA109|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press - Carleton University Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1131-3|page=109}}</ref>

==Historical context==
{{main|Human rights in Canada}}

[[File:German immigrants, Quebec City, Canada, 1911.jpg|thumb|upright|The Yanaluk family, a [[Slavic peoples|Slavic immigrant family]] from Germany - photographed by [[William James Topley]] at [[Quebec City]] in 1911.]]

In the 21st century Canada is often characterised as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural".<ref name="Cotter2011ad">{{cite book|author=Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter|title=Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AcvVUevrMYC&pg=PA176|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-1936-5|page=176}}</ref> However, Canada until the 1940s saw itself in terms of [[English Canadian|English]] and [[French Canadian|French]] cultural, linguistic and political identities, and to some extent [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]].<ref name="Robinson1991">{{cite book|author=Guy M. Robinson|title=A Social geography of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kwGvh6kmIsC&pg=PA86|year=1991|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-092-2|page=86}}</ref> European immigrants speaking other languages, such as [[Canadians of German ethnicity]] and [[Ukrainian Canadian]]s, were suspect, especially during the [[Military history of Canada during World War I|First World War]] when thousands were put in camps because they were citizens of enemy nations.<ref name="Hayes2008">{{cite book|author=Derek Hayes|title=Canada: an illustrated history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA202|year=2008|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-259-5|page=202}}</ref> [[History of the Jews in Canada|Jewish Canadians]] were also suspect, especially in [[Quebec]] where anti-semitism was a factor and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|Catholic Church of Quebec]] associated Jews with modernism, liberalism, and other unacceptable values.<ref name="Levy2005l">{{cite book|author=Richard S. Levy|title=Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA94|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-439-4|page=94}}</ref>

Asians encountered legal obstacles limiting immigration during the 1800s and early 1900s.<ref name="GibneyHansen2005tyh">{{cite book|author1=Matthew J. Gibney|author2=Randall Hansen|title=Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA67|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-796-2|page=67}}</ref><ref name="Galabuzi2006jh">{{cite book|author=Grace-Edward Galabuzi|title=Canada's Economic Apartheid: The Social Exclusion of Racialized Groups in the New Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEzDhwE7JYsC&pg=PA35|year=2006|publisher=Canadian Scholars’ Press|isbn=978-1-55130-265-2|page=35}}</ref> Additional, specific ethnic groups that did immigrate during this time faced barriers within Canada preventing full participation in political and social matters, including equal pay and the right to vote.<ref name="Abu-LabanGabriel2002l">{{cite book|author1=Yasmeen Abu-Laban|author2=Christina Gabriel|title=Selling diversity: immigration, multiculturalism, employment equity, and globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO4FQmg5gO4C&pg=PA37|year=2002|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-398-2|pages=37–39}}</ref> While [[Black Canadians|black]] ex-slave refugees from the United States had been tolerated, racial minorities of African or Asian origin were generally believed "beyond the pale" (not acceptable to most people).<ref name="Smith2010">{{cite book|author=Jessie Carney Smith|title=Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10rEGSIItjgC&pg=PA236|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35796-1|page=236}}</ref> Although this mood started to shift dramatically during the [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Second World War]],<ref name="Day2000i">{{cite book|author=Richard J. F. Day|title=Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4bPrHKui5EC&pg=PA172|year=2000|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8075-2|page=172}}</ref><ref name="Ward1990">{{cite book|author=W. Peter Ward|title=White Canada forever: popular attitudes and public policy toward Orientals in British Columbia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZrmKQohsGwC&pg=PR14|year=1990|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-0824-8|page=14}}</ref> [[Japanese Canadians]] were interned during the overseas conflict and their property confiscated.<ref name="Dyck2011">{{cite book|author=Rand Dyck|title=Canadian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUOoN8e5Ps0C&pg=PA89|date=March 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-17-650343-7|page=89}}</ref> Prior to the advent of the [[Canadian Bill of Rights]] in 1960 and its successor the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] in 1982, the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of [[Human rights in Canada|civil rights]] and it was typically of limited concern to the courts.<ref name="ChurchSchulze2007">{{cite book|author1=Joan Church|author2=Christian Schulze|author3=Hennie Strydom|title=Human rights from a comparative and international law perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sMwFTOrixwC&pg=PA82|year= 2007|publisher=Unisa Press|isbn=978-1-86888-361-5|page=82}}</ref> Since the 1960s, Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people.<ref name="MacLennan2004sad">{{cite book|author=Christopher MacLennan|title=Toward the Charter: Canadians and the Demand for a National Bill of Rights, 1929–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxt6VAsdW5oC&pg=PA119|year=2004|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2536-8|page=119}}</ref><ref name="Bumsted2003">{{cite book|author=J. M. Bumsted|title=Canada's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC&pg=PA229|date= 2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-672-9|page=229}}</ref>

==Immigration==
{{main|Immigration to Canada}}
[[File:Head Tax Recipt.jpg|thumb|Head Tax Receipt - [[Chinese Canadian Head Tax|The head tax]] was introduced in 1885, as a means of controlling [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese immigration]].]]

Immigration has played an integral part in the development of multiculturalism within Canada during the last half of the 20th century.<ref name="GibneyHansen2005">{{cite book|author1=Matthew J. Gibney|author2=Randall Hansen|title=Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA67|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-796-2|page=67}}</ref> Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the [[Continuous journey regulation]] and [[Chinese Immigration Act, 1923|Chinese Immigration Act]]) that had favoured British, American and European immigrants were amended during the 1960s, resulting in an influx of diverse people from Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.<ref name="KsenychLiu2001">{{cite book|author1=Edward Ksenych|author2=David Liu|title=Conflict, order and action: readings in sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdvsIo7V9HgC&pg=PA407|year= 2001|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-192-1|page=407}}</ref> The number of people who are becoming immigrants is steadily increasing as seen between 2001 and 2006, the number of foreign-born people increased by 13.6%.<ref>{{cite web|year=2012|title= Living in Canada: founded on cultural diversity|publisher= Akcanada|accessdate= March 28, 2012 |url=http://www.akcanada.com/lic_canada.cfm}}</ref> By 2006 Canada had grown to have [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|thirty four ethnic groups]] with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts.<ref name=stats>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/index-eng.cfm |title=2006 Census release topics|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> 16.2% of the population identify themselves as a [[visible minority]].<ref name=stats/>

Canada currently has one of the [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration rate|highest per capita immigration rate in the world]], driven by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and [[Immigration to Canada#Immigration categories|family reunification]].<ref name="parliament-2004">{{citation
|title = Canada's Immigration Program
|date = October 31, 2004
|author1 = Dolin, Benjamin
|author2 = Young, Margaret
|publisher = [[Library of Parliament]] (Law and Government Division)
|url = http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP-e/bp190-e.pdf
|accessdate= November 29, 2006
}}</ref> Canada also resettles over one in ten of the world's [[refugee]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/nws/nws-rlss/2010/20101021-6-eng.aspx|title=Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System |publisher=Public Safety Canada|accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.<ref name="immigrantclass"/> Approximately 41% of [[Canadians]] are of either the first or second-generation,<ref name="immigrantclass">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp
|title=Canada&nbsp;– Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008
|work=Facts and figures 2008&nbsp;– Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents
|publisher=[[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]
|year=2009
|accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref> meaning one out of every five Canadians currently living in Canada was not born in the country.<ref name="BybeeMcCrae2009">{{cite book|author1=Rodger W. Bybee|author2=Barry McCrae|title=Pisa Science 2006: Implications for Science Teachers and Teaching|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ3zu2130AUC&pg=PA92|year=2009|publisher=NSTA Press|isbn=978-1-933531-31-1|page=92}}</ref> The Canadian public as well as the major political parties support immigration.<ref name="HollifieldMartin2014">{{cite book|author1=James Hollifield|author2=Philip Martin|author3=Pia Orrenius|title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8627-0|page=11}}</ref>
Political parties are cautious about criticizing the high level of immigration, because, as noted by the [[Globe and Mail]], "in the early 1990s, the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000."<ref name="Cameron2004wet">{{cite book|author=Elspeth Cameron|title=Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zakCX5XPnAAC&pg=PA118|date= 2004|publisher=Canadian Scholars’ Press|isbn=978-1-55130-249-2|page=118}}</ref><ref name="gam-2005">{{citation
|title = Is the current model of immigration the best one for Canada?
|date = December 12, 2005
|work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada
|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/archives/is-the-current-model-of-immigration-the-best-one-for-canada/article923506/
|accessdate= August 16, 2006
}}</ref>

Canada receives its [[Immigration to Canada#2011 immigration statistics|immigrant population from over 200 countries]]. As indicated below, over 50 percent of new immigrants admitted in 2012 came from 10 source countries.

;Permanent Residents Admitted in 2012, by Top 10 Source Countries<ref>{{cite web|title=Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Facts and Figures |year=2013|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|url= http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/annual-report-2013/section2.asp|accessdate=Dec 7, 2013}}</ref> [[File:Population Canada ver 4.png|thumb|400px|right| [[Population of Canada by year|Historical population of Canada]] since confederation, from 1867–2009.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank!! Country !! Number!! Percentage
|-
| 1 || China || 33,018 || 12.8
|-
| 2 || Philippines || 32,747 || 12.7
|-
| 3 || India || 28,943 || 11.2
|-
| 4 || Pakistan|| 9,931 || 3.9
|-
| 5 || United States || 9,414 || 3.7
|-
| 6 || France || 8,138 || 3.2
|-
| 7 || Iran || 6,463|| 2.5
|-
| 8 ||United Kingdom || 6,365|| 2.5
|-
| 9 || Haiti|| 5,599 || 2.2
|-
| 10 || South Korea || 5,308 || 2.1
|-
| || ''Top 10 Total'' || ''145,926'' || ''56.6''
|-
| || ''Other'' || ''111,961'' || ''43.4''
|-
| || '''Total''' || '''257,887''' || '''100'''
|}{{Clear}}

===Settlement===
Culturally diverse areas or "[[ethnic enclaves]]" are another way in which multiculturalism has manifested. Newcomers have tended to settle in the [[List of the 100 largest urban areas in Canada by population|major urban areas]].<ref name="Galabuzi2006">{{cite book|author=Grace-Edward Galabuzi|title=Canada's economic apartheid: the social exclusion of racialized groups in the new century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEzDhwE7JYsC&pg=PA67|year= 2006|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-265-2|page=67}}</ref> These urban enclaves have served as a home away from home for immigrants to Canada, while providing a unique experience of different cultures for those of long Canadian descent. In Canada, there are several [[Ethnocentrism|ethnocentric]] communities with many diverse backgrounds, including Chinese, Italian and Greek.<ref name="Zucchi">{{cite journal|author=Zucchi, J|year=2007|title= A history of ethnic enclaves in Canada|publisher=Canadian Historical Association|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/008004/f2/E-31_en.pdf|pages= 1–25|isbn=0-88798-266-2|accessdate=2013-09-16}}</ref> [[Chinatowns in Canada|Canadian Chinatowns]] are one of the most prolific type of ethnic enclave found in major cities.<ref name="Zucchi"/> These areas seemingly recreate an authentic Chinese experience within an urban community. During the first half of the 20th century, Chinatowns were associated with filth, seediness, and the derelict.<ref name="Zucchi"/> By the late 20th century, Chinatown(s) had become areas worth preserving, a tourist attraction.<ref name="Zucchi"/> They are now generally valued for their cultural significance and have become a feature of most large Canadian cities.<ref name="Zucchi"/> Professor John Zucchi of [[McGill University]] states:<ref name="Zucchi"/>

{{Quotation| Unlike earlier periods when significant ethnic segregation might imply a lack of integration and therefore be viewed as a social problem, nowadays ethnic concentration in residential areas is a sign of vitality and indicates that multiculturalism as a social policy has been successful, that ethnic groups are retaining their identities if they so wish, and old-world cultures are being preserved at the same time that ethnic groups are being integrated. In addition these neighbourhoods, like their cultures, add to the definition of a city and point to the fact that integration is a two-way street."}}

==Evolution of federal legislation==

[[File:Canflagcartoon.jpg|thumb|right|Political cartoon on Canada's bicultural identity showing a flag combining symbols of Britain, France and Canada, from 1911.]]
The [[Quebec Act]], implemented after the British conquest of New France in the mid-1700s brought a large [[Francophone]] population under [[Canada under British Imperial control|British Imperial rule]], creating a need for accommodation.<ref name="DufourPolicy1990">{{cite book|author1=Christian Dufour|author2=Institute for Research on Public Policy|title=A Canadian Challenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnDRXZFYwIcC&pg=PA25|year=1990|publisher=IRPP|isbn=978-0-88982-105-7}}</ref> A century later the compromises made between the English and French speaking [[Fathers of Confederation]] set Canada on a path to [[Multilingualism|bilingualism]], and this in turn contributed to [[biculturalism]] and the acceptance of diversity.<ref name="Coche">{{cite book|author1=François Vaillancourt |author2=Olivier Coche |title=Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in Canada:costs and Benefits in 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCZm8op2bjQC&pg=PA11|publisher=The Fraser Institute|page=11|id=GGKEY:B3Y7U7SKGUD}}</ref>

[[John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir|Lord Tweedsmuir]] the 15th [[Governor General of Canada]] was an early champion of multiculturalism;<ref name="HillmerChapnick2007">{{cite book|author1=Norman Hillmer|author2=Adam Chapnick|title=Canadas of the mind: the making and unmaking of Canadian nationalisms in the twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBmHB5ls_ZUC&pg=PA191|year= 2007|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-3273-1|page=191}}</ref> from his installation speech in 1935 onwards, he maintained in speeches and over the radio recited his ideas that ethnic groups "should retain their individuality and each make its contribution to the national character," and "the strongest nations are those that are made up of different racial elements."<ref name="saunders-2009">{{citation
|title = Canada's mistaken identity
|date = June 27, 2009
|author1 = Saunders, Doug
|work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada
|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/columnists/doug-saunders/canadas-mistaken-identity/article1199074/
|accessdate= June 28, 2009
}}</ref>

The beginnings of the development of Canada's contemporary policy of multiculturalism can be traced to the [[Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism]], which was established on July 19, 1963 by the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] in response to the grievances of Canada's French-speaking minority.<ref name="Cotter2011ad"/> The report of the Commission advocated that the Canadian government should recognize Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society and adopt policies to preserve this character.<ref name="Cotter2011ad"/>

[[File:Statue outside Union Station.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Monument to Multiculturalism'' by Francesco Pirelli in [[Toronto]], Canada. Four identical sculptures are located in [[Buffalo City Local Municipality|Buffalo City]], South Africa; [[Changchun]], China; [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]; and Sydney, Australia.]]

The recommendations of this report elicited a variety of responses. Former [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]], (who was now [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Official Opposition]] after his government was succeeded by that of Pearson on April 22, 1963), viewed them as an attack on his "One Canada Policy" that was opposed to extending accommodation to minority groups.<ref name="Morton2006">{{cite book|author=Desmond Morton|title=A short history of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rByl8CnrPTAC&pg=PT199|year= 2006|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7710-6480-7|page=199}}</ref> The proposals also failed to satisfy those Francophones in the Province of [[Quebec]] who gravitated toward [[Quebec nationalism|Québécois nationalism]].<ref name="Wiseman2007">{{cite book|author=Nelson Wiseman|title=In search of Canadian political culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD5bmHBbDFIC&pg=PA97|year=2007|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1388-4|pages=97–98}}</ref> Additionally, Canadians of neither English nor French descent (so-called "Third Force" Canadians) advocated that a policy of "multiculturalism" would better reflect the diverse heritage of Canada's peoples.<ref name="Marger2008">{{cite book|author=Martin N. Marger|title=Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXP78beGTpcC&pg=PA458|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-50436-8|pages=458–}}</ref><ref name="Studin2009">{{cite book|author=Irvin Studin|title=What Is a Canadian?: Forty-Three Thought-Provoking Responses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSKHhqnpK6gC&pg=PA120|year=2009|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-1-55199-283-9|page=120}}</ref>

[[Paul Yuzyk]], a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] Senator of Ukrainian descent, referred to Canada as "a multicultural nation" in his influential maiden speech in 1964, creating much national debate, and is remembered for his strong advocacy of the implementation of a multiculturalism policy.<ref name="Richter2011d">{{cite book|author=Miriam Verena Richter|title=Creating the National Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canadian Children's Literature from 1950 To 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjmZiv-RXmMC&pg=PA36|year=2011|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-3351-1|page=36}}</ref>

On October 8, 1971, the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Pierre Elliot Trudeau]] announced in the House of Commons that, after much deliberation, the policies of [[bilingualism in Canada|bilingualism]] and multiculturalism would be implemented in Canada.<ref name="Richter2011">{{cite book|author=Miriam Verena Richter|title=Creating the National Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canadian Children¿s Literature from 1950 To 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjmZiv-RXmMC&pg=PA37|year=2011|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-3351-1|page=37}}</ref> The next day, Prime Minister Trudeau reiterated the Canadian government's support for "cultivation and use of many languages" at the 10th Congress of the [[Ukrainian Canadian Congress|Ukrainian Canadian Committee]] in Winnipeg. Trudeau espoused [[participatory democracy]] as a means of making Canada a "[[Just Society]]".<ref name="LaxerLaxer1977">{{cite book|author1=James Laxer|author2=Robert M. Laxer|title=The Liberal Idea of Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the Question of Canada's Survival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dnu5LcZUQZEC&pg=PA76|year=1977|publisher=James Lorimer &amp; Company|isbn=978-0-88862-124-5|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/socstud/foundation_gr6/blms/6-4-4a.pdf |title=The Just Society |publisher=Government of Manitoba |author=Pierre Elliott Trudeau, as cited in The Essential Trudeau, ed. Ron Graham. (pp.16 – 20) |accessdate= December 6, 2015}}</ref> When the Canadian constitution was [[Constitution Act, 1982|patriated]] by Prime Minister Trudeau in 1982, one of its constituent documents was the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Charter of Rights and Freedoms]], and section 27 of the Charter stipulates that the rights laid out in the document are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the spirit of multiculturalism.<ref name="Black-BranchAssociation1995">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan L. Black-Branch|author2=Canadian Education Association|title=Making Sense of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b287tH3UbkAC&pg=PA38|year=1995|publisher=Canadian Education Association|isbn=978-0-920315-78-1|page=38}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Multiculturalism Act]] was introduced during the Progressive Conservative government of [[Brian Mulroney]], and received Royal Assent on July 21, 1988.<ref name="Bennett1998k">{{cite book|author=David Bennett|title=Multicultural states: rethinking difference and identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PhRagnCkF0C&pg=PA220|year= 1998|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-12159-0|page=220}}</ref> On a practical level, a result of the Multiculturalism Act was that federal funds began to be distributed to ethnic groups to help them preserve their cultures, leading to such projects as the construction of community centres.<ref name="CaliendoMcIlwain2011">{{cite book|author1=Stephen M. Caliendo|author2=Charlton D. McIlwain|title=The Routledge companion to race and ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y47dmocePgC&pg=PA17|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-77706-3|page=17}}</ref>

In June 2000 Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]] stated:<ref name="MobleyLi2012a">{{cite book|author1=William H. Mobley|author2=Ming Li|author3=Ying Wang|title=Advances in Global Leadership|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cagqsahg1c8C&pg=PA307|year=2012|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-1-78052-003-2|page=307}}</ref>
{{quotation|Canada has become a post-national, multicultural society. It contains the globe within its borders, and Canadians have learned that their two international languages and their diversity are a comparative advantage and a source of continuing creativity and innovation. Canadians are, by virtue of history and necessity, open to the world.}}

With this in mind on November 13, 2002, the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien designated, by Royal Proclamation, June 27 of each year Canadian Multiculturalism Day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation Declaring June 27 of each year as "Canadian Multiculturalism Day"|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1292265752189/1292265752191|publisher=Deputy Registrar General of Canada (Canadian Heritage)|year=2010|accessdate=2012-01-30}}</ref>

===Charter of Rights and Freedoms===

[[Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section Twenty-seven]] of the Charter states that:<ref name="Black-BranchAssociation1995"/>

{{Quotation|This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.}}

[[Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section Fifteen]] of the Charter that covers equality states:<ref name="Perry2006">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Perry|title=Toward a Theory of Human Rights: Religion, Law, Courts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekTvyLbtmYEC&pg=PA82|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46082-8|page=82}}</ref>

{{Quotation|Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability.}}

===Canadian Multiculturalism Act===

The 1988 [[Canadian Multiculturalism Act]] affirms the policy of the government to ensure that every Canadian receives equal treatment by the government which respects and celebrates diversity.<ref name="Black-BranchAssociation1995"/>
The "Act" in general recognizes:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-18.7/page-1.html#h-3|title=Canadian Multiculturalism Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.)|publisher=Department of Justice|year=2012|accessdate=2012-01-30}}</ref>
*Canada's multicultural heritage and that that heritage must be protected.
*The [[Indigenous rights|rights of indigenous peoples]].
*English and French remain the only [[Official bilingualism in Canada|official language]]s, however other languages may be used.
*[[Social equality]] within society and under the law regardless of race, colour, ancestry, national or ethnic origin, creed or religion.
*[[Minority rights|Minorities' rights]] to enjoy their cultures.

Section [[Canadian Multiculturalism Act#Content|3 (1) of the act]] states:<ref name="Black-BranchAssociation1995"/>

{{Quotation|It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Government of Canada to
(a) recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism reflects the cultural and racial diversity of Canadian society and acknowledges the freedom of all members of Canadian society to preserve, enhance and share their cultural heritage

(b) to recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism is a fundamental characteristic of the Canadian heritage and identity and that it provides an invaluable resource in the shaping of Canada's future}}

===Broadcasting Act===

{{main|Multicultural media in Canada}}
In the Multiculturalism Act, the federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture.<ref name="Mansell">{{cite book|author1=Robin Mansell|author2=Marc Raboy|title=The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKUNVtyHRZ8C&pg=PA149|year= 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-9541-9|pages=149–151}}</ref> Similarly the [[Broadcasting Act]] of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country.<ref name="RaboyMcIver2010">{{cite book|author1=Marc Raboy|author2=William J. McIver|author3=Jeremy Shtern|title=Media divides: communication rights and the right to communicate in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWyICYZneAUC&pg=PA104|year=2010|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1774-5|page=104}}</ref> The [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] is the governmental body which enforces the Broadcasting Act.<ref name="RaboyMcIver2010"/> The CRTC revised their Ethnic Broadcasting Policy in 1999 to go into the details on the conditions of the distribution of ethnic and multilingual programming.<ref name=Mansell /> One of the conditions that this revision specified was the amount of ethnic programming needed in order to be awarded the ethnic broadcasting license. According to the act, 60% of programming on a channel, whether on the radio or television, has to be considered ethnic in order to be approved for the license under this policy.<ref name=Mansell />

==Provincial legislation and policies==

All ten of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canada's provinces]] have some form of multiculturalism policy.<ref name=PIRS>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2009-20-e.pdf|publisher=Staff of the Parliamentary Information and Research Service (PIRS)|title=Canadian Multiculturalism|year=2009|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref> At present, six of the ten provinces – [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]], [[Quebec]], and [[Nova Scotia]] – have enacted multiculturalism legislation. In eight provinces – British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], and Nova Scotia – a multiculturalism advisory council reports to the minister responsible for multiculturalism. In Alberta, the Alberta Human Rights Commission performs the role of multiculturalism advisory council. In Nova Scotia, the Act is implemented by both a Cabinet committee on multiculturalism and advisory councils. Ontario has an official multicultural policy and the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration is responsible for promoting social inclusion, civic and community engagement and recognition. The Government of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] launched the province’s policy on multiculturalism in 2008 and the Minister of Advanced Education and Skills leads its implementation.

While the territorial governments do not have multiculturalism policies per se, they have human rights acts that prohibit discrimination based on, among other things, race, colour, ancestry, ethnic origin, place of origin, creed or religion. In [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]], the Multicultural Centre of the [[Yukon]] provides services to immigrants.<ref name=PIRS/>

===British Columbia===
[[British Columbia]] legislated the ''Multiculturalism Act'' in 1993.<ref name=PIRS/> The purposes of this act (s. 2) are:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.leg.bc.ca/35th2nd/1st_read/gov39-1.htm|publisher=Queen's Printer|title=Multicultiralism Act|year=1993|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*to recognize that the diversity of British Columbians as regards race, cultural heritage, religion, ethnicity, ancestry and place of origin is a fundamental characteristic of the society of British Columbia that enriches the lives of all British Columbians;
*to encourage respect for the multicultural heritage of British Columbia;
*to promote racial harmony, cross cultural understanding and respect and the development of a community that is united and at peace with itself;
*to foster the creation of a society in British Columbia in which there are no impediments to the full and free participation of all British Columbians in the economic, social, cultural and political life of British Columbia.}}

===Alberta===
[[Alberta]] primarily legislated the ''Alberta Cultural Heritage Act'' in 1984 and refined it with the ''Alberta Multiculturalism Act'' in 1990.<ref name=PIRS/> The current legislation pertaining to multiculturalism is ''The Human Rights, Citizenship and Multiculturalism Act'' that passed in 1996.<ref name=PIRS/> This current legislation deals with discrimination in race, religious beliefs, colour, gender, physical disability, age, marital status and sexual orientation, among other things.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.albertahumanrights.ab.ca/ProtAreasGrounds.pdf|publisher=Human Rights Commission|title=Protected Area and Grounds under the Alberta Human Rights Act|year=2012|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref> Alberta Human Rights chapter A‑25.5 states:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canlii.ca/en/ab/laws/stat/rsa-2000-c-a-25.5/latest/rsa-2000-c-a-25.5.html |title=CanLII - Alberta Human Rights Act, RSA 2000, c A-25.5 |publisher=Canlii.ca |accessdate=2014-01-14}}</ref>

{{Quotation|
*multiculturalism describes the diverse racial and cultural composition of Alberta society and its importance is recognized in Alberta as a fundamental principle and a matter of public policy;
*it is recognized in Alberta as a fundamental principle and as a matter of public policy that all Albertans should share in an awareness and appreciation of the diverse racial and cultural composition of society and that the richness of life in Alberta is enhanced by sharing that diversity; and
*it is fitting that these principles be affirmed by the Legislature of Alberta in an enactment whereby those equality rights and that diversity may be protected.}}

===Saskatchewan===
[[Saskatchewan]] was the first Canadian province to adopt legislation on multiculturalism.<ref name=PIRS/> This piece of legislation was called ''The Saskatchewan Multiculturalism Act'' of 1974, but has since been replaced by the new, revised ''Multiculturalism Act'' (1997).<ref name=PIRS/> The purposes of this act (s. 3) are similar to those of British Columbia:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/M23-01.pdf|publisher=Statutes of Saskatchewan |title=The Multiculturalism Act|year=1997|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*to recognize that the diversity of Saskatchewan people with respect to race, cultural heritage, religion, ethnicity, ancestry and place of origin is a fundamental characteristic of Saskatchewan society that enriches the lives of all Saskatchewan people;
*to encourage respect for the multicultural heritage of Saskatchewan;
*to foster a climate for harmonious relations among people of diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds without sacrificing their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities;
*to encourage the continuation of a multicultural society.}}

===Manitoba===
[[Manitoba]]'s first piece of legislation on multiculturalism was the ''Manitoba Intercultural Council Act'' in 1984.<ref name=PIRS/> However, in the summer on 1992, the province developed a new provincial legislation called the ''Multiculturalism Act''.<ref name=PIRS/> The purposes of this act (s. 2) are to:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/m223e.php|publisher=Manitoba |title=The Manitoba Multiculturalism Act|year=1992|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*recognize and promote understanding that the cultural diversity of Manitoba is a strength of and a source of pride to Manitobans;
*recognize and promote the right of all Manitobans, regardless of culture, religion or racial background, to: (i) equal access to opportunities, (ii) participate in all aspects of society, and (iii) respect for their cultural values; and
*enhance the opportunities of Manitoba's multicultural society by acting in partnership with all cultural communities and by encouraging cooperation and partnerships between cultural communities}}

===Ontario===
[[Ontario]] had a policy in place in 1977 that promoted cultural activity, but formal legislation for a Ministry of Citizenship and Culture (now known as Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration) only came to fruition in 1982.<ref name=PIRS/> The ''Ministry of Citizenship and Culture Act'' (1990) (s. 4) states its purpose:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90m18_e.htm|publisher=e-Laws |title=The Ministry of Citizen and Culture Act|year=1990|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*to encourage full, equal and responsible citizenship among the residents of Ontario;
*recognizing the pluralistic nature of Ontario society, to stress the full participation of all Ontarians as equal members of the community, encouraging the sharing of cultural heritage while affirming those elements held in common by all residents;
*to ensure the creative and participatory nature of cultural life in Ontario by assisting in the stimulation of cultural expression and cultural preservation;
*to foster the development of individual and community excellence, enabling Ontarians to better define the richness of their diversity and the shared vision of their community.}}

===Quebec===
{{further|Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms}}
[[Quebec]] differs from the rest of the nine provinces in that its policy focuses on "[[interculturalism]]"- rather than multiculturalism,<ref name="Barrett201311D">{{cite book|author=Martyn Barrett|title=Interculturalism and multiculturalism: similarities and differences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MxSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|year=2013|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-92-871-7813-8|page=53}}</ref><ref name="BalintLatour20134">{{cite book|author1=Peter Balint|author2=Sophie Guérard de Latour|title=Liberal Multiculturalism and the Fair Terms of Integration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r51EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-32041-4|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceris.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/CERIS-Research-Synthesis-on-Multiculturalism.pdf |title=Multiculturalism Research Synthesis 2009 - 2013 |publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada |date=2014 |author=Lead Researcher - Elke Winter, Research Assistant - Adina Madularea |accessdate= January 19, 2016}}</ref> where diversity is strongly encouraged,<ref name="MáizRequejo20044">{{cite book|author1=Ramón Máiz|author2=Ferrán Requejo|title=Democracy, Nationalism and Multiculturalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-27696-7|page=37}}</ref> but only under the notion that it is within the framework that establishes French as the public language.<ref name="GagnonIacovino2006">{{cite book|author1=Alain G. Gagnon|author2=Raffaele Iacovino|title=Federalism, Citizenship and Quebec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvkN4LNwsG8C&pg=PT165|year=2006|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-9147-6|pages=165–166}}</ref> Immigrant children must attend French language schools; most signage in English-only is banned (but bilingual signage is common in many communities).<ref name=PIRS/>

In 1990, Quebec released a [[White paper]] called ''Lets Build Quebec Together: A Policy Statement on Integration and Immigration'' which reinforced three main points:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2009/Koji.pdf |publisher= Junichiro Koji |title=Policy Networks and Policy Change: Explaining Immigrant Integration Policy Evolution in Quebec |year=2009|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*Quebec is a French-speaking society
*Quebec is a democratic society in which everyone is expected to contribute to public life
*Quebec is a pluralistic society that respects the diversity of various cultures from within a democratic framework}}

In 2005, Quebec passed legislation to develop the ''Ministry of Immigration and Cultural Communities'', their functions were:<ref name=PIRS/>
{{Quotation|
*to support cultural communities in order to facilitate their full participation in Quebec society
*to foster openness to pluralism; and
*to foster closer intercultural relations among the people of Quebec.}}

===New Brunswick===
[[New Brunswick]] first introduced their multicultural legislation in 1986.<ref name=PIRS/> The policy is guided by four principles: equality, appreciation, preservation of cultural heritages and participation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/population_growth/content/new_brunswick_s_multiculturalismpolicy.html|publisher=The Government of New Brunswick|title=New Brunswick Multicultural Policy|year=2012|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref> In the 1980s the provincial government developed a Ministerial Advisory Committee to provide assistance to the minister of Business in New Brunswick, who is in turn responsible for settlement and multicultural communities.<ref name=PIRS/>

===Nova Scotia===
[[Nova Scotia]] introduced their multicultural legislation, the ''Act to Promote and Preserve Multiculturalism'', in 1989.<ref name=PIRS/> The purpose of this Act is (s. 3):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/multicul.htm|publisher=Office of the Legislative Counsel|title=Multiculturalism Act|year=1989|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*encouraging recognition and acceptance of multiculturalism as an inherent feature of a pluralistic society;
*establishing a climate for harmonious relations among people of diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds without sacrificing their distinctive cultural and ethnic identities;
*encouraging the continuation of a multicultural society as a mosaic of different ethnic groups and cultures}}

===Prince Edward Island===
[[Prince Edward Island]] introduced their legislation on multiculturalism, the ''Provincial Multicultural Policy'', in 1988.<ref name=PIRS/> This policies objectives were (s. 4):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/cca_multi_engli.pdf|publisher=Government of P.E.I|title=Provincial Multicultural Policy|year=1989|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*serve to indicate that the province embraces the multicultural reality of Canadian society and acknowledges that Prince Edward Island has a distinctive multicultural heritage
*acknowledge the intrinsic worth and continuing contribution of al Prince Edward Islanders regardless of race, religion ethnicity, linguistic origin or length of residency.
*serve as an affirmation of Human Rights for all Prince Edward Islanders and as a complement to the equality of rights guaranteed in the P.E.I. Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
*encourage specific legislative, political and social commitments to multiculturalism in Prince Edward Island}}

===Newfoundland and Labrador===
[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] first legislated their Policy on Multiculturalism in 2008.<ref name=PIRS/> Some of the policies are to:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aes.gov.nl.ca/department/branches/labourmarket/pdf/MultiPolicy.pdf|publisher= Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|title=Multiculturalism Policy|year=2012|accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*ensure that relevant policies and procedures of provincial programs and practices reflect, and consider the changing needs of all cultural groups;
*lead in developing, sustaining and enhancing programs and services based on equality for all, notwithstanding racial, religious, ethnic, national and social origin;
*provide government workplaces that are free of discrimination and that promote equality of opportunity for all persons accessing employment positions within the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador;
*support multicultural initiatives by enhancing partnerships with culturally-diverse communities and provincial departments and agencies}}

==Domestic support and global influence==
{{see|Canadian values}}
[[File:Old Canadian War Museum Ottawa 3jun2004.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Global Centre for Pluralism]] is located in Ottawa on [[Sussex Drive]] at the former location of the [[Canadian War Museum]].]]

Canadian multiculturalism is looked upon with admiration outside the country, resulting in the Canadian public dismissing most critics of the concept.<ref name="WhiteSimeon2009iu">{{cite book|author1=Linda A. White|author2=Richard Simeon|title=The Comparative Turn in Canadian Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATny9O-I6bwC&pg=PA102|year= 2009|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1428-7|page=102}}</ref><ref name="Tierney2011ytg">{{cite book|author=Stephen J Tierney|title=Multiculturalism and the Canadian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY078NtGPkAC&pg=PA66|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4007-1|page=66}}</ref> Multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments and a key distinguishing element of [[Canadian identity]].<ref name="Gwyn2008b"/> Multiculturalism has been emphasized in recent decades. Emma Ambrose and Cas Mudde examining surveys of Western nations report:
{{quote|text=Data confirm that Canada has fostered a much more accepting society for immigrants and their culture than other Western countries. For example, Canadians are the most likely to agree with the statement that immigrants make their country a better place to live and that immigrants are good for the economy. They are also the least likely to say that there are too many immigrants in their country, that immigration has placed too much pressure on public services, and that immigrants have made it more difficult for natives to find a job.<ref name="Ambrosea"/>}}Ambrose and Mudde conclude that: "Canada's unique multiculturalism policy... is based on a combination of selective immigration, comprehensive integration, and strong state repression of dissent on these policies".<ref name="Ambrosea"/> This unique blend of policies has led to a relatively low level of opposition to multiculturalism.<ref name="Ambrosea">{{cite web |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 |title=Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right - Nationalism and Ethnic Politics | volume=21 Issue 2 |DOI=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 |date=2015 |author1=Emma Ambrosea |author2=Cas Muddea |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref><ref name="polls">{{cite web |url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/por-multi-imm/sec02-1.asp |title=A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006-2009 |publisher=Government of Canada |date=2011 |accessdate= December 18, 2015}}</ref>

Canadian supporters of multiculturalism promote the idea because they believe that immigrants help society grow culturally, economically and politically.<ref name="cic">{{cite web|title= The current state of multiculturalism in Canada and research themes on Canadian multiculturalism |year=2010|publisher= Citizenship and Immigration Canada|accessdate= March 28, 2012|url= http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/multi-state/section1.asp}}</ref> Supporters declare that multiculturalism policies help in bringing together immigrants and minorities in the country and pushes them towards being part of the Canadian society as a whole.<ref name="cic"/><ref name="BoyerCardinal2004">{{cite book|author1=Pierre Boyer|author2=Linda Cardinal|author3=David John Headon|title=From Subjects to Citizens: A Hundred Years of Citizenship in Australia and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGq1Nh6h3X8C&pg=PA226|year=2004|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0553-1|page=226}}</ref> Supporters also argue that cultural appreciation of ethnic and religious diversity promotes a greater willingness to tolerate political differences.<ref name="Gwyn2008b"/> Journalist and author [[Richard Gwyn]] has suggested that "tolerance" has replaced "loyalty" as the touchstone of Canadian identity.<ref name="Gwyn2008b">{{cite book|author=Richard J. Gwyn|title=John A: The Man Who Made Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xN7jXe0H5FwC&pg=PA265|year= 2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-679-31476-9|page=265}}</ref>

A 2008 survey of 600 immigrants showed that 81% agreed with the statement; “The rest of the world could learn from Canada's multicultural policy”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12145798258228.pdf |title=Immigrants believe the rest of the World could learn from Canada’s Multicultural Policy |publisher=The Association for Canadian Studies |date=2008 |author=Jack Jedwab |accessdate= September 30, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' ran a cover story in 2016 praising Canada as the most successful multicultural society in the West.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = The last liberals Why Canada is still at ease with openness
| work =
| publisher = ''The Economist''
| date=29 October 2016| url = https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21709291-why-canada-still-ease-openness-last-liberals
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-11-10}}</ref> ''The Economist'' argued that Canada's multiculturalism was a source of strength that united the diverse population and by attracting immigrants from around the world was also an engine of economic growth as well.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = The last liberals Why Canada is still at ease with openness
| work =
| publisher = ''The Economist''
| date=29 October 2016| url = https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21709291-why-canada-still-ease-openness-last-liberals
| doi =
| accessdate = 2016-11-10}}</ref>

In a 2002 interview with the Globe and Mail, [[Aga Khan IV|Aga Khan]] the 49th Imam of the [[Ismaili|Ismaili Muslims]] described Canada as:<ref name="WhiteSimeon2009iu"/><ref name="stackhouse-2002">{{citation
|title = Canada: 'A model for the world'
|date = February 2, 2002
|author1 = Stackhouse, John
|author2 = Martin, Patrick
|page = F3
|work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada
|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/columnists/doug-saunders/canadas-mistaken-identity/article1199074/
|accessdate= June 29, 2009
|quote = Canada is today the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind. . . . That is something unique to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset
}}</ref>
{{Quotation|the most successful [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralist society]] on the face of our globe, without any doubt in my mind.... That is something unique to Canada. It is an amazing global human asset.}}
Aga Khan explained that the experience of Canadian governance – its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its peoples – is something that must be shared and would be of benefit to societies in other parts of the world.<ref name="karim-2007">{{citation
|title = Address at the Leadership and Diversity Conference
|author = Prince Karim Aga Khan IV
|author-link = Aga Khan IV
|date = May 19, 2004
|location = [[Gatineau]], Canada
|url = http://www.akdn.org/speeches_detail.asp?ID=238
|accessdate= March 21, 2007
}}</ref>{{r|akdn-2005}} With this in mind, in 2006 the [[Global Centre for Pluralism]] was established in partnership with the Government of Canada.<ref name="BenderKlassen2010">{{cite book|author1=Courtney Bender|author2=Pamela E. Klassen|title=After Pluralism: Reimagining Religious Engagement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ys6iycIPizUC&pg=PA24|year= 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15233-4}}</ref> The Centre seeks to export the Canadian experience by promoting pluralist values and practices in culturally diverse societies worldwide.<ref name="akdn-2005">{{citation
|title = Aga Khan Welcomes Government of Canada's Partnership in New Global Centre for Pluralism
|date = April 18, 2005
|publisher = [[Aga Khan Development Network]]
|url = http://www.akdn.org/press_release/373/Aga-Khan-welcomes-Government-of-Canadas-partnership-in-new-Global-Centre-of-Pluralism
|accessdate= April 21, 2007
}}</ref>

==Criticisms==
{{Further|Criticism of multiculturalism}}
Critics of multiculturalism in Canada often debate whether the multicultural ideal of benignly co-existing cultures that interrelate and influence one another, and yet remain distinct, is sustainable, paradoxical or even desirable.<ref name="Nagle2009">{{cite book|author=John Nagle|title=Multiculturalism's double bind: creating inclusivity, cosmopolitanism and difference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqMCc37dW1kC&pg=PA129|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7607-2|page=129}}</ref><ref name="Rajaee2000">{{cite book|author=Farhang Rajaee|title=Globalization on trial: the human condition and the information civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyAt3T1V4EcC&pg=PT97|year=2000|publisher=IDRC|isbn=978-0-88936-909-2|page=97}}</ref><ref name="SandercockAttili2009">{{cite book|author1=Leonie Sandercock|author2=Giovanni Attili|author3=Val Cavers|author4=Paula Carr|title=Where strangers become neighbours: integrating immigrants in Vancouver, Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmlGzr4s0uMC&pg=PA16|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-9034-9|page=16}}</ref> In the introduction to an article which presents research showing that "the multiculturalism policy plays a positive role" in "the process of immigrant and minority integration," [[Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada|Citizenship and immigration Canada]] sums up the critics' position by stating:<ref name="Citizenship and Immigration Canada">{{cite web|title=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/multi-state/section1.asp|work=The New Evidence on Multiculturalism and Integration|publisher=The current state of multiculturalism in Canada and research themes on Canadian multiculturalism|accessdate=March 29, 2012}}</ref> {{Quotation|Critics argue that multiculturalism promotes ghettoization and balkanization, encouraging members of ethnic groups to look inward, and emphasizing the differences between groups rather than their shared rights or identities as Canadian citizens.
}}

[[File:Chinatown toronto spadina avenue.JPG|left|thumb| Toronto's [[Chinatown, Toronto|Chinatown]] is an [[ethnic enclave]] located in the city centre]]


Canadian [[Neil Bissoondath]] in his book ''[[Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada]]'', argues that official multiculturalism limits the freedom of minority members, by confining them to cultural and geographic ethnic enclaves ("social ghettos").<ref name="Prato2009i">{{cite book|author=Giuliana B. Prato|title=Beyond multiculturalism: views from anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ny7fs5qL23sC&pg=PA16|year= 2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7173-2|page=16}}</ref> He also argues that cultures are very complex, and must be transmitted through close family and kin relations.<ref name="AmeeriarAnthropology2008"/> To him, the government view of cultures as being about festivals and cuisine is a crude oversimplification that leads to easy stereotyping.<ref name="AmeeriarAnthropology2008">{{cite book|author1=Lalaie Ameeriar|author2=Stanford University. Dept. of Anthropology|title=Downwardly global: multicultural bodies and gendered labor migrations from Karachi to Toronto|year=2008|publisher=Stanford University|pages=21–22}}</ref>

According to a study conducted by The [[University of Victoria]], many Canadians do not feel a strong sense of belonging to Canada, or cannot integrate themselves into society as a result of ethnic enclaves.<ref name="Todd">{{cite web|author=Todd, D|date= September 11, 2010|title= Growing Ethnic Enclaves Hurt Sense Of Canadian "Belonging"|publisher= (The Vancouver Sun) Immigration Watch Canada|url=http://www.immigrationwatchcanada.org/2010/09/11/growing-ethnic-enclaves-hurt-sense-of-canadian-belonging/}}</ref> Many immigrants to Canada choose to live in ethnic enclaves because it can be much easier than fitting in with mainstream [[Canadian culture]].<ref name="Todd"/>

Canadian [[Daniel Stoffman]]'s book ''[[Who Gets In]]'' questions the policy of Canadian multiculturalism. Stoffman points out that many cultural practices (outlawed in Canada), such as allowing [[dog meat]] to be served in restaurants and street [[cockfighting]], are simply incompatible with Canadian and Western culture.<ref name="Ryan2010"/> He also raises concern about the number of recent older immigrants who are not being linguistically integrated into Canada (i.e., not learning either English or French).<ref name="Ryan2010"/> He stresses that multiculturalism works better in theory than in practice and Canadians need to be far more assertive about valuing the "national identity of English-speaking Canada".<ref name="Ryan2010">{{cite book|author=Phil Ryan|title=Multicultiphobia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7Ii8abkancC&pg=PA104|year= 2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1068-2|pages=103–106}}</ref>

Professor Joseph Garcea, the Department Head of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, explores the validity of attacks on multiculturalism because it supposedly segregates the peoples of Canada. He argues that multiculturalism hurts the Canadian, Québécois, and Aboriginal culture, identity, and nationalism projects. Furthermore, he argues, it perpetuates conflicts between and within groups.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joseph |last=Garcea |title=Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada|publisher=Canadian Ethnic Studies |year=2008|volume= 40 Issue 1, pp 141–160 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb039/is_1_40/ai_n32432796/|accessdate=2012-01-30}}</ref> Oxford sociologist, [[Reza Hasmath]], argues that the multicultural project in Canada has the potential to hinder substantive equality in the labour market for ethnic minorities.<ref>Hasmath, Reza (2012) ''[http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409402114 The Ethnic Penalty: Immigration, Education and the Labour Market]''. Burlington, VT and Surrey, UK: Ashgate.</ref>

[[Ricardo Duchesne]], Professor at The University of New Brunswick, has argued that multiculturalism, as it is understood in Canada, encourages visible minorities to affirm their ethnic identities, while at the same time demonizing as "racist" any effort by Eurocanadians to affirm their Anglo, Quebecois, or European ethnic identity.<ref name="MyUser_Unb.ca_January_15_2016c">{{cite web |url=https://www.unb.ca/saintjohn/arts/_resources/pdf/vancouverfrombritishtochinese.pdf |title=The Fall of British Vancouver and the Rise of ‘Pacific’ Canada |newspaper=Unb.ca |date= |author=Ricardo Duchesne |accessdate= January 15, 2016}}</ref>

===French society===
Despite an official national bilingualism policy, many French commentators from the [[Province of Quebec]] believe multiculturalism threatened to reduce them to just another ethnic group.<ref name="LammertSarkowsky2009">{{cite book|author1=Christian Lammert|author2=Katja Sarkowsky|title=Negotiating Diversity in Canada and Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHp9WHlYxM0C&pg=PA177|year=2009|publisher=VS Verlag|isbn=978-3-531-16892-0|page=177}}</ref><ref name="Parenteau2010">{{cite journal|author=Danic Parenteau|title=Critique du multiculturalisme canadien. Une synthèse récapitulative|url=http://www.parenteau.info/Danic/textes_politiques_danic_fichiers/Article_PARENTEAU_Danic_Critiques_du_multiculturalisme_canadien.pdf|date=2010||journal=L'Action nationale|issue= Mars|pages=36–46}}</ref> Quebec's policy seeks to promote [[interculturalism]], welcoming people of all origins while insisting that they integrate into Quebec's majority French-speaking society.<ref name="AzziChryssochoou2011">{{cite book|author1=Assaad E. Azzi|author2=Xenia Chryssochoou|author3=Bert Klandermans|author4=Bernd Simon|title=Identity and Participation in Culturally Diverse Societies: A Multidisciplinary Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLwPe-epZp4C&pg=PT236|year= 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5181-1|page=236}}</ref> In 2008, a Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, headed by sociologist [[Gerard Bouchard]] and philosopher [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]], recognized that Quebec is a ''de facto'' pluralist society, but that the Canadian multiculturalism model "does not appear well suited to conditions in Quebec".<ref name="bouchard-2008">{{citation
|title = Building the Future: A Time for Reconciliation
|author = Bouchard, Gérard
|author2 = Taylor, Charles
|year = 2008
|publisher = Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles
|location = Québec, Canada
|url = http://www.accommodements.qc.ca/documentation/rapports/rapport-final-abrege-en.pdf
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120213083051/http://www.accommodements.qc.ca/documentation/rapports/rapport-final-abrege-en.pdf
|archivedate = 2012-02-13
|accessdate= October 20, 2011
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Human rights|Society}}

* [[Canadian values]]
*[[Feminism in Canada]]
*[[Freedom of religion in Canada]]
*[[Heritage conservation in Canada]]
* [[Historiography of Canada]]
*[[Social programs in Canada]]
*{{Books-inline|Canada}}{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi-state.pdf|last1=Kymlicka|first1=Will|work=Department of Citizenship and Immigration|title=The Current State of Multiculturalism in Canada|date=2010|publisher=Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada|isbn=978-1-100-14648-5|format=PDF}}
*{{cite book|last1=Banting |first1=Keith|first2= Will |last2=Kymlicka|title=Canadian Multiculturalism: Global Anxieties and Local Debates|publisher=British Journal of Canadian Studies|year= 2010|volume= 23 Issue 1 |url=http://post.queensu.ca/~bantingk/Canadian_Multiculturalism.pdf}}
*{{cite book|last=Garcea|first= Joseph |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/canadian_ethnic_studies/v040/40.1.garcea.html |title=Postulations on the Fragmentary Effects of Multiculturalism in Canada|publisher=Canadian Ethnic Studies|year= 2008|volume= 40 Issue 1}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ninette Kelley|author2=Michael J. Trebilcock|title=The making of the mosaic: a history of Canadian immigration policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PP1|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Janice Gross Stein|title=Uneasy partners: multiculturalism and rights in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4HPCB2lWPMC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-1-55458-012-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Stephen Tierney|title=Multiculturalism and the Canadian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY078NtGPkAC&pg=PP1|year= 2007|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1445-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Kristin R. Good|title=Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PP1|year=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0993-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Richard J. F. Day|title=Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4bPrHKui5EC&pg=PP1|year=2000|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8075-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Eve Haque|title=Multiculturalism Within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ2IQZ8qtLEC&pg=PP1|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-6089-2}}
*{{cite book|first1=Abu-Laban|last1=Yasmeen|first2= Daiva |last2=Stasiulis|year=2000|url=https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3551654?uid=3739448&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21102652897773 |title=Ethnic Pluralism under Siege: Popular and Partisan Opposition to Multiculturalism|publisher= Canadian Public Policy|volume= 18, No. 4}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Culture of Canada}}
*[http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/language-culture/language-culture-general/true-canadians.html Multiculturalism in Canada debated] – CBC video archives (Sep 14, 2004 – 42:35 min)
* [http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ Multicultural Canada] – Government of Canada
* [http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/multiculturalism/index.asp Multiculturalism] – Citizenship and Immigration Canada
* [https://acs-aec.ca/en/social-research/multiculturalism-diversity/ Multiculturalism & Diversity] – [[Association for Canadian Studies]]
{{Multiculturalism in Canada navbox}}
{{People of Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}

{{Multiculturalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multiculturalism In Canada}}
[[Category:Canadian society]]
[[Category:Multiculturalism in Canada| ]]

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