Maternal mortality in India: Difference between revisions

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*Poshan Abhiyan and Laqshya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mpwcdmis.gov.in/scheme_poshanabhiyan.aspx|title=पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Women Welfare|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Poshan Abhiyan and Laqshya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mpwcdmis.gov.in/scheme_poshanabhiyan.aspx|title=पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Women Welfare|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/PPP/amb_sch.pdf|title=Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals|last=|first=|date=|website=WB Department of Health|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>.
Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/PPP/amb_sch.pdf|title=Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals|last=|first=|date=|website=WB Department of Health|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>.

==Research==
Much information about maternal mortality in India comes from the [[Global Burden of Disease Study]], which in 2015 for the first time published data about India.<ref name="Global Burden of Disease 2015">{{cite journal |author1=GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet (London, England) |date=8 October 2016 |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1775-1812 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2 |pmid=27733286}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network |year=2016 |title=Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Life Expectancy, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality 1980-2015 |publisher=[[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] |publication-place=Seattle |url=http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2015-life-expectancy-all-cause-and-cause-specific-mortality-1980-2015 |format=dataset}}</ref>


==Further consideration==
==Further consideration==

Revision as of 01:13, 22 January 2020

Maternal mortality in India is the maternal death of a woman in India during pregnancy or after birth. Different countries and cultures have different rates and causes for maternal death. In India there is also variation in these things for the various states, regions, and demographics of women.

By medical condition

From 1980-2015 eclampsia is the cause of 1.5% of maternal deaths in India.[1] Over that time, the number of women who experience this disease has been the same, but also there has been a slight reduction in the number of maternal death from the condition.[1]

Prevalence

According to the Sample Registration System Bulletin-2016, India has registered a 26.9 per cent reduction in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) since 2013. The MMR has declined from 167 in 2011-2013 to 130 in 2014-2016 and to 122 in 2015-17, registering a 6.15% reduction since the last survey figures of 2014-2016.

MMR (Per 100000 Live Births) 2004-06 2007-09 2010-12 2011-13 2014-16
India Total 254 212 178 167 130
Assam 480 390 328 300 237
Bihar/Jharkhand 312 261 219 208 165
Madhya Pradesh/ Chhattisgarh 335 269 230 221 173
Odisha 303 258 235 222 180
Rajasthan 388 318 255 244 199
Uttar Pradesh/Uttarakhand 440 359 292 285 201
EAG & Assam Subtotal 375 308 257 246 188
Andhra Pradesh 154 134 110 92 74
Telangana 81
Karnataka 213 178 144 133 108
Kerala 95 81 66 61 46
Tamil Nadu 111 97 90 79 66
South Subtotal 149 127 105 93 77
Gujarat 160 148 122 112 91
Haryana 186 153 146 127 101
Maharashtra 130 104 87 68 61
Punjab 192 172 155 141 122
West Bengal 141 145 117 113 101
Other States 206 160 136 126 97
Other Subtotal 174 149 127 115 93

By region

Assam

Assam has the highest rate of maternal mortality in India.[2] Within Assam, some of the highest rates of maternal mortality are among tea plantation workers.[2]

Karnataka

Karnataka has the highest rate of maternal mortality in South India.[3] In interviews, mothers reported that when they did not use healthcare services, their reasons included lack of access to transport to the clinic, the cost of care, and low value in a clinic visit.[3] When a mother dies in this region it is often in the postpartum period.[3]

Cultural consideration

File:MDG5.svg
icon for the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health

From 2000-2015 India participated in the Millennium Development Goal to improve maternal health.[4]

Social factors which influence maternal mortality in India are income inequality in India; level of access to Prenatal care and care in the postpartum period; level of woman's education; the position of the mother's community in the regional rural-urban divide; the mother's access to nutrition during pregnancy; the degree of local sanitation; and the caste position of hte mother.[4]

Healthcare in India measures and reports maternal mortality.[5] However, these health reporting systems could track various other women's concerns, such as maternal treatment during childbirth.[5] Many women report some problem with health care during childbirth, such as disrespect from hospital staff.[5]

Research

In 2017 a report found no significant impact following a large study of 160,000 pregnant women who participated in a one-week educational program to improve maternal health and childbirth outcomes.[6]

Public health initiatives

The Government of India has started various public health initiatives to provide a safe and secure environment. Some of these initiatives are -

Government have also taken initiatives on improving the infrastructure of the country by improving roads and providing free ambulance services at PHC[11].

Research

Much information about maternal mortality in India comes from the Global Burden of Disease Study, which in 2015 for the first time published data about India.[12][13]

Further consideration

  • Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group; WHO; UNICEF; UNFPA; World Bank Group; United Nations Population Division (2018), Maternal mortality in 2000-2017: India (PDF)

References

  1. ^ a b Nobis, P. N.; Hajong, Anupama (8 January 2016). "Eclampsia in India Through the Decades". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 66 (S1): 172–176. doi:10.1007/s13224-015-0807-5.
  2. ^ a b Cousins, Sophie (5 April 2016). "Assam: India's state with the highest maternal mortality". BMJ: i1908. doi:10.1136/bmj.i1908.
  3. ^ a b c Vidler, Marianne; Ramadurg, Umesh; Charantimath, Umesh; Katageri, Geetanjali; Karadiguddi, Chandrashekhar; Sawchuck, Diane; Qureshi, Rahat; Dharamsi, Shafik; Joshi, Anjali; von Dadelszen, Peter; Derman, Richard; Bellad, Mrutyunjaya; Goudar, Shivaprasad; Mallapur, Ashalata (8 June 2016). "Utilization of maternal health care services and their determinants in Karnataka State, India". Reproductive Health. 13 (S1). doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0138-8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Singh, Kavita; Puri, Seema; Chopra, Geeta (6 March 2018). "Maternal Mortality in India: An Overview of social causes". International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP). 8 (3). doi:10.29322/IJSRP.8.3.2018.p7503.
  5. ^ a b c Jungari, Suresh; Sharma, Baby; Wagh, Dhananjay (20 October 2019). "Beyond Maternal Mortality: A Systematic Review of Evidences on Mistreatment and Disrespect During Childbirth in Health Facilities in India". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse: 152483801988171. doi:10.1177/1524838019881719.
  6. ^ Semrau, Katherine E.A.; Hirschhorn, Lisa R.; Marx Delaney, Megan; Singh, Vinay P.; Saurastri, Rajiv; Sharma, Narender; Tuller, Danielle E.; Firestone, Rebecca; Lipsitz, Stuart; Dhingra-Kumar, Neelam; Kodkany, Bhalachandra S.; Kumar, Vishwajeet; Gawande, Atul A. (14 December 2017). "Outcomes of a Coaching-Based WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist Program in India". New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (24): 2313–2324. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1701075.
  7. ^ "Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)". National Health Portal of India.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana". Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHIT MATRITVA ABHIYAN". Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "पोषण अभियान (राष्ट्रीय पोषण मिशन)". Ministry of Women Welfare.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ "Ambulance Services at Rural Hospitals" (PDF). WB Department of Health.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet (London, England). 388 (10053): 1775–1812. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2. PMID 27733286. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network (2016), Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015) Life Expectancy, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality 1980-2015 (dataset), Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
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