Pain scale

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
(←Replaced content with 'There is no such thing as a pain scale.')
m (Reverted edits by 69.27.22.70 to last revision by ZooFari (HG))
 
Line 1: Line 1:
-
There is no such thing as a pain scale.
+
{{Expert-subject|Medicine|date=August 2008}}
  +
A '''pain scale''' measures a [[patient]]'s [[pain]] intensity or other features. Pain scales are based on self-report, observational (behavioral), or physiological data. Self-report is considered primary and should be obtained if possible. Pain scales are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain scores are sometimes regarded as "the Fifth [[Vital Signs|Vital Sign]]."
  +
  +
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
  +
|+ Examples of pain scales
  +
|-
  +
!
  +
! Self-report
  +
! Observational
  +
! Physiological
  +
|-
  +
| Infant
  +
| —
  +
| Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale
  +
| —
  +
|-
  +
| Child
  +
| Faces Pain Scale - Revised;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html | work = Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets | title = The Faces Pain Scale – Revised | date = 7 August 2007 }}</ref> Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stinson | first1 = JN | last2 = Kavanagh | first2 = T | last3 = Yamada | first3 = J | last4 = Gill | first4 = N | last5 = Stevens | first5 = B | title = Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents | journal = [[Pain (journal)|Pain]] | year = 2006 | month = November | volume = 125 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 143–57 | pmid = 16777328}}</ref>
  +
| FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = von Baeyer | first1 = C.L. | last2 = Spagrud | first2 = L.J. | year = 2007 | title = Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years | journal = [[Pain (journal)|Pain]] | volume = 127 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 140–150 | pmid = 16996689}}</ref>
  +
| Comfort
  +
|-
  +
| Adult
  +
| Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11, NRS-101); Visual Analog Scale; Brief Pain Inventory
  +
| —
  +
| —
  +
|}
  +
  +
== Partial list of pain measurement scales ==
  +
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Wong pain scale.jpg|thumb|400px|The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, using faces to indicate intensity of pain. {{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 26 August 2009}}]] -->
  +
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
  +
*Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.promotingexcellence.org/i4a/pages/Index.cfm?pageID=3369 | title = Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale | work = Promoting Excellence in End-of-Life Care}}</ref>
  +
* Visual analog scale (VAS)<ref name="pmid6184474">{{cite journal |author=Huskisson EC |title=Measurement of pain |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=768–9 |year=1982 |pmid=6184474 |doi= |url= }}</ref>
  +
* [[McGill Pain Questionnaire]] (MPQ)<ref name="pmid1235985">{{cite journal |author=Melzack R |title=The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods |journal=Pain |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=277–99 |year=1975 |month=September |pmid=1235985 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3959(75)90044-5 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
  +
* Descriptor differential scale (DDS)<ref name="pmid3226757">{{cite journal |author=Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM |title=The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment |journal=Pain |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=1988 |month=December |pmid=3226757 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8|url= }}</ref>
  +
* Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R)<ref name="pmid11427329">{{cite journal |author=Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B |title=The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement |journal=Pain |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=173–83 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11427329 |doi= 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3959(01)00314-1 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}[http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html Instructions in many languages and images]</ref>
  +
* Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)<ref name="pmid2520397">{{cite journal |author=Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS |title=The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |year=1989 |month=June |pmid=2520397 |doi= |url= }}</ref>
  +
* Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)<ref name="pmid17166126">{{cite journal |author=Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S |title=The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure? |journal=Pain Pract |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310–6 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=17166126 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x |url= }}</ref>
  +
* [[Dolorimeter]] Pain Index (DPI)<ref name=Hardy1952>{{cite book | author = Hardy, J.D. | coauthors = Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. | year = 1952 | title = Pain Sensations and Reactions | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co | location = Baltimore | id = {{ASIN|B0006ASZ92}}}} </ref>
  +
* Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)<ref name="pmid8080219">{{cite journal |author=Cleeland CS, Ryan KM |title=Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory |journal=Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=129–38 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8080219 |doi= |url= }}</ref>
  +
* Walid-Robinson Pain Index (WRI) = Intensity upon admission (0–10) × Length (in months).<ref name="pmid18027538">{{cite journal
  +
|author=Walid MS, Hyer L, Ajjan M, Barth AC, Robinson JS Jr.
  +
|title=Prevalence of opioid dependence in spine surgery patients and correlation with length of stay
  +
|journal=J Opioid Manag.
  +
|volume=3
  +
|issue=3
  +
|pages=127–132
  +
|year=2007
  +
|pmid=18027538
  +
|doi=
  +
|issn=1551-7489
  +
}}</ref><ref>Walid MS, Hyer LA, Ajjan M, Robinson JS: Predicting Opioid-Dependence Using Pain Intensity and Length of Pain Suffering in Pre-Spine-Surgery Patients. The Internet J Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2007; Volume 5, Number 2.</ref>
  +
* DSPI=(ΣX*Y)*100 where X is the highest pain level and Y is the percentage of this pain level in the group. The DSPI is different from the simple numeric 0–10 scale in that it is measured for a group of patients with a specific diagnosis whereas the numeric 0–10 pain scale is administered individually.<ref>{{cite journal
  +
|author=Walid MS, Zaytseva NV
  +
|title=Pain in Nursing Home Residents and Correlation with Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  +
|journal=Pain Physician
  +
|volume=12
  +
|issue=5
  +
|pages=877-880
  +
|year=2009
  +
|pmid=
  +
|doi=
  +
|issn=1533-3159
  +
}}</ref>
  +
  +
===Specialized tests===
  +
* Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)<ref name="pmid3822493">{{cite journal |author=Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V |title=The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Pain |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |year=1987 |month=January |pmid=3822493 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6|url= }}</ref> for measuring pain in children
  +
* Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)<ref name="pmid10617258">{{cite journal |author=Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A |title=Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |year=1999 |month=December |pmid=10617258 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0749-8047&volume=15&issue=4&spage=297 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref> for measuring pain in [[Premature birth|premature infants]]
  +
* [[Schmidt Sting Pain Index]]<ref name=Schmidt1990>{{cite book |author=Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David |title=Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; ''chapter in'' Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |pages= 387–419 |isbn=0-88706-896-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> and [[Starr sting pain scale]]<ref name=Starr1985>{{cite journal | author = Starr, C.K. | year = 1985 | title = A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings | journal = Journal of Entomological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–231}}</ref> both for insect stings
  +
* Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)<ref name="pmid12488689">{{cite journal |author=Salmore R |title=Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures |journal=Gastroenterol Nurs |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=257–62 |year=2002 |pmid=12488689 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1042-895X&volume=25&issue=6&spage=257 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
  +
  +
==Notes==
  +
{{reflist|2}}
  +
  +
{{Pain}}
  +
{{General symptoms and signs}}
  +
  +
[[Category:Pain]]
  +
[[Category:Pain scales| ]]
  +
[[Category:Symptoms]]
  +
  +
[[ja:フェイススケール]]
  +
[[sv:Smärttrappan]]

Current revision as of 20:55, 4 November 2009

 This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. WikiProject Medicine or the Medicine Portal may be able to help recruit one. (August 2008)

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are based on self-report, observational (behavioral), or physiological data. Self-report is considered primary and should be obtained if possible. Pain scales are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain scores are sometimes regarded as "the Fifth Vital Sign."

Examples of pain scales
Self-report Observational Physiological
Infant — Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale —
Child Faces Pain Scale - Revised;[1] Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale[2] FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale[3] Comfort
Adult Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11, NRS-101); Visual Analog Scale; Brief Pain Inventory — —

[edit] Partial list of pain measurement scales

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
  • Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale[4]
  • Visual analog scale (VAS)[5]
  • McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)[6]
  • Descriptor differential scale (DDS)[7]
  • Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R)[8]
  • Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)[9]
  • Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)[10]
  • Dolorimeter Pain Index (DPI)[11]
  • Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)[12]
  • Walid-Robinson Pain Index (WRI) = Intensity upon admission (0–10) × Length (in months).[13][14]
  • DSPI=(ΣX*Y)*100 where X is the highest pain level and Y is the percentage of this pain level in the group. The DSPI is different from the simple numeric 0–10 scale in that it is measured for a group of patients with a specific diagnosis whereas the numeric 0–10 pain scale is administered individually.[15]

[edit] Specialized tests

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised". Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets. 7 August 2007. http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html. 
  2. ^ Stinson, JN; Kavanagh, T; Yamada, J; Gill, N; Stevens, B (November 2006). "Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents". Pain 125 (1–2): 143–57. PMID 16777328. 
  3. ^ von Baeyer, C.L.; Spagrud, L.J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain 127 (1–2): 140–150. PMID 16996689. 
  4. ^ "Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale". Promoting Excellence in End-of-Life Care. http://www.promotingexcellence.org/i4a/pages/Index.cfm?pageID=3369. 
  5. ^ Huskisson EC (1982). "Measurement of pain". J. Rheumatol. 9 (5): 768–9. PMID 6184474. 
  6. ^ Melzack R (September 1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods". Pain 1 (3): 277–99. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5. PMID 1235985. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3959(75)90044-5. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
  7. ^ Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (December 1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain 35 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8. PMID 3226757. 
  8. ^ Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (August 2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain 93 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Instructions in many languages and images
  9. ^ Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS (June 1989). "The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices". Clin J Pain 5 (2): 153–9. PMID 2520397. 
  10. ^ Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S (December 2003). "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?". Pain Pract 3 (4): 310–6. doi:10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x. PMID 17166126. 
  11. ^ Hardy, J.D.; Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN B0006ASZ92. 
  12. ^ Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (March 1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219. 
  13. ^ Walid MS, Hyer L, Ajjan M, Barth AC, Robinson JS Jr. (2007). "Prevalence of opioid dependence in spine surgery patients and correlation with length of stay". J Opioid Manag. 3 (3): 127–132. ISSN 1551-7489. PMID 18027538. 
  14. ^ Walid MS, Hyer LA, Ajjan M, Robinson JS: Predicting Opioid-Dependence Using Pain Intensity and Length of Pain Suffering in Pre-Spine-Surgery Patients. The Internet J Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2007; Volume 5, Number 2.
  15. ^ Walid MS, Zaytseva NV (2009). "Pain in Nursing Home Residents and Correlation with Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Pain Physician 12 (5): 877-880. ISSN 1533-3159. 
  16. ^ Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (January 1987). "The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pain 28 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6. PMID 3822493. 
  17. ^ Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A (December 1999). "Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting". Clin J Pain 15 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006. PMID 10617258. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0749-8047&volume=15&issue=4&spage=297. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
  18. ^ Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David (1990). Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; chapter in Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. pp. 387–419. ISBN 0-88706-896-0. 
  19. ^ Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings". Journal of Entomological Science 20 (2): 225–231. 
  20. ^ Salmore R (2002). "Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures". Gastroenterol Nurs 25 (6): 257–62. PMID 12488689. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1042-895X&volume=25&issue=6&spage=257. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 
v • d • e
Pain and nociception
Head and neck
Thorax
Abdominal
Limbs
Joints (arthralgia)
Musculoskeletal
Other/unspecified
Related concepts
v • d • e
Symptoms and signs: general / constitutional (R50-R61, 780.6-780.9)
Temperature
Aches/Pains
Malaise and fatigue
Miscellaneous
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_scale"
Languages