Étienne François, duc de Choiseul
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Étienne-François, duc de Choiseul (June 28, 1719 in Nancy — May 8, 1785) was a French military officer, diplomat and statesman. Between 1758 and 1761 and 1766 and 1770 he was Foreign Minister of France and had a strong influence on France's global strategy throughout the period. He is closely associated with France's defeat in the Seven Years War and subsequent efforts to rebuild French prestige.
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[edit] Early life
He was the eldest son ofFrançois Joseph de Choiseul, marquis de Stainville (1700-1770), and bore in early life the title of comte de Stainville.
[edit] Military career
He entered the army, and during the War of the Austrian Succession served in Bohemia in 1741 and in Italy, where he distinguished himself at the battle of Coni, in 1744. From 1745 until 1748 he was with the army in the Low Countries, being present at the sieges of Mons, Charleroi and Maastricht.
He attained the rank of lieutenant-general, and in 1750 married Louise Honorine, daughter of Louis François Crozat, marquis du Châtel (d. 1750), who brought her husband her share of the large fortune of her grandfather Antoine Crozat and proved a most devoted wife.
[edit] Diplomatic career
Choiseul gained the favour of Madame de Pompadour by procuring for her some letters which King Louis XV had written to his cousin Madame de Choiseul, with whom the king had formerly had an intrigue; and after a short time as bailli of the Vosges he was given the appointment of ambassador to Rome in 1753, where he was entrusted with the negotiations concerning the disturbances called forth by the bull Unigenitus. He acquitted himself skillfully in this task, and in 1757 his patroness obtained his transfer to Vienna, where he was instructed to cement the new alliance between France and Austria. He was one of the principal authors of the Second Treaty of Versailles signed in May 1757 which pledged the two states to a combined war in Germany against Prussia.
[edit] Chief Minister
His success at Vienna opened the way to a larger career, when in 1758 he supplanted Cardinal de Bernis (1715-1794) as minister for foreign affairs and so largely had the direction of French foreign and military policy during the Seven Years' War. In 1759 he planned an ambitious invasion of Britain which was halted by French naval defeats at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
At this time he was made a peer of France and created duc de Choiseul (Duke). Although from 1761 until 1766 his cousin César Gabriel de Choiseul (1712-1785), duc de Praslin, was minister for foreign affairs, yet Choiseul continued to control the policy of France until 1770, and during this period held most of the other important offices of state. As the author of the Pacte de Famille he sought to retrieve by an alliance with the Bourbon house of Spain the disastrous results of the alliance with Austria; but his action came too late. His vigorous policy in other departments of state was not, however, fruitless.
Coming to power in the midst of the demoralization consequent upon the defeats of Rossbach and Krefeld, by boldness and energy he reformed and strengthened both army and navy, and although too late to prevent the loss of Canada and India, he developed French colonies in the Antilles and San Domingo, His management of home affairs in general satisfied the philosophes. He allowed the Encyclopédie to be published, and brought about the banishment of the Jesuits and the temporary abolition of the order by Pope Clement XIV. In the years following the Treaty of Paris Choiseul attempted to rebuild the French military. Alarmed by the British victory in the Seven Years War and the apparent hegemony that followed, he tried to secure continued Spanish support for a future war of revenge against Britain. In aid of this he drew up a number of plans for an invasion of Britain. In an effort to compensate for French territorial losses, he added Corsica and Lorraine to the crown of France. He also oversaw a failed scheme to settle Guiana.
However, Choiseul's fall was caused by his action against the Jesuits, and by his support of their opponent La Chalotais, and of the provincial parlements. After the death of Madame de Pompadour in 1764, his enemies, led by Madame du Barry and the chancellor Maupeou, were too strong for him.
[edit] Falklands Crisis
At the height of the Falkland Crisis in 1770 he was ordered to retire to his estate at Chanteloup. The intrigues against him had, however, increased his popularity, which was already great, and during his retirement, which lasted until 1774, he lived in the greatest affluence and was visited by many eminent personages.
[edit] Retirement
Greatly to his disappointment Louis XVI did not restore him to his former position, although the king allowed him to come back to Paris in 1774, where he died on May 8, 1785, leaving behind him a huge accumulation of debt which was scrupulously discharged by his widow.
Choiseul possessed both ability and diligence, and though lacking in tenacity, he showed foresight and liberality in his direction of affairs. In appearance he was a short, ill-featured man, with a ruddy countenance and a sturdy frame. His Mémoires were written during his exile from Paris, and are merely detached notes upon different questions. Horace Walpole, in his Memoirs, gives a very vivid description of the duke's character, accuses him of having caused the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), as a revenge on tsarina Catherine II, and says of his foreign policy: "he would project and determine the ruin of a country, but could not meditate a little mischief or a narrow benefit. ... He dissipated the nation's wealth and his own; but did not repair the latter by plunder of the former." In reference to Choiseul's private life Walpole asserts that "gallantry without delicacy was his constant pursuit." Choiseul's widow, a woman "in whom industrious malice could not find an imperfection," lived in retirement until her death on December 3, 1808.
Choiseul Island, the largest island of the Solomon Islands is named after him.
[edit] See also
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis |
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1758 - 1761 |
Succeeded by César Gabriel de Choiseul, duc de Praslin |
| Preceded by Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet de Belle-Isle |
Secretary of State for War 1761–1770 |
Succeeded by Louis François, marquis de Monteynard |
| Preceded by Nicolas René Berryer |
Secretary of State for the Navy 1761 - 1766 |
Succeeded by César Gabriel de Choiseul, duc de Praslin |
| Preceded by César Gabriel de Choiseul, duc de Praslin |
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1766 - 1770 |
Succeeded by Louis Phélypeaux, duc de La Vrillière |
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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