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On the Origin of Species, published by Charles Darwin in 1859, is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book presented evidence that the diversity of life arose through a branching pattern of evolution with common descent caused by the mechanism of natural selection. Prior to its publication various evolutionary ideas had been proposed to explain new findings in biology, but the English scientific establishment, closely tied to the Church of England, believed that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and had rejected ideas of transmutation of species and of humans being related to animals. The book attracted widespread interest, and generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. This debate contributed to establishing secular science based on scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution had occurred, but until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 20th century there was much less agreement on the significance of natural selection. (more...)

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• Chinese human rights activist Huang Qi, who campaigned for the parents of children killed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, is convicted of "illegally holding state secrets".
• Research concludes that Homo floresiensis (skull pictured) is a distinct species and not Homo sapiens with dwarfism or microcephaly.
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• Continued flooding affecting Great Britain and Ireland results in two deaths.
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November 24: Teachers' Day in Turkey

• 1190 – Conrad of Montferrat became de jure uxoris King of Jerusalem after marrying Queen Isabella I.
• 1863 – American Civil War: As part of the Chattanooga Campaign in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces captured Lookout Mountain, helping them to begin breaking the Confederate siege of the city.
• 1922 – Irish Civil War: Author and Irish nationalist Robert Erskine Childers was executed by firing squad by the Irish Free State for illegally carrying an automatic pistol.
• 1971 – After collecting a ransom payout of US$200,000, "D. B. Cooper" (composite drawing pictured) leaped out of the rear stairway of the airplane he had hijacked over the Pacific Northwest and disappeared.
• 1974 – A group of paleoanthropologists led by Donald Johanson discovered a 3.2-million-year-old skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia, nicknaming it "Lucy" after The Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".

More anniversaries: November 23 – November 24 – November 25