D with stroke

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For a list of letters that look similar to Đ in uppercase, see D with stroke (disambiguation).
Latin alphabet Đđ.svg

Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), formed from D with the addition of a bar or stroke through the letter. This is the same modification that was used to create eth (ð), but eth is based on an insular variant of d while đ is based on its usual upright shape. Đ is part of the alphabets of several languages, as well as being used in linguistics as a phonetic symbol.

Contents

Appearance [edit]

A variant form with the stroke through the bowl.

In the lowercase, the stroke is usually drawn through the ascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the bowl.[1] In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of Moro, the variant with the stroke through the bowl is preferred.[2]

In the uppercase, the stroke is normally drawn through just the left side, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.[3]

Usage [edit]

A 9th century Latin manuscript. The abbreviation ſcđo (secundo, "second") occurs on the third line.

Latin [edit]

Đ was used in Medieval Latin to mark abbreviations of words containing the letter d. For example, hđum could stand for heredum "of the heirs". Similar strokes were added to other letters to form abbreviations.[4]

A page from the đ section of Alexandre de Rhodes' Dictioniarum Annamiticum, a 1651 Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, đ represents a simultaneous d and glottal stop, [ʔd]. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between D and E in alphabetical order.

The Vietnamese alphabet was developed in the 17th century, but did not replace the existing chữ nôm system (which used Chinese characters) until the 20th century when the French colonial administration made the Latin alphabet official.

South Slavic languages [edit]

Đ was added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet by Đuro Daničić in the 19th century. The lexeme soon found its way into the Latinic transliterations firstly of Serbian (through the Serbian and Croatian historical chapters) and then Macedonian (its Latinic transliterations heavily influenced by Serbo-Croat from the Yugoslav period) and Bosnian to represent the affricate [dʑ].

Đ is a distinct letter, and is placed between Dž and E in alphabetical order. Its Cyrillic equivalent is Ђ ђ. Its partial equivalent in Macedonian is Ѓ ѓ (as only some dialects contain the /dʑ/ sound). When a true đ is not available or not desired, it is transcribed as dj in Serbo-Croatian, and as gj in Macedonian.

An example of đ being used for a voiced dental fricative in the phonetic transcription of early Germanic languages, alongside ƀ for bilabial and ʒ for velar, from Joseph Wright's Old High German Primer (1906).

Sami languages [edit]

Gnome-searchtool.svg This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (December 2008)

In the Bergsland–Hasselbrink orthography of Northern Sami and Skolt Sami, đ represents the fricative [ð].[5] It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between D and E in alphabetical order.

Phonetic transcription [edit]

The lowercase đ is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative [ð] (English th in this). Eth (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but đ has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter, by putting a hyphen over a d.[6]

Computer encoding [edit]

Đ and đ are encoded in Unicode as U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE and U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE; in Latin-2, Latin-4 and Latin-10 as D0 and F0 respectively; and, in Latin-6 as A9 and B9 respectively. In PostScript they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both the version with the stroke through the ascender and the version with the stroke through the bowl are considered glyph variants of U+0111.[1]

Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital Eth, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.

As part of WGL4, Đ and đ can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.

See also [edit]

References [edit]

 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012)
  1. ^ a b The Unicode Consortium (2003). The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Developers Press. p. 432. 
  2. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Character JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2847R
  3. ^ Example: Lê Bá Khanh; Lê Bá Kông (1991). Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese Dictionary (7th printing ed.). New York City: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-87052-924-2. 
  4. ^ Bischoff, Bernhard (1990). Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. 
  5. ^ Bergsland, Knut; Gustav Hasselbrink (1957). Sámien lukkeme-gärjá. Oslo, Norway: A.W. Brøggers boktrykkeri A/S. 
  6. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press. pp. 36–37. 


Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Letter D with diacritics
Ďď Ḋḋ Ḑḑ Ḍḍ Ḓḓ Ḏḏ Đđ Ɖɖ Ɗɗ Ƌƌ ᵭ ᶁ ᶑ ȡ ∂
Letters using stroke sign ( ◌̵ )
Ⱥⱥ Ƀƀ Ȼȼ Đđ Ɇɇ Ǥǥ Ꞡꞡ Ħħ Ɨ ɨ Ɉɉ Ꝁꝁ Ꞣꞣ Łł Ꞥꞥ Øø Ᵽᵽ Ꝗꝗ Ɍɍ Ꞧꞧ Ꞩꞩ Ŧŧ Ʉʉ Ɏɏ Ƶƶ Ꝥꝥ
Related
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