Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
d͡ʒ
d͜ʒ
IPA number	104 135
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʤ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A4
X-SAMPA	dZ
Kirshenbaum	dZ
Image
Sound
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The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is ⟨dZ⟩. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр	(?)	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ	[d͡ʒaːna]	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Standard	جـرس	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern	ջուր	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'fly'
Azerbaijani		ağac	[ɑɣɑd͡ʒ]	'tree'
Bengali		জল	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Berber	Kabyle	lj̗Iran	[ld͡ʒiran]	'the neighbors'
Bulgarian		джудже	[ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒe]	'dwarf'
Chechen		джерво / dzhyerwo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Coptic		ϫⲉ	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		léčba	[lɛːd͡ʒba]	'treatment'	See Czech phonology
English		jump	[ˈd͡ʒʌmp]	'jump'	See English phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[maɲˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Faroese		gestir	[ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ]	'guests'
French		djinn	[d͡ʒin]	'jinn'	See French phonology
Georgian		ჯიბე	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German		Dschungel	[d͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	See German phonology
Goemai		[d͡ʒaːn]		'twins'
Hebrew		ג׳וק	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		जाना / جانا	[d͡ʒɑːnɑː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	See Italian phonology
Indonesian		jahil	[ˈd͡ʒahil]	'stupid'
Kyrgyz		жаман	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'
Macedonian		џемпер	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Manchu		?	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'
	Provençal		[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Ojibwe		?	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جګ	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کُجا	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/. May be palatalized. Even if unstressed rhyme [i] or [ɪ] is deleted as often, /d/ will still affricate
	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[d͡ʒer]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian		џем / džem	[d͡ʒɛ̝m]	'jam'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Spanish	Many dialects	cónyuge	[ˈkõ̞ɲd͡ʒuxe̞]	'spouse'	May correspond to [ɟʝ] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/. See Spanish phonology
	Some dialects	ayudar	[ad͡ʒuˈð̞ar]	'to help'
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Ubykh		[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		джерело	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		جوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian		siedzje	[ʃɪd͡ʒǝ]	'to sow'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

See also

• List of phonetics topics

Bibliography

• Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756 
• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
• Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press