Voiceless alveolar affricate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from ʦ)
| Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| t͡s | |
| t͜s | |
| IPA number | 103 132 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʦ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A6 |
| X-SAMPA | ts |
| Kirshenbaum | ts |
| Sound | |
|
|
|
The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in such languages as German, Cantonese, Russian, Japanese and Mandarin Chinese, among many others. International auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.
Contents |
Features [edit]
Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence [edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | хьаца | [χaˈtsa] | 'hornbeam' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | цэ | [t͡sa] | 'tooth' | ||
| Ainu | チュㇰ | [t͡suk̚] | 'autumn' | ||
| Albanian | cimbidh | [t͡simbið] | 'tongs' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | ցանց |  [t͡sʰant͡sʰ] (help·info) |
'net' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms |
| Asturian | Some dialects[2] | otso | [ot͡so] | 'eight' | Corresponds to standard /t͡ʃ/ |
| Azerbaijani | Some Western dialects | çay | [t͡sɑj] | 'tea' | Corresponds to /t͡ʃ/ in other dialects. |
| Berber | Kabyle | iḥeşşeḇ | [iħət͡st͡səβ] | 'he counts' | |
| Basque | hots | [ot͡s̺] | 'sound' | Apical; retracted. Contrasts with voiceless laminal dental. | |
| Bulgarian | цена | [t͡sɛˈna] | 'price' | ||
| Catalan[3] | potser | [puˈtt͡se] | 'maybe' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Cherokee | ᏣᎳᎩ tsa-la-gi | [t͡salaɡi] | 'Cherokee' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 擠 zai1 | [tsɐi˥] | 'squeeze' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 早餐 zǎocān | [t͡sɑʊ˨˩ t͡sʰan˥] | 'breakfast' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Czech | co | [t͡so] | 'what' | See Czech phonology | |
| Esperanto | ceceo | [tseˈtseo] | 'tsetse fly' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French | Quebec | petit | [pət͡si] | 'small' | Allophone of /t/ before /i/ and /y/. See Quebec French phonology |
| Georgian[4] | კაცი | [kʼɑt͡si] | 'man' | ||
| German | zehn | [t͡seːn] | 'ten' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | κορίτσι korítsi | [ko̞ˈɾit͡si] | 'girl' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | צבע | [ˈtse̞va] | 'color' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | cica | [ˈt͡sit͡sɒ] | 'kitten' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese | つなみ tsunami | [t͡su͍namʲi] | 'tsunami' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | цы | [t͡sə] | 'hair' | ||
| Khowar | څیڅیق | [t͡sit͡seq] | 'children' | ||
| Kiowa | chḗ | [t͡séː] | 'short' | ||
| Latvian | cik | [t͡sik] | 'how many' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Marathi | चव | [t͡səv] | 'taste' | See Marathi phonology; depending on the word, the letter च may also be pronounced as /tʃə/. | |
| Maltese | zokk | [t͡sokk] | '(tree) trunk' | ||
| Nez Perce | cíickan | [ˈt͡siːt͡skan] | 'blanket' | ||
| Pashto | څه | [t͡sə] | 'what' | ||
| Portuguese[5] | European | parte sem vida | [ˈpaɾt͡sɐ̃j ˈviðɐ] | 'lifeless corner' | As a result of vowel elision leading to sandhi, apart from loanwords. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian | pode ser | [ˈpɔ ˈt͡seχ] | 'maybe' | ||
| Sardinian | Campidanese | petza | [ˈpɛt͡sa] | 'meat' | |
| Slovak | cudzí | [t͡sudziː] | 'foreign' | ||
| Tanacross | dzeen | [t͡seːn] | 'day' | ||
| West Frisian | tsiis | [t͡siːs] | 'cheese' | ||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[6] | cetaman | [t͡səˈtaman] | 'four' | Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before schwa | |
| Yi | ꊪ zy | [t͡sɪ˧] | 'to plant' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ (Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Page 14
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:144)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ (Portuguese) Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
- ^ Jacobson (1995:2)
Bibliography [edit]
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007), "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 143–172, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002829
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Jacobson, Steven (1995), A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9
