100s (decade)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 100–109)
Stone tablet depicting fighting in Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–106). After the conquest in 106, Dacia's rich gold mines were secured which then contributed around 700 million Denarii per annum to the Roman economy.
Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
Categories

The 100s was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 100, to December 31, AD 109.

During this period, Roman Empire continued to expand its territory. Emperor Trajan, who ruled from 98 to 117 AD, launched several successful military campaigns, including the Dacian wars (101–106) and the possibly violent conquest of Nabataea (106). The conquest of Dacia in 106 secured its rich gold mines, and it is estimated that Dacia then contributed 700 million Denarii per annum to the Roman economy, providing finance for Rome's future campaigns and assisting with the rapid expansion of Roman towns throughout Europe.[1]: 8  Furthermore, the conquest changed the balance of power in the region, leading to a renewed anti-Roman alliance of local Germanic and Celtic tribes. However, within the annexed territory and surrounds, the material advantages of being part of the Roman system wasn't lost on the majority of the surviving Dacian aristocracy. Thus began the process by which most modern Romanian historians and linguists believe that many of the Dacians subsequently became romanized (see Origin of Romanians). Alimenta, a Roman welfare program that had been initiated by Nerva in 98, continued to be in operation during this decade.

In East Asia, the Han dynasty saw a succession of rulers: Emperor He was succeeded by Emperor Shang in 106, who was succeeded by Emperor An that same year. However, the young emperor An did not rule in his own right, with Deng Sui instead being regent from 106 onwards. Deng Sui showed herself to be an able regent who did not tolerate corruption, even by her own family members. She also carried out criminal law reforms. For example, in 107, she issued an edict that extended the period for death penalty appeals. She cut the expenses of the royal court, like the making of expensive handicrafts such as jade and ivory carvings and sent home palace attendants with superfluous functions. She also demanded less tribute from the provinces.[2] While Empress, she twice opened the imperial granaries to feed the hungry; forced the reduction of income landlords received from the land they rented out; she repaired waterways and cut court rituals and banquets.[3] She also saw rebellions from the South Xiongnu and Qiang, the latter of which would not be quelled until the next decade. In West Asia, Parthia saw a revolt by Osroes I against Pacorus II in 109. South America saw the emergence of the Moche culture.

Emperor Trajan corresponded with Pliny the Younger on the subject of how to deal with the Christians of Pontus. The theologian Edward Burton wrote that this correspondence shows there were no laws condemning Christians at that time. There was an "abundance of precedent (common law) for suppressing foreign superstitions" but no general law which prescribed "the form of trial or the punishment; nor had there been any special enactment which made Christianity a crime".[4] Even so, Pliny implies that putting Christians on trial was not rare, and while Christians in his district had committed no illegal acts like robbery or adultery, Pliny "put persons to death, though they were guilty of no crime, and without the authority of any law" and believed his emperor would accept his actions.[4] Trajan did, and sent back a qualified approval. He told Pliny to continue to prosecute Christians, but not to accept anonymous denunciations in the interests of justice as well as of "the spirit of the age". Non-citizens who admitted to being Christians and refused to recant, however, were to be executed "for obstinacy". Citizens were sent to Rome for trial.[5] Mithraism, a Roman mystery religion viewed as a rival of early Christianity, had developed by this time.[6](p 147)

Trajan invested heavily in the provision of popular amusements. He carried out a "massive reconstruction" of the Circus Maximus, which was already the Empire's biggest and best appointed circuit for the immensely popular sport of chariot racing. The Circus also hosted religious theatrical spectacles and games, and public processions on a grand scale. Trajan's reconstruction, completed by 103, was modestly described by Trajan himself as "adequate" for the Roman people.[7] Furthermore, the decade saw the construction of Trajan's Bridge, the Baths of Trajan, and Roman roads such as Via Traiana and Via Traiana Nova. The Buddhacharita, a Sanskrit poem describing the birth and reign of the Third Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, was composed around this time. Plutarch wrote Parallel Lives, a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings. Tacitus wrote Histories, which covers the history of Rome from 69 to 96. Juvenal wrote Satires, a collection of satirical poems. Furthermore, lions had become extinct in Greece by this period.

Events

100

This section is transcluded from AD 100. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]
Europe[edit]
Asia[edit]
Americas[edit]

By topic[edit]

Arts and sciences[edit]
Religion[edit]

101

This section is transcluded from AD 101. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]

By topic[edit]

Literature[edit]

102

This section is transcluded from AD 102. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]
Asia[edit]

103

This section is transcluded from AD 103. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]

By topic[edit]

Religion[edit]

104

This section is transcluded from AD 104. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]
The Trajan's Bridge across the lower Danube, as seen from Drobeta. Reconstruction by the engineer E. Duperrex in 1907

By topic[edit]

Religion[edit]
  • In India, figures of Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items.

105

This section is transcluded from AD 105. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]
Asia[edit]
  • Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui places her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
  • Last year (17th) of yongyuan era and start of yuanxing era of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
  • A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in AD 85).

By topic[edit]

Art and Science[edit]
  • Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper from tree bark, hemp, remnant rags and fish nets. Paper had been made in China from the 2nd century BC, but Cai Lun's paper provides a writing surface far superior to pure silk and is much less costly to produce. Bamboo and wooden slips will remain the usual materials for books and scrolls in most of the world for another 200 years, and paper will remain a Chinese secret for 500 years.
  • The Trajan Bridge is finished. For more than a thousand years, it is the longest arch bridge in the world to have been built, in terms of both total and span length.[18]
Religion[edit]

106

This section is transcluded from AD 106. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]
Decebalus' suicidal death, from Trajan's Column
China[edit]

By topic[edit]

Literature[edit]

107

This section is transcluded from AD 107. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]
Asia[edit]

108

This section is transcluded from AD 108. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]

By topic[edit]

Arts and sciences[edit]

109

This section is transcluded from AD 109. (edit | history)

By place[edit]

Roman Empire[edit]

By topic[edit]

Religion[edit]

Significant people[edit]

Births

Transcluding articles: AD 100, AD 101, AD 102, AD 103, AD 104, AD 105, AD 106, AD 107, AD 108, and AD 109

AD 100

101

103

104

105

Deaths

Transcluding articles: AD 100, AD 101, AD 102, AD 103, AD 104, AD 105, AD 106, AD 107, AD 108, and AD 109

AD 100

101

102

103

105

106

107

108

References[edit]

  1. ^ Schmitz, Michael (2005). The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD. Armidale, New South Wales: Caeros Publishing. ISBN 0-9758445-0-4.
  2. ^ Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). p. 116.
  3. ^ Monro, Alexander, The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention (Vintage Books, 2017)
  4. ^ a b Burton, Edward (1885). Lectures Upon the Ecclesiastical History of the First Three Centuries From the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ to the Year 313. University of Chicago. p. 324.
  5. ^ Quoted by Andrea Giardina, ed. The Romans. University of Chicago Press, 1993, ISBN 0-226-29049-2, page 272
  6. ^ Hopfe, Lewis M.; Richardson, Henry Neil (September 1994). "Archaeological Indications on the Origins of Roman Mithraism". In Hopfe, Lewis M. (ed.). Uncovering Ancient Stones: Essays in memory of H. Neil Richardson. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-73-7. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  7. ^ Humphrey, John H. (1986). Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04921-5. pp. 80, 102-103, 126-129. The images of the gods were brought from their temples to be laid on dining couches with great ceremony, so that they too could watch the spectacle.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 271. ISBN 0-631-21858-0.
  9. ^ Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179. ISBN 978-0-8008-8324-9.
  10. ^ Schaller, George B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. University of Chicago Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-226-73640-2.
  11. ^ Cowgill, George (October 1997). "State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico". Annual Review of Anthropology. 26: 129–161. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.129.
  12. ^ Asimov's Guide to the Bible, page 954.
  13. ^ "De Imperatoribus Romanis". An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 8 November 2007. Because the Dacians represented an obstacle against Roman expansion in the east, in the year 101 the emperor Trajan decided to begin a new campaign against them. The first war began on 25 March 101 and the Roman troops, consisting of four principal legions (X Gemina, XI Claudia, II Traiana Fortis, and XXX Ulpia Victrix), defeated the Dacians.
  14. ^ "Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105: De Imperatoribus Romanis". An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 8 November 2007. Although the Dacians had been defeated, the emperor postponed the final siege for the conquering of Sarmizegetuza because his armies needed reorganization. Trajan imposed on the Dacians very hard peace conditions: Decebalus had to renounce claim to part of his kingdom, including the Banat, Tara Hategului, Oltenia, and Muntenia in the area south-west of Transylvania. He had also to surrender all the Roman deserters and all his war machines. At Rome, Trajan was received as a winner and he took the name of Dacicus, a title that appears on his coinage of this period. At the beginning of the year 103 A.D., there were minted coins with the inscription: IMP NERVA TRAIANVS AVG GER DACICVS.
  15. ^ Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "First Dacian War". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. ISBN 978-1784387075.
  16. ^ Gordon, Richard L.; Petridou, Georgia; Rüpke, Jörg (2017). Beyond Priesthood: Religious Entrepreneurs and Innovators in the Roman Empire. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-11-044818-4.
  17. ^ Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010). The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City. Hachette Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-306-81933-9.
  18. ^ In terms of overall length, the bridge seems to have been surpassed by another Roman bridge across the Danube, Constantine's Bridge, a little-known structure whose length is given with 2437 m (Tudor 1974, p. 139; Galliazzo 1994, p. 319).
  19. ^ "Licinius Sura, Lucius - Oxford Reference". www.oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  20. ^ Shelton, Jo-Ann (2013). The Women of Pliny's Letters. Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-415-37428-6.
  21. ^ Banerjee, Gauranganath (January 0101). India As Known to the Ancient World. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 22.
  22. ^ Xu, Zhenoao; Pankenier, W.; Jiang, Yaotiao (2000). East-Asian Archaeoastronomy: Historical Records of Astronomical Observations of China, Japan and Korea. CRC Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-90-5699-302-3.
  23. ^ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 549. ISBN 978-1-59884-415-3.
  24. ^ Matt Dillon, Michael; Dillon, Michael O. (1998). China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Psychology Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7007-0439-2.
  25. ^ Kvint, Vladimir (2015). Strategy for the Global Market: Theory and Practical Applications. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 9781317485575.
  26. ^ Huxley, Hrebert Henry. "Martial". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  27. ^ Rafe de Crespigny (28 December 2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). BRILL. pp. 531–. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
  28. ^ Tan Koon San (15 August 2014). Dynastic China: An Elementary History. The Other Press. pp. 111–. ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5.
  29. ^ A Companion to Latin Studies. CUP Archive. 1910. pp. 140–. GGKEY:2AE1DU53Z2Y.
  30. ^ Michael Loewe (2 June 2016). Problems of Han Administration: Ancestral Rites, Weights and Measures, and the Means of Protest. BRILL. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-90-04-31490-0.
  31. ^ Biographischer Index der Antike (in German). Walter de Gruyter. 2012. p. 156. ISBN 978-3-11-095441-8.
Bibliography
  • Tudor, D. (1974), "Le pont de Constantin le Grand à Celei", Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 135–166
  • Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, pp. 320–324 (No. 646), ISBN 88-85066-66-6
  • Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 9780765605047.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100s_(decade)&oldid=1190741845"