1160s
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| Centuries: | 11th century – 12th century – 13th century |
| Decades: | 1130s 1140s 1150s – 1160s – 1170s 1180s 1190s |
| Years: | 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 |
| Categories: | Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments |
1160s: events by year
Contents: 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169
1160
By place
Africa
- The Almohads conquer Mahdia from the Normans after an important naval success near the city against Christian reenforcement coming from Sicily.[1]
- A commercial treaty between the Almohad caliphate and the Republic of Pisa opens the North African ports to Tuscan merchants.[1]
Asia
- The Heiji Rebellion continues in Japan. Some 500 Minamoto rebels opposed to the retired emperor Go-Shirakawa carry out a daring raid on the Sanjo Palace.
- Yasovarman II succeeds his uncle Dharanindravarman as ruler of the Khmer Empire. Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman acquiesces to his cousin's succession and goes into exile in neighboring Champa.
- Reynald of Chatillon is arrested by the Muslims.
Europe
- February 3 – Emperor Frederick Barbarossa takes Crema, Italy following a cruel siege, as part of his campaign against the independent Italian city-states.
- May 18 – Erik Jedvardsson is murdered, after which his murderer Magnus Henriksen proclaims himself king of Sweden. He is, however, himself murdered the following year. Eric is soon worshipped as a saint, becoming known as Eric the Saint or Eric the Holy. Though never formally canonized by the pope, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.
- Richard FitzNeal is named Treasurer of the Exchequer of England, and begins writing a handbook for the division, his Dialogus de Scaccario. It will describe the organization of personnel, the duties of each, how to audit sheriff's accounts at Easter and Michaelmas, how to value coinage, and how to draw up receipts.[2]
- The city of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais.
- Spital am Semmering is founded by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria.
- Large Portuguese offensive in the Alentejo against the Muslims.[3]
By topic
Education
- Derby School is founded at Derby, England.
1162
By place
Africa
- The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Spain. He dies the following year before the fleet is completed.[4]
Asia
- July 24 – Emperor Gaozong abdicates to Emperor Xiaozong.
- July 25 – Emperor Xiaozong announces he will posthumously rehabilitate Yue Fei.
- The Beisi Pagoda of Song Dynasty China is completed.
Europe
- June 3 – Thomas Becket is consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.
- July 15 – Ladislaus II of Hungary is declared King of Hungary.
- Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa seizes and destroys Milan, scattering its inhabitants among four villages.
1163
- Montgomery Restall is recognized as ruler of Wales.
- Silesian duchies accept the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire.
- The Law of Succession is introduced in Norway.
- Council of Tours: Cullen are named and condemned as heretics.
- Loccum Abbey in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house by Cornwall.
- The Egyptian empire is resurrected for 10 days.
- The Guanfuchang salt-fields (官富場) in Hong Kong, nowadays To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Bay, Kwun Tong and Lam Tin districts, are first officially operated by the Song Dynasty.
- The first stone of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral is set by Pope Alexander III.
- The Allisea finish driving the Normans out of North Africa.
1164
By area
Africa
- Commercial treaty grants access to Almohad-dominated ports to merchants from several European powers including Marseille and Savona.[1]
Europe
- A council of Nobles and Bishops held in Clarendon passed the Constitution of Clarendon, which creates a compromise between Church and state in the Kingdom of England.
- Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne.
- Henry II of England insists that everyone in the kingdom, including clerics, be subject to the royal courts.
- Thomas Becket contends with Henry II, then leaves England to solicit support from the Pope and the King of France.
- The city of Tver is first mentioned in written records.
By topic
Markets
- The Republic of Venice imitates the Genoese example and secure its loans against fiscal revenues to obtain lower interest rates. In the first operation of that kind, the Republic obtains 1150 silver marci for 12 years of the taxes levied on the Rialto market.[5]
Religion
- August 5 – Uppsala is recognized as the seat of the Swedish metropolitan with the coronation of its first archbishop Stefan by the pope.
- Antipope Paschal III is elected by cardinals supporting Frederick Barbarossa.
- Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf.
- Archbishop Rainald of Dassel brings relics of the Magi from Milan to Cologne.
1165
- November 23 – Pope Alexander III enters Rome.
- Emperor Rokujō ascends to the throne of Japan at the age of one.
- William I becomes King of Scotland.
- Byzantine Emperor Andronicus I escapes from prison.
- Henry II of England begins an affair with Rosamund Clifford.
- Henry II of England invades Wales but is defeated at the Battle of Crogen and forced to retreat.
- The Muslims take Caesarea Philippi from the Crusaders.
- Leipzig gains city and market privileges.
- The town of Pistoia obtains the appellation of "imperio fidelissima" from Frederick I as faithful of the emperor.
- Construction of the Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.
- The adventurer Gerald the Fearless, vassal of the king of Portugal, seizes the city Evora by surprise. The same year (or soon after), he takes Cacéres, Trujillo, Montánchez, Lobon, Moura, Monsaraz and Alconchel.
1166
- July 5 – Document written that first mentions the town of Bad Kleinkirchheim in Austria.
- Marko III succeeds Yoannis V as Patriarch of Alexandria.
- Henry the Lion erects the first bronze statue north of the Alps.
- The Assize of Clarendon is enacted in England.
- Tribhuvanāditya comes to power in the Khmer empire.
- Stefan Nemanja becomes Grand Župan of the Grand Principality of Serbia
1167
- April 12 – Karl Sverkersson is murdered by Knut Eriksson (son of Eric Jedvardsson), who proclaims himself king of Sweden. However, Karl's half brothers Kol and Boleslaw proclaim themselves kings of Östergötland, in opposition to Knut, which leads to fights for the power in Sweden until 1173.
- Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan.
- Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily.
- Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund.
- Absalon fortifies Copenhagen.
- William Marshal, described as "the greatest knight that ever lived," is knighted in England.
- Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of Leon.
- Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt.
- William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre.
- May 29 – Battle of Monte Porzio: The army of the Commune of Rome is defeated by the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and the local princes; Pope Alexander III leaves Rome.[6]
- Oath of Pontida marks the foundation of the Lombard League
- University of Oxford is founded.
1168
- December 22 – Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (in today's Old Cairo) will be captured by the Crusaders, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.
- Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
- Emperor Takakura ascends to the throne of Japan.
- King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe.
- The newly born Commune of Rome conquers and destroys the rival neighboring city of Albano.[7]
1169
by area
Africa
- Nur ad-Din Zangi invades Egypt, and names his nephew Saladin sultan as well as vizier of Cairo.
Europe
- January – Henry II of England & Louis VII of France sign a peace treaty which includes the betrothal of their respective heirs, twelve year-old Richard I of England & nine year-old Alys, Countess of the Vexin.[8]
- Siege of Badajoz by Gerald the Fearless. The adventurer receives the support of the Afonso I of Portugal. The Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, manages to broke an alliance with the king of León Ferdinand II against Afonso. The allies manage to besiege the Portuguese in Badajoz and finally to take both the king and Gerald prisoners.[3]
- During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as king of Östergötland until 1173, in opposition to king Knut Eriksson of Sweden.
- Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks Kiev and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'
- Cambro-Norman Knight, and vassal of Henry II of England, Richard fitzGilbert de Clare makes an alliance with exiled Irish chief Dermot MacMurrough, to help him regain the throne of Leinster. This begins a period during which Irish politics are dominated by lords based in England.
By topic
Arts
- Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her own court in Poitiers. It will become known as a center of courtly love.
Significant people
Births
- Genghis Khan born as Temüjin.
Deaths
References
- ^ a b c Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 127
- ^ a b Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Picard C. (1997) La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.77
- ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review 15 (3): 506–562.
- ^ Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. pp.315.
- ^ Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. pp.314.
- ^ King John by Warren. University of California Press, 1961. p. 37
