List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This is a list of all known Atlantic hurricanes before 1600. While data for every storm that occurred is unavailable, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of hurricane occurrences.

Observation data for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because record keeping was virtually non-existent in the pre-Columbian era, and any records that may have once existed have long since been lost. Even data from the early years of the Columbian era is suspect and incomplete because the distinction between a hurricane and an extratropical system was not drawn by Renaissance scientists and sailors and because European exploration and colonization of the regions affected by hurricanes did not begin in earnest until the mid-16th century.

However, paleotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia. A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the American Atlantic coast.[1] During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic Oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. In fact, few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5 times.[2] On the Atlantic coast, probability of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.[3]

Using sediment samples from Puerto Rico, the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast from Florida to New England, Michael E. Mann et al. (2009) found consistent evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during the Medieval Warm Period followed by a subsequent lull in activity.[4]

Contents

[edit] Storms

  ~  – only paleotempestological evidence

[edit] Pre-1500
Year Date
(GC)		 Area(s) affected Damage/notes
~1330 BC unknown Nicaragua “Hurricane Elisenda”, similar to Hurricane Joan–Miriam.[5]
~250 BC unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River.[6]
~465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~765 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~795 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~830 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay.[8]
~885 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1050 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1140 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay.[8]
~1250 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1350±55 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island, similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms.[9]
~1310 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1330 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1430±20 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island, similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms.[9]
~1465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
1494 June 25 [O.S. June 16] Hispaniola A "violent hurricane" struck Hispaniola near La Isabela from southwest. It was the first hurricane in the Atlantic basin observed and reported by Europeans.[10]
1495 late October Hispaniola Also affected La Isabela, damaging some of the ships in the harbor.[11]

[edit] 1500–1525
Year Date
(GC)		 Area(s) affected Damage/notes
~1500 unknown Belize, Leeward Antilles? A "giant hurricane", by far the strongest to strike Belize since the 3rd millennium BC. Identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River, it is assumed "to have caused devastating large-scale social disruptions" among postclassical Maya civilization.[6] Could be identical with the ~1515 Belize hurricane identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7] An extreme storm surge struck Bonaire around 1500, too. Given the sheer magnitude of the event, however, particularly in comparison with Hurricane Hattie (Belize) and Hurricane Ivan (Bonaire), some conclude this might have been caused by an underwater earthquake.[12][13] As a matter of fact, a massive tsunami hit the coast of Venezuela in 1498—one of the earliest reported in the Caribbean—that smashed the natural levee between the coast of Cumaná and the Araya Peninsula, thus creating the Gulf of Cariaco.[14]
1500 late July Bahamas Pinzón lost two of his vessels near Crooked Island. This is the first hurricane known in the Bahamas, and probably Florida.[15]
1502 July 11–12 [O.S. July 1–2] Hispaniola A rapidly moving hurricane with a small diameter that probably came from vicinity of Grenada, moving northwesterly through the Mona Passage, where it wrecked a convoy of 31 vessels on their way to Spain. According to Las Casas, "twenty ships perished with the storm, without any man, small or great, escaping, and neither dead nor alive could be found." Among those drowned were Bobadilla and Roldán. It was the first great maritime disaster that occurred in the Americas. The storm's center crossed Hispaniola about 40 miles (60 km) east of Santo Domingo.[16]
1502 September 16 Honduras A boat "swallowed up by a sudden swelling of the sea, with all on board".[17]
1504 unknown Colombia Off the Caribbean coast of Colombia, 175 deaths.[18]
1508 August 13 [O.S. August 3] Hispaniola Moving west-northwest, this hurricane's eye passed near Santo Domingo, leaving the city devastated and the village of Buenaventura "demolished to the level of the ground". According to Oviedo, the natives said they had never witnessed a storm "as intense or even similar in their lives, and they did not remember having heard or seen anything so frightful in their lives or in those of their forefathers." Millás presumes that it developed east of the Lesser Antilles and crossed the chain of islands in the vicinity of Guadeloupe or Dominica. It might have also affected the southern part of Puerto Rico.[19]
1508 August 26 [O.S. August 16] Puerto Rico The storm occurred while Ponce de León was anchoring off the coast of Guaynia. It is the first hurricane known to have struck the island of Puerto Rico.[20]
1509 August 8 [O.S. July 29] Hispaniola This hurricane moved past Santo Domingo just after the festivities marking the arrival of Diego Colón as the new governor of the Indies on July 20 [O.S. July 10]. According to Oviedo, it was "greater than the one of last year, not doing so much damage to the houses, although much greater in the country."[21]
1514 unknown Puerto Rico This storm is reported several months afterwards by Andrés de Haro, but the exact date remains unknown.[22]
~1515 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
1519 unknown Cuba A minor hurricane that rattled a caravel on its way to western Cuba, probably near the southern part of the Pinar del Río province. On board the vessel were Alonso de Zuazo and the two sisters Tavira, after whom the hurricane is named colloquially.[23]
1520 unknown Hispaniola Affected Eastern Hispaniola.[24]
1523 unknown Florida 2 ships and their crews lost on the Western coast of Florida.[25]

[edit] 1525–1549
Year Date
(GC)		 Area(s) affected Damage/notes
1525 Late October Western Cuba A "very severe" hurricane sunk a vessel sent by Cortés to Trinidad, Cuba. Of more than eighty persons on the ship, only eight survived.[26]
1525 unknown Honduras Struck the newly established colony of Triunfo de la Cruz.[24]
1526 June North Carolina A Spanish brigantine of the fleet under command of Vázquez de Ayllón was lost near Cape Fear.[27]
1526 October 14–15 [O.S. October 4–5] Puerto Rico, Eastern Hispaniola Violent hurricane that moved slowly over the north of Puerto Rico on October 14 and affected Eastern Hispaniola on October 15. Millás presumes that it progressed westwardly or west-northwestwardly and therefore might also have affected the northern group of the Leeward Islands and the Virgin Islands.[28]
1527 October 30–31 [O.S. October 20–21] Western Cuba Destroyed two ships of Narváez' fleet in the port of Trinidad, Cuba. Cabeza de Vaca delivers a detailed report on this hurricane, but does not mention the exact date. Millás dated it to October 30–31.[29]
1527 November Upper Texas Coast One of two November Texas hurricanes, Merchant fleet destroyed, 200 deaths.[30]
1527 unknown Eastern Hispaniola Made landfall at Santo Domingo.[24]
1528 June 23 or 30 [O.S. June 13 or 20] Aruba A vessel was struck by the hurricane north of Aruba in the Caribbean Sea, and it drove them westwardly for nearly four days until they ran aground on Serrana Bank.[31] A castaway reportedly lived on the cay for eight years before he was rescued, which eventually spun to the tale of Pedro Serrano.
1528 October 2 Apalachee Bay Narvaez Expedition shipwrecked, more than 400 dead.[32]
1528 unknown Hispaniola A letter, dated November 2, 1528, reports about ship being lost on its way from Mexico to Santo Domingo.[33]
1529 July 28–29 Puerto Rico made landfall at San Juan de Puerto Rico.
~1530 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
1530 August 5 [O.S. July 26] Puerto Rico Hurricane of modest intensity, with much rain.[34] Affected the entire island and destroyed half of the houses in San Juan.[35]
1530 September 1 [O.S. August 22] Puerto Rico Weak hurricane, with much more rain than violent winds, that caused more extensive flooding and crop damage.[35][36]
1530 September 10 [O.S. August 31] Puerto Rico A severe hurricane, which along with the first storm of that year was responsible for the condition of great suffering and poverty on Puerto Rico in the 1530s.[37]
1533 October 31 – November 2 [O.S. October 21–23] Leeward Islands Oviedo mentions the case of two vessels that sailed from Santo Domingo to Spain, but were knocked off course by a hurricane probably north of the Leeward Islands, and returned to Puerto Plata forty days later.[38]
1537 unknown Cuba Two ships lost near Havana.[39]
1537 unknown Puerto Rico Many slaves drowned. Possibly as much as three hurricanes, but more likely one, probably occurred between June and early September.[40]
1541 December 25 Venezuela A hurricane-like storm destroyed the remains of Nueva Cádiz.[41] However, this could have also been caused by a tsunami.[42]
1545 August 20 [O.S. August 10] Hispaniola An eyewitness account on this storm is delivered by Oviedo. This hurricane was small in diameter but very intense. It came from a south-southeasterly direction, passed Hispaniola west of Santo Domingo, where it caused many casualties, and moved rapidly north-northwestwardly.[43]
1545 September 17–18 [O.S. September 7–8] Puerto Rico, Hispaniola Not a severe hurricane, but one of great diameter and slow movement, with excessive rain causing the greater damage.[44]
1545 unknown Mexico 1 ship lost.[18]
1545 unknown Cuba Made landfall at Havana.[24]
1546 September 3 [O.S. August 24] Puerto Rico Made landfall at San Juan de Puerto Rico.[24]
1549 unknown Hispaniola The storm wrecked the vessel "San Juan" in the port of Nombre de Dios, near Santo Domingo.[45]

[edit] 1550–1574
Year Date
(GC)		 Area(s) affected Damage/notes
1550 unknown Florida Keys Spanish carrack Vitacion "lost during a hurricane" somewhere between Florida Keys and Havana.[46]
c. 1551 unknown Florida Reported by Fontaneda, who survived a ship wreck and was enslaved by the Calusa.[47]
1551 unknown Cuba Of this storm Melero mentions only the year in the Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de la Habana.[48]
1551 unknown Gulf of Honduras Reported by Diego de Landa. One ship sunk, all but five passengers drowned.[48]
1552 August 28–29 Dominican Republic made landfall at Santo Domingo.[24]
1552 September 2–4 Mexico made landfall at Veracruz.[24]
1552 September 3–6 Florida N/A.[24]
1553 September 22 [O.S. September 12] Hispaniola Affected Santo Domingo.[49]
1553 unknown Western Florida 700 casualties.[50]
1553 unknown Texas Sixteen ships lost. Many drownings.[18]
1554 ~May South Texas Three vessels from the New Spain fleet sunk off the coast of Padre Island. A few survivors managed to escape in a small boat.[51]
1554 ~June Gulf of Mexico Coming from Mexico, three vessels were caught by a hurricane off the northwestern coast of Cuba, and carried toward the coast of Florida, where they were stranded. Probably a weak storm since no ship was sunk or badly disabled.[52]
1554 ~August/September Bahamas Two vessels carrying a load of silver were wrecked by a storm near Great Inagua.[53]
1554 November 14 [O.S. November 4] Cuba A fleet of four vessels, commanded by Farfán, on its way from Havana to San Juan, Puerto Rico, was hit by a storm off the coast of Oriente. The admiral's ship was sunk.[54]
1557 October 27 [O.S. October 17] Cuba A severe hurricane struck almost the western part of the island, extending from Pinar del Río eastward to Matanzas. It came from the western Caribbean Sea, moving probably from a southerly or a southwesterly direction.[55]
1559 September 29 [O.S. September 19] Florida In their attempt to start a colony in Florida, Arellano's fleet of five vessels was caught by a hurricane while anchoring in Pensacola Bay. Five ships, a galleon and a bark were destroyed, and one caravel and its cargo was carried into a grove some distance on land. The Spanish would not attempt to settle a colony in Western Florida again until 1693.[56]
1565 July 31 – August 2 [O.S. July 21–23] Atlantic Ocean A fleet of five ships, commanded by Menéndez, was dispersed by a violent hurricane east of the Leeward Islands.[57]
1565 September 22 [O.S. September 12] Florida An offshore storm that sank Ribault’s fleet and led to the fall of Fort Caroline, and eventually the loss of French influence in northeast Florida.[58][59]
1566 June 24 [O.S. June 14] North Carolina On their way to Havana, two of four vessels of Villafañe's fleet perished offshore Hatteras.[60]
1566 September 13–14 [O.S. September 3–4] Florida An offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and upper/lower Georgia coastal waters.[58]
1566 September 24–26 [O.S. September 14–16] Florida A more severe offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and Georgia coastal waters.[58]
1567 unknown Near Dominica Six ships, carrying 3 million pesos, destroyed. Reportedly the island's natives killed all the survivors.[51]
1568 August 22 [O.S. August 12] Yucatan Channel A hurricane of large diameter but only weak or moderate intensity affected the fleet of Hawkins near Cape San Antonio, Cuba.[61] They straggled into the Spanish-controlled port of San Juan de Ulúa, Mexico, where after an initial truce they were attacked by a Spanish fleet.[62]
1568 September 3 [O.S. August 24] Puerto Rico Reported by Torres Vargas, a severe hurricane that caused widespread damage in San Juan and in Santo Domingo.[35][63]
1568 September 7 [O.S. August 28] Florida The second hurricane that struck the fleet of Hawkins.[64]
1569 September Bahamas passed the Old Bahama Channel.[24]
1571 ~September/October Florida Heavy flooding in St. Augustine, Florida, two ships lost[58]
1571 October 18–21 Cuba, Jamaica N/A.[24]
1573 August Atlantic Ocean A ship was struck by a hurricane in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands.[65]

[edit] 1575–1599
Year Date
(GC)		 Area(s) affected Damage/notes
1575 October 1 [O.S. September 21] Puerto Rico Severe storm mentioned in the memoirs of Torres Vargas, that struck the island on Saint Matthew's Day.[66]
1576 unknown Hispaniola made landfall at Monte Cristi Province.[24]
1577 ~August/September Cuba/Jamaica N/A.[24]
1578 unknown Hispaniola made landfall at Ocoa.[24]
1578 October Cuba/Jamaica N/A.[24]
1579 ~August Caribbean Sea A storm struck a vessel sailing from Havana, Cuba to Isla Margarita.[67]
1579 September 13 Bermudas N/A.[24]
1579 September 26 Bermudas N/A.[24]
1579 unknown Atlantic Ocean Spanish Armada's 600 ton Almirante sunk.[68]
1579 unknown Jamaica N/A.[24]
1583 August 19 [O.S. August 9] Hispaniola made landfall at Santo Domingo.[24]
1583 September Hispaniola López de Avila reports a hurricane that "ruined the fruit at the beginning of September (J.C.)".[69] Could be identical with the August 19 storm.
1586 June 23–26 [O.S. June 13–16] Roanoke Island Reported by Lane: "The weather was so sore and the storme [sic] so great than out anchors would not hold, and no ship of them all but either broke or lost their anchors."[70][71]
1586 unknown Bahamas Loss of two 120-ton Spanish navios attributed to hurricane. Six or seven others lost, including the San Juan, 120 tons.[46] Possibly related to above.
1587 August 31 [O.S. August 21] Roanoke Island Sir Francis Drake took six days to regroup in Roanoke after the storm.[71]
1588 unknown Roanoke Island 116 casualties. Third of four hurricanes to hit the area in five years.[72]
1588 September 20 [O.S. September 10] Cuba A furious hurricane, more destructive than that of 1557, made landfall near Havana.[24][73]
1588 November 4–6 Colombia made landfall near Cartagena de Indias.[24]
1589 August 7 Leeward Islands N/A.[24]
1589 September 9 Bahamas four ships sank.[24]
1589 unknown Florida Passed near Cape Canaveral.[24]
1590 Early November Gulf of Mexico 1000 casualties.[18]
1591 August 20 [O.S. August 10] Atlantic Ocean The Spanish treasure fleet of 77 vessels, sailing from Havana to Spain, was caught by the first of four hurricanes during the 1591 season.[71] The general of the fleet, with 500 men on board, foundered.[74]
1591 August 23–24 [O.S. August 13–14] Atlantic Ocean Another hurricane hit the fleet three or four days after the first storm. Five or six of the largest ships sunk, including all of their crews.[74]
1591 August 26 [O.S. August 16] Roanoke Island “For at this time the wind blew at northeast and direct into the harbor so great a gale that the sea broke extremely on the bar, and the tide went out forcibly at the entrance.”[71][75]
1591 September Florida made landfall near Las Tortugas.[24][58]
1591 ~September 9–10 [O.S. ~August 30–31] Atlantic Ocean About the end of August (J.C.), the third cyclone caught the Spanish fleet, during which 22 vessels foundered.[74]
1591 September 16 [O.S. September 6] Azores Within sight of Flores Island, the remains of the fleet were separated by another storm.[74]
1591 September 21 Puerto Rico N/A.[24]
1591 September 24 Cuba N/A.[24]
1593 ~July 25 [O.S. ~July 15] Puerto Rico A storm passed the seas north of the island.[76][77]
1594 unknown Caribbean Sea One ship lost on its way from Panama to the Lesser Antilles.[78]
1594 unknown Hispaniola made landfall near Santo Domingo.[24]
1594 unknown Cuba made landfall near Havana.[24]
1595 August 29–30 Cuba made landfall near Havana.[24]
1597 ~September–November Jamaica A hurricane reported by Padrón.[79]
1599 ~June/July Bahamas Castillo was struck by this hurricane near Great Inagua Island.[80]
1599 September 22 Florida made landfall near St. Augustine.[58]

[edit] See also

Portal icon Tropical cyclones portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ McCloskey, T. A.; Knowles, J. T. (2009), "Migration of the tropical cyclone zone throughout the Holocene", in Elsner, J. B.; Jagger, T. H., Hurricanes and Climate Change, New York: Springer, ISBN 9780387094090 
  2. ^ Liu, Kam-biu; Fearn, Miriam L. (2000), "Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records", Quaternary Research 54 (2): 238–245, Bibcode 2000QuRes..54..238L, doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2166. 
  3. ^ Scott, D. B.; et al. (2003), "Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedimentological evidence, with comparison to other Atlantic Coast records", Geological Society of America Bulletin 115 (9): 1027–1039, doi:10.1130/B25011.1. 
  4. ^ Mann, Michael E.; Woodruff, Jonathan D.; Donnelly, Jeffrey P. & Zhang, Zhihua (2009), "Atlantic hurricanes and climate over the past 1,500 years", Nature 460 (7257): 880–883, Bibcode 2009Natur.460..880M, doi:10.1038/nature08219, PMID 19675650 
  5. ^ Urquhart, Gerald R. (2009), "Paleoecological record of hurricane disturbance and forest regeneration in Nicaragua", Quaternary International 195 (1–2): 88–97, Bibcode 2009QuInt.195...88U, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.05.012. 
  6. ^ a b McCloskey, T. A.; Keller, G. (2009), "5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize", Quaternary International 195 (1–2): 53–68, Bibcode 2009QuInt.195...53M, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gischler, Eberhard; Shinn, Eugene A.; Oschmann, Wolfgang; Fiebig, Jens; Buster, Noreen A. (2008), "A 1500-Year Holocene Caribbean Climate Archive from the Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belize", Journal of Coastal Research 24 (6): 1495–1505, doi:10.2112/07-0891.1 
  8. ^ a b Liu, Kam-biu; Lub, Houyuan; Shen, Caiming (2008), "A 1200-year proxy record of hurricanes and fires from the Gulf of Mexico coast: Testing the hypothesis of hurricane–fire interactions", Quaternary Research 69 (1): 29–41, Bibcode 2008QuRes..69...29L, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2007.10.011. 
  9. ^ a b Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; et al. (2001), "700 yr Sedimentary Record of Intense Hurricane Landfalls in Southern New England", Geological Society of America Bulletin 113 (6): 714–727, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0714:YSROIH>2.0.CO;2, ISSN 0016-7606, http://www.geo.brown.edu/georesearch/esh/QE/Publications/GSAB2001/JDonnelly/Succotash/Succotash.htm. 
  10. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 28–29.
  11. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 31–35.
  12. ^ Scheffers, Sander R.; et al., J; Browne, T; Scheffers, A (2009), "Tsunamis, hurricanes, the demise of coral reefs and shifts in prehistoric human populations in the Caribbean", Quaternary International 195 (1–2): 69–87, Bibcode 2009QuInt.195...69S, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.07.016. 
  13. ^ Engel, Max; et al., Helmut; Wennrich, Volker; Scheffers, Anja; Kelletat, Dieter; Vött, Andreas; Schäbitz, Frank; Daut, Gerhard et al. (2010), "Coastal stratigraphies of eastern Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles): New insights into the palaeo-tsunami history of the southern Caribbean", Sedimentary Geology 231 (1–2): 14–30, Bibcode 2010SedG..231...14E, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.08.002 
  14. ^ O'Loughlin, Karen Fay; Lander, James F. (2003), Caribbean Tsunamis: A 500-year History from 1498–1998, Dordrecht: Kluwer, p. 42, ISBN 1402017170 
  15. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 35–37.
  16. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 38–41.
  17. ^ Robinson, C. (1848), An account of discoveries in the west until 1519, Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society 
  18. ^ a b c d Marx, Robert F. (1983), Shipwrecks in the Americas, New York: Bonanza Books, ISBN 051741371X 
  19. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 42–44.
  20. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 44–45.
  21. ^ Millás 1968, p. 45.
  22. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 47–48.
  23. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 49–50.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac García-Herrera, Ricardo; Gimeno, Luis; Ribera, Pedro; Hernández, Emiliano (2005), "New records of Atlantic hurricanes from Spanish documentary sources", Journal of Geophysical Research 110: D03109, Bibcode 2005JGRD..11003109G, doi:10.1029/2004JD005272  data.
  25. ^ Douglas, M. S. (1958), Hurricane, New York: Rinehart & Company 
  26. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 50–51.
  27. ^ Stick, David (1999) [1952], Graveyard of the Atlantic: Shipwrecks of the North Carolina Coast, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0807842613 .
  28. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 51–52.
  29. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 52–57.
  30. ^ Hasling, J. F. (1982), Texas hurricanes, Printed by University of St. Thomas Institute for Storm Research 
  31. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 57–58.
  32. ^ Lowery, Woodbury (1901), The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States, 1513–1561, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, p. 198 
  33. ^ Millás 1968, p. 58.
  34. ^ Millás 1968, p. 60.
  35. ^ a b c Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in Puerto Rico from 1500 to 1899
  36. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 60–61.
  37. ^ Millás 1968, p. 61.
  38. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 63–64.
  39. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 64–65.
  40. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 66–67.
  41. ^ Vila, P. (1948), "La destrucción de Nueva Cádiz ¿terremoto o huracán?", Boletín de la Academia National de la Historia 31: 213–219. 
  42. ^ Lander, J. F.; et al. (2002). "A brief history of tsunamis in the Caribbean Sea". Science of Tsunami Hazards 20 (2): 57–94. http://tsunamisociety.org/STHVol20N2Y2002.pdf. 
  43. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 67–69.
  44. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 69–70.
  45. ^ Millás 1968, p. 70.
  46. ^ a b Singer, S. (1992), Shipwrecks of Florida, Sarasota: Pineapple Press, ISBN 1561640069 
  47. ^ Millás 1968, p. 71.
  48. ^ a b Millás 1968, p. 72.
  49. ^ Millás 1968, p. 73.
  50. ^ Peterson, Mendel (1975), The funnel of gold, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, ISBN 0316703001 
  51. ^ a b Walton, T. R. (1994), The Spanish treasure fleets, Sarasota: Pineapple Press, ISBN 1561640492 
  52. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 76–77.
  53. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 75–76.
  54. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 74–75.
  55. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 78–80.
  56. ^ Bense, Judith Ann (1999), Archaeology of colonial Pensacola, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, p. 6, ISBN 0813016614 .
  57. ^ Millás 1968, p. 81.
  58. ^ a b c d e f NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-224: Chronological listing of tropical cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565–1899
  59. ^ Millás 1968, p. 82.
  60. ^ Lewis, Clifford M.; Loomie, Albert J. (1953), The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia 1570–1572, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 
  61. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 82–84.
  62. ^ Walton, Timothy R. (2002), The Spanish Treasure Fleets, Pineapple Press, p. 74, ISBN 1561642614 
  63. ^ Millás 1968, p. 84.
  64. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 84–85.
  65. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 85–86.
  66. ^ Millás 1968, p. 86.
  67. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 86–87.
  68. ^ Chaunu, H.; Chaunu, P. (1955), Seville et l'Atlantique (1504–1560), Multiple volumes published beginning 1955, Paris: Librairie Armand Colin 
  69. ^ Millás 1968, p. 87.
  70. ^ Quinn, David Beers, ed. (1955), The Roanoke voyages, 1584–1590: Documents to illustrate the English voyages to North America under the patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584, Hakluyt Society Publications, 104, London: Quaritch, p. 302 
  71. ^ a b c d Ludlum 1963, p. 9.
  72. ^ Hunter, M. N. (1982), A watery fate for the lost colony, The State, OCLC 30743039 
  73. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 87–88.
  74. ^ a b c d Southey, Thomas (1827), Chronological history of the West Indies, 1, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, p. 212, http://books.google.com/?id=L_cWg33zXZYC&dq=Chronological%20history%20of%20the%20West%20Indies%20Southey&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q= .
  75. ^ Quinn 1955, 2, pp. 608, 611.
  76. ^ Andrews, Kenneth Raymond, ed. (1959), English privateering voyages to the West Indies, 1588–1595, Hakluyt Society Publications, 111, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 288 .
  77. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 88–89.
  78. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 89–90.
  79. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 90–91.
  80. ^ Millás 1968, pp. 91–92.

[edit] Further reading

  • Ludlum, David M. (1963), Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870, Boston: American Meteorological Society, OCLC 511649 
  • Millás, José Carlos (1968), Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, 1492–1800, Miami: Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas, OCLC 339427 

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Atlantic_hurricanes_before_1600&oldid=471669427"
Personal tools
Namespaces

Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages