1620s

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Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century - 17th century - 18th century
Decades:	1590s 1600s 1610s - 1620s - 1630s 1640s 1650s
Years:	1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629
Categories:	Births - Deaths - Architecture Establishments - Disestablishments

Contents 1 Events and trends 1.1 Major Ongoing Events 1.2 1620 1.3 1621 1.4 1622 1.5 1623 1.6 1624 1.7 1625 1.8 1626 1.9 1627 1.10 1628 1.11 1629 2 Significant People 2.1 World Leaders 2.2 Important Personalities 2.3 Contemporaries Yet to Gain Fame 3 References

[edit] Events and trends

[edit] Major Ongoing Events

• Age of Exploration
• European colonization of the Americas
• Protestant Reformation (1517-1648)
• Scientific Revolution
• English Renaissance (c.1588-c.1660)
• "Flowering Period of the Barbary Pirates" (Early 17th Century): Though Piracy has existed for centuries back to antiquity, it was during this Decade that with the introduction of innovations in sailing (most notably advancements in Sailing rigs) that made it possible for Pirates in the Mediterranean to go beyond and transverse the Atlantic Ocean and bring about terror to more places around the world (albeit that it was limited to Europe and Northern Africa, but still an area larger than any previous generations of pirates in the past had ever travelled). It was this age that preceded the Golden Age of Piracy (1650-c.1730).
• Age of Absolutism (1610-c.1786): During the Decade, Many monarchies across Europe and to a lesser extent the Middle-East began to trend towards Absolutism, which gave monarchs the right to rule unrestrained by any other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. Rulers who were and if not that then at least advocated for absolute monarchy during this decade were Louis XIII of France, Sigismund III Vasa of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Abbas I of Persia, Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire, James I of England/VI of Scotland, and Charles I of England and Scotland. The later two rulers however were unsuccessful in their efforts to assert absolute rule in England-Wales as can be indicated by the English Parliament's resistance to each of its Stuart Monarchs' claim of "Divine Right". This resistance to absolute monarchy culminated in the passing of the Monumental Petition of Right, the most important document in British history since the Magna Carta. However, it would take a civil war and more years of political turmoil before the passage of the English Bill of Rights to stamp out absolute monarchy in England-Wales and allow democracy to take hold in England-Wales and later around the world.
• Armed Conflicts of the 1620s
  • Dutch-Spanish wars (see Eighty Years War and Dutch Revolt for details) (1568-1648)
  • Dutch-Portuguese War (1602-1654)
  • Beaver Wars (1609-1701)
  • The Manchu Invasions of China (1616-1644) and Korea (1627)
  • Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
  • First Polish-Ottoman War (1620-1621)
  • Khurram's Rebellion (1622-1626)
  • Third Polish-Swedish War (1621-1625)
  • Huguenot rebellions (1621-1628)
  • Fifth Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
  • Fourth Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629)
  • War of the Mantuan Succession (1628-1631)

[edit] 1620

• January 1 – An embassy from England (including Viscount James Hay of Doncaster and John Donne) sent to the Holy Roman Empire during the preceding year, which was unsuccessful in settling disputes at the Eve of the Thirty Years' War, returns to London.^[1]
• February 4 – Prince Bethlen Gabor signs a peace treaty with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
• April 27 – Treaty with Spain arranges marriage between the Prince of Wales and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain in return for relaxation of laws concerning Roman Catholics.^[2]
• July 3 – Under the terms of the Treaty of Ulm, the Protestant Union declares neutrality and ceases to support Frederick V of Bohemia.
• July 3 – Two officers of the British East India Company attempt to claim the Table Mountain region (in present-day South Africa) for England, but fail.
• August 7 – Louis XIII defeats the rebellion of the Nobles of France, lead by Marie de Médicis, at the Battle of Les Ponts-de-Cé.
• August 7 – The mother of Johannes Kepler is arrested for witchcraft.
• September 16 – The Mayflower departs from England to transverse the Atlantic to North America.
• September 17-October 7 – Battle of Ţuţora during the First Polish-Ottoman War.
• September 26 – "Case of the Red Pills" occurs in which Emperor Taichang dies shortly after taking two pills from Li Kezhuo, a minor court official, to help cure his ailment.
• October 10 – The Dutch pirate Salomo de Veenboer engaged five ships of the navies of England, France, and Holland (respectively two, two, and one) in a long battle near the harbour of Amsterdam, resulting in his death.
• November 3 – The Great Patent is granted to Plymouth Colony.
• November 8 – Battle of White Mountain during Thirty Years' War.
• November 21 – The Mayflower arrives at Cape Cod in the modern-day state of Massachusetts. The settlers of the Plymouth Colony shortly after sign the Mayflower Compact, the first ever document written and signed in the British North American Colonies.
• Undated
  • Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum during this year.
  • Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada restores Osaka Castle.
  • The modern violin is developed.
  • Witch hunts begin in Scotland.
  • Cornelius Drebbel builds an "undersea boat", the first ever navigable Submarine.
  • J.P. Donnet invents the Sign language alphabet.
  • Emperor Jahangir of India captures the Fort of Kangra, a feet that his predecessor failed to achieve, after laying a fourteen month siege.
  • Standard Welsh Bible, translated by Bishop William Morgan, Richard Parry and John Davies (Mallwyd) is published.
  • The Kingdom of Navarre is merged into the kingdom of France by King Louis XIII of France, who was also Louis II of Navarre.
  • The Kasanje Kingdom, named after its founder, is established on the upper Kwango River in modern-day Angola. It will continue to exist until 1910.

[edit] 1621

• January 16 – The Parliament of England sits for the first time since 1614.
• February 9 – Pope Gregory XV succeeds Pope Paul V as the 234th pope.
• February 17 – Miles Standish is appointed as the first commander of Plymouth Colony.
• March 16 – Samoset, a Mohegan sagamore, becomes the first Native American to encounter the Pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony.
• March 22 – The Pilgrims sign the first ever treaty with Native Americans, specifically the Wampanoag.
• March-April – Francis Bacon was charged with twenty-three counts of corruption (which some historians believe he may have been innocent of) and was declared by the Parliament to be incapable of holding future office.
• April – War between the Netherlands and Spain recommences after the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621).
• May 3 – Francis Bacon is imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of corruption; he is pardoned by King James I later in the year.^[3]
• May 24 – Protestant Union dissolved.
• June 21 – Twenty-seven Lords who participated in the Battle of White Mountain are executed.
• July – Hamburg, in modern-day Germany, acknowledges Danish overlordship in accordance to the Compact of Steinburg.
• September 2-October 9-Battle of Khotyn during the First Polish-Ottoman War.
• October – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the "First Thanksgiving", noted for peaceful co-existence.
• November 11 – The ship Fortune arrives at Plymouth Colony, with thirty-five more settlers.
• November 15 – Aeterni Patris, issued by Pope Gregory XV via a Papal bull, regulated papal elections which were to be secret and in writing.
• Undated
  • The cities of Petare, in Venezuela, and Gothenburg, in Sweden, founded.
  • Sweden gains control of the city of Riga.
  • Willebrord Snellius discovers the Law of refraction.
  • The Dutch capture the Portuguese colonies of Arguin and Goree, Mauritania.^[4]
  • King Philip III of Spain/II of Portugal divided the Colony of Brazil into two states (Estado do Brasil and Estado do Maranhão). The reason was that the territory was too large to be managed effectively as a single territory.
  • King James I of England/VI of Scotland granted William Alexander of Scotland a royal charter to colonize Acadia, a region that includes parts of the modern-day Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and the U.S. state of Maine. Alexander named the colony Nova Scotia (New Scotland), which today is the name of one of Canada's aforementioned Provinces.
  • Tamblot, a Pagan priest from Bohol in the modern-day Republic of the Philippines, shortly after a "Challenge of Miracles", incites a rebellion against Spanish rule.
    • King James I of England/VI of Scotland seized the whole of Upper Ossory in County Laois including the manor of Offerlane. James claimed royal inheritance from the de Clare family at an inquisition held at Maryborough. A plantation was established at the area in 1626.

[edit] 1622

• January 1 – January 1 declared the beginning of a year instead of March 25.
• January 6 – Pope Gregory XV established the Congregatio de propaganda fide, the missionary arm of the Roman Curia.
• January 7- The Tamblot Uprising in the Philippines is subdued by Spanish Forces. The rebellion's leader dies at some unknown time later.
• February 8 – King James I of England/VI of Scotland disbands the English parliament.
• March 12 – Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila, Isidore the Farmer and Philip Neri are canonized as saints by Pope Gregory XV.
• March 22 – Jamestown massacre occurs resulting in the killing of 347 settlers and razing of the Henricus settlement.
• Undated
  • The French explorer Étienne Brûlé is the first European to discover Lake Superior.
  • Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha sinks off the Florida Keys, while carrying copper, 35 tons of silver, 161 pieces of gold, tobacco, and indigo (Wreck discovered 1985).
  • First record of Bottled Spring Water in UK at Holy Well Spring, Malvern.
  • Emperor Malak Sagad III of Ethiopia converts to Roman Catholicism.
  • After being inflicted by several defeats, Chinese armies were forced to retreat to Shanhaiguan, abandoning all of Liaoning Province to the Manchus.
  • Prince Khurram, the future Emperor Shah Jahan, defeats the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, and Golconda. However acting upon fears that Nur Jahan, his stepmother, was plotting against him, the Prince waged a four year rebellion against his father, thereby leaving Kandahar, a city that was captured during the campaign against the aforementioned States, to the opportunistic Persians.
  • Joao Correia de Sousa, Governor of Angola, invades the Kingdom of Kongo
  • An allied force of Safavid Persia and the British East India Company captured the Portuguese held possession of Hormuz island.
  • Venetian Senator and ambassador to England Antonio Foscarini is put on trial with charges that he was acting for foreign powers during his time as ambassador and of spying for Spain after his return. He was tried, acquitted of the first charge, found guilty of the second and hanged from a gallows between the columns of the Piazzetta in 1622. However shortly after his execution, evidence was discovered showing that Antonio Foscarini was innocent. The news of this event circulated around all the chancelleries of Europe.

[edit] 1623

• February – France, Savoy, and Venice sign the Treaty of Paris of 1623
• February 25 – Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes monarch of Palatinate, a state within the then Holy Roman Empire.
• March 5 – The first American temperance law is enacted, in Virginia.
• March 9 – Amboyna massacre occurs resulting in the execution of twenty people (ten in service of the British East India Company, nine Japanese, and one Portuguese) at the hands of the Dutch East India Company.
• March 20 – Pope Gregory XV issued the Omnipotentis Dei, the last papal ordinance against witchcraft. Under the Omnipotentis Dei, former punishments were lessened, and the death penalty was limited to those who were "proved to have entered into a compact with the devil, and to have committed homicide with his assistance" (CE).
• June 14 – The first breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev. Gerville Pooley, in Virginia, files against Cicely Jordan, but he loses.
• July – The ships Anne and Little James arrive from England, weeks apart from each other, bringing more settlers to the Plymouth Colony.
• August 6 – Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) succeeds Pope Gregory XV as the 235th pope.
• August 30 – Negotiations of the planned Spanish Match, marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales to Maria Anna of Spain, break down.^[3]
• November 1 – Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings.
• Undated
  • England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis.
  • Wilhelm Schickard invents his "Calculating Clock", an early mechanical calculator.
  • Procopius' long-lost Secret History is rediscovered in the Vatican Library.
  • Giambattista Marini publishes his long poem Adone.
  • Tommaso Campanella publishes The City of the Sun.
  • Johannes Rudbeck founds the first gymnasium in Sweden.
  • Erotomania is first mentioned in a psychiatric treatise.
  • The modern day cities of Gloucester, Massachusetts and Dover, New Hampshire are founded.
  • Joao Correia de Sousa, Governor of Angola, is recalled shortly after the Protests of King Pedro II of Kongo and Portuguese Merchants.
  • Publication of First Folio, a collection of 36 of the plays of William Shakespeare.^[3]
  • King Gwanghaegun of Korea is overthrown in a coup.
  • Governor William Bradford of the Plymouth Colony ends the policy of collective ownership of land, food, and tools. Bradford then implemented a plan in which resources were divided among individual families.^[5]
  • The final rebellion by the Tungus of Siberia for their independence from the Russians is subdued.

[edit] 1624

• January 14 – The Safavid Persians capture Baghdad from the Ottomans during the Fifth Ottoman-Safavid War.
• January 22-February 15 – Korean general Yi Gwal launches a brief rebellion against the King Injo.
• January 24 – Alfonso Mendez, the Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa in what is now modern day Eritrea to enforce Catholic doctrines. As a result, strife and civil war between Ethiopian Orthodox traditionalists and the Catholic Emperor Malak Sagad III ravage Ethiopia.
• April 29 – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII to be his advisor.^[6]
• August – The Siege of Breda, during the Thirty Years War, begins.
• October – An alliance of Tuscan, Papal, and Neapolitan forces defeat the Algerians near Sardinia.
• Undated
  • The Sunni inhabitants of Baghdad are massacred by order of Shah Abbas I.
  • Martin Luther's German translation of the Bible is publicly burned by order of Pope Urban VIII.
  • The Netherlands establishes a trading colony at Tainan on Taiwan.
  • Thirty Walloon families settle in the New Netherland colony.
  • The Virginia Land Company's charter is revoked and Virginia becomes a crown colony.
  • Oslo, in modern day Norway, Ommen, Holland, and Dunfermline, Scotland are destroyed by fires.
  • Jakob Bartsch records the constellation Camelopardalis around the north star.
  • The Palace of Versailles is first built, as a hunting lodge.
  • The Japanese Shogun expels the Spanish from the land and severs trade with the Philippines.
  • Mail service begins in Denmark.
  • A university is founded in Bolivia.
  • Cornelius Drebbel first discovers gases.
  • Henry Briggs publishes Arithmetica Logarithmica.
  • The French Parliament passes a decree forbidding criticism of Aristotle on pain of death.
  • Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba starts to rule.
  • The Latymer School and Latymer Upper School in London are founded by the bequest of Edward Latymer.
  • Pope Urban VIII issued a papal bull that made smoking tobacco punishable by excommunication.^[7]This bull was later repealed by Pope Benedict XIII.
  • The Pirate Jan Janszoon is appointed governor of Salé by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali.
  • Captain John Smith's The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles, which recounts his time in the New World, is published.
  • Lord of Satsuma (a domain of Japan) annexes the Amami Islands, which earlier belonged to the Ryūkyū Kingdom.

[edit] 1625

• March 13 – Pope Urban VIII issues the Sanctissimus Dominus Noster, a bull intended to regulate the veneration of deceased individuals.
• March 27 – Charles I succeeds to the thrones of England-Wales and Scotland.
• April 4 – Frederick Henry marries Amalia, Countess von Solms-Braunfels.
• April 7 – Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed supreme commander of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
• May 1 – A Portuguese-Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador (Bahia).
• May 1 – Prince Frederick Henry is appointed stadtholder of Holland.
• May 15 – Rebellious farmers are hanged in Vocklamarkt, Upper Austria.
• June 5 – Spanish troops under the command of Ambrogio Spinola capture Breda after besieging the city for eleven months.
• June 13 – King Charles I of England marries Princess Henrietta Maria of France.
• June 18 – The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.
• June 19 – Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf arrives at new France. He begins his mission there which in the process of doing so learns valuable information as he studied the customs and language of the Huran.
• July – First attack from barbary pirates in south-western England.^[8]
• September 13 – Sixteen rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are kidnapped, imprisoned, and ransomed by local Pasha in Jerusalem.
• September 24 – The Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico.
• October 8 – Admiral George Villiers' fleet sails from Plymouth, England to Cadiz.
• December 9 – The Netherlands and England sign a military peace treaty.
• Undated
  • William Oughtred invents the slide ruler.
  • James Ussher becomes Archbishop of Armagh.
  • The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town would transform into a piece of what is now New York City.[1]
  • The First Savoine War is fought between the Republic of Genoa and the Duchy of Savoy.
  • The Bohemian Revolt ends.
  • A Huguenot revolt in France is suppressed.
  • Samoset sells 12,000 acres of land to a Colonist named John Brown in what is believed to be the first transfer of Native American Land to any English Colonist. ^[9]
  • Ligdan Khan, the ruler of Mongolia, lead an unsuccessful punitive expedition to punish Mongolian Princes who had aligned with the Manchurians.

[edit] 1626

• February 6 – The Huguenot rebels and French government sign the Peace of La Rochelle.
• February 27 – Yuan Chonghuan was appointed governor of Liaodong.
• March 7 – King Garcia I of Kongo is overthrown by Manuel Jordão, the Duke of Nsundi, after he marches on the Capital of the Kingdom of Kongo. As a result, the House of Kwilu is restored to the throne.
• April 9 – Francis Bacon dies of pneumonia
• April 25 – Battle of Dessauer Bridge: Monarch Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Earl of Mansfeld.
• May 4 – Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland for the Dutch West India Company.
• May 24 – Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock or Canarsie) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders ("$24").
• June 15 – King Charles I of England disbands the English Parliament.
• July 4 – The Ottomans, after besieging Baghdad for almost a year, are forced to lift their siege after the Persians cut off their supply line.
• July 30 – An earthquake strikes Naples, killing 10,000.
• August 1 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz conquers Oldenzaal.
• August 27 – Battle of Lutter: The Catholic League defeats king Christian IV of Denmark.
• September 28 – Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming Dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji.
• November 18 – The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, the anniversary of that of the previous church in 326.
• December 1 – Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh, tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, is removed from power.
• December 20 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg.
• Undated
  • France founds its first colony on Madagascar.
  • Prince Khurram's rebellion against his Father (instigated upon fears of Nur Jahan's, his stepmother, support for Shahryar's claim to the Thorne), Emperor Jahangir, is subdued. However Prince Khurram would succeed his father the following year.
  • The Duchy of Urbino was incorporated into the papal dominions.
  • Ivan Tarasievich Gramotin, head of foreign affairs office (Posolsky Prikaz), was exiled after falling into disfavor with Patriarch Filaret regarding his decision to prepare for war against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
  • Owaneco, Sachem (chief) of the Mohegans, arranged for his son, Uncas, to marry the daughter of the principal Pequot sachem Tatobem to secure an alliance with the Pequots. However when Owaneco died, shortly after this marriage, Uncas had to submit himself to Tatobem's authority.
  • William Alexander was appointed Secretary for Scotland.
  • William Vaughan publishes his fantastic prose allegory The Golden Fleece.

[edit] 1627

• January – The office of Constable of France is abolsihed by the Edict of January by Cardinal Richelieu and also ordered all fortified castles to be razed, except only those needed to defend against invaders.
• January 26-April 10 – François Thijssen, whom originally was trying to reach Batavia, explores the southern coast of the continent of Australia. In the process of doing so, he debunks contemporary theories that Australia was adjacent to Antarctica.
• May 10 – Pieter Nuyts, a month after completing the voyage across southern Australia, which he participated in, was appointed Governor of Formosa and Dutch Ambassador to Japan.
• July 4-19 – The Barbary pirates raid Iceland.
• July 22 – Duke George Villiers of Buckingham leads an unsuccessful invasion of Île de Ré.
• July 27 – An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.
• August – The Siege of La Rochelle begins.
• Undated
  • Reconstruction of Muchalls Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland completed by Thomas Burnett.
  • The aurochs are hunted to extinction, the last being killed by poachers in Poland.
  • England places the first European settlers on Barbados.
  • After the First Manchu invasion of Korea, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea becomes a tributary state of the Manchus.
  • Black gun powder is first used in mining, in a mineshaft under Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia.
  • Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria, heir apparent of the Habsburg Monarchy and a future Holy Roman Emperor, already King of Hungary ascends to be king of the religiously troubled Bohemia where his (still living) father's repression of Protestantism had triggered the ongoing Thirty Years' War in 1618.
  • The "Purple Clothes Incident" occurs in Japan in which Emperor Go-Mizunoo bestows to ten priests honorific purple garments against the edict of the Shogun which required a two year waiting period.
  • William Bradford and seven other Pilgrims sold some of their property to settle the debt of Pilgrims who could not pay off for the cost of their passage.^[10]
  • Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu organizes the Company of New France to establish a French colonial empire across North America.

[edit] 1628

• January 1 – Christian IV of Denmark forms an alliance with Denmark's rival Sweden in an effort to expel the Forces of the Holy Roman Empire from the Jutland.
• February – Writs are issued by Charles I that every county in England-Wales (not just seaport towns) pay ship taxes by March 1.
• March – Oliver Cromwell is elected to the English Parliament.
• May – The English Parliament passes the Petition of Right, one of the most monumental documents in history, especially in the history of the United Kingdom and the United States.
• June 7 – Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
• August 10 – The Swedish sixty-four gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor.
• August 23 – George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.
• September 6 – Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• October 28 – The Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
• Undated
  • Dutch East India Company vessel the Batavia is shipwrecked on its maiden voyage to the Indies.
  • William Harvey publishes Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, containing his findings about blood circulation.
  • The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.
  • Cardinal Richelieu becomes prime minister.
  • War begins between France and Spain over Mantua.
  • The Mutapan leader Kapararidze Unites the Shonans in an effort to expel the Portuguese.^[11]
  • Thomas Hobbes completes his translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the first ever translation from the manuscript's original language, Greek, into English.
  • Ogosho (retired Shogun) Tokugawa Hidetada executed fifty-five Christians for their refusal to renounce Christ in Nagasaki.
  • The Mohawk, a member tribe of the Iroquois, defeated the Mahicans in modern-day New York in an effort to gain a monopoly on the fur trade during the Beaver Wars.
  • The government of the Dutch colony of Formosa changes its policy of business taxes shortly after a hostage situation in which Hamada Yahei, a Japanese merchant, held Pieter Nuyts hostage at knifepoint in his own office.
  • A Russian exploration expedition reaches the Lena River in Siberia, marking the greatest point eastward reached by Russia into the region up until the point in time.

[edit] 1629

• March 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal Charter.
• March 6 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution. The Edict restores properties lost by the Catholic Church to Protestants to their former owners and grants religious freedom to Catholics and Lutherans, but not to other non-Lutheran Protestants.
• March 10 – Charles I dissolves the English Parliament, beginning the Eleven Years' Tyranny.
• June 4 – The Batavia runs aground west of Australia.
• July 19 – Quebec City is captured by an English fleet led by the adventurer David Kirke. However, England-Wales would be forced to return the city to French control in 1632 in accordance to an agreement between Charles I of England and Scotland and Louis XIII of France.
• November 8 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan abdicates the throne in favour of his daughter, who becomes Empress Meishō.
• December 31 – The English government acts to remove Sir Sackville Crowe, because of his mismanagement of the treasury of the Navy, from his position as Treasurer of the Navy setting the end of his administration in that position effective January 21 of the following year.^[12]
• December 31 – The English government issues a statements regarding the business of the British East India Company in Amboyna in response to claims made by the Dutch government in its justification regarding the Amboyna massacre.^[13]
• Undated
  • Fort Santo Domingo is built in Formosa by the Spanish settlers.
  • Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.
  • The Queen Nzinga makes an unsuccessful attempt to reclaim the throne of Ndongo after being ousted by the Portuguese in 1626.
  • Actresses are banned in Japan.
  • Two exiled Dutch murderers from the Batavia become the first Europeans to settle in Australia, on the west coast. Their subsequent fate is unknown.^[14]
  • Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion. This act is considered by some historians to signal the end of the Protestant Reformation.
  • Charles I created a colonial land grant to colonize what is now the State of Georgia (however any effort to colonize the region would not occur until a century later). ^[15]
  • Starting in Summer of this year, a plague begins to take its toll on the City of Venice. The plague would not end until sixteen months later.
  • Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril I publishes Confessio, in which he proposed reforms for the Eastern Orthodox Church along Calvinistic lines.
  • Sir Thomas Roe arranges a peace treaty between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thus ending the last of the Polish–Swedish wars.

[edit] Significant People

[edit] World Leaders

• Bernat de Salbà i de Salbà, Co-Prince of Andorra (with the King of France), r. 1610-1620
• Luís Díes Aux de Armendáriz, Co-Prince of Andorra (with the King of France), r. 1621-1627
• Antoni Pérez, Co-Prince of Andorra (with the King of France), r. 1627-1633
• Songtham, King of Ayutthaya (modern-day Thailand), r. 1611-1628
• Chetthathirat, King of Ayutthaya, r. 1628-1629
• Athittayawong, King of Ayutthaya, r. 1629
• Prasat Thong, Defense Minister under the previous kings and King of Ayutthaya, r. 1629-1656
• Ohuan, King of the Benin Empire, r. 1602–1656
• Ibrahim III, King of the Bornu Empire, r. 1618-1625
• Hadj Omar, King of the Bornu Empire, r. 1619-1639
• Anaukpetlun, Taungoo Dynasty King of Burma, r. 1605-1628
• Minyedaikpa, Taungoo Dynasty King of Burma, r. 1628-1629
• Thalun, Taungoo Dynasty King of Burma, r. 1629-1648
• Wanli, Emperor of China, r. 1572-1620
• Taichang, Emperor of China, r. 1620
• Tianqi, Emperor of China, r. 1620-1627
• Chongzhen, Emperor of China, r. 1627-1644
• Gangnihessou, King of Dahomey, r. c.1600-1620
• Dakodonou, King of Dahomey, r. 1620-1645
• Askia Dawud I, King of the Dendi Kingdom, r. 1618-1639
• Christian IV, King of Denmark, r. 1588-1648
• James I of England/VI of Scotland, King of England-Wales and Scotland, r. 1567-1625 (Scotland), 1603-1625 (England-Wales)
• Charles I, King of England-Wales and Scotland, r. 1625-1649
• Malak Sagad III, Emperor of Ethiopia, r. 1606-1632
• Louis XIII, King of France, r. 1610-1643
• Cardinal Richelieu, Statesman and the first Prime Minister of France, m. 1624-1642
• Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, r. 1619-1637
• Jahangir, Mughal dynasty Emperor of India, r. 1605-1627
• Shah Jahan, Mughal dynasty Emperor of India, r. 1627-1658
• Go-Mizunoo, Emperor of Japan, r. 1611-1629
• Meishō, Empress of Japan, r. 1629-1643
• Tokugawa Hidetada, Shogun of Japan, s. 1605-1623
• Tokugawa Iemitsu, Shogun of Japan, s. 1623-1651
• Simon II, King of Kartli, r. 1619-1630
• Esim Khan, Khan of the Kazakh Khanate, r. 1598-1628
• Salqam-Jangir Khan, Khan of the Kazakh Khanate, r. 1628-1680
• Álvaro III, King of Kongo, r. 1615–1622
• Pedro II, King of Kongo, r. 1622–1624
• Garcia I, King of Kongo, r. 1624–1626
• Ambrósio I, King of Kongo, r. 1626–1631
• Gwanghaegun, Joseon Dynasty King of Korea, r. 1608-1623
• Injo, Joseon Dynasty King of Korea, r. 1623-1649
• Cibind Yirung, King of Lunda, r c.1600-c.1630
• Nurhaci, King of Manchuria and founder of the Qing dynasty, r. 1616-1626
• Huang Taiji, King of Manchuria, r. 1626-1643
• Honoré II, Prince of Monaco, r. 1604-1662
• Ligdan Khan, Great Khan of the Mongols, r. 1603-1634
• Zidan Abu Maali, Sultan of Morroco, r.1603–1627
• Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II, Sultan of Morroco, r.1627–1631
• Gatsi Rusere, King of Mutapa, r. 1589-1623
• Nyambu Kapararidze, King of Mutapa, r. 1623-1629
• Mavura Mhande Felipe, King of Mutapa, r. 1629-1652
• Nzinga (AKA Ana de Sousa Nzinga), Queen of Ndongo and Matamba, r. 1624-1626, 1657-1663 (as Queen of Ndongo) and r. 1631-1663 (as Queen of Matamba)
• Osman II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1618-1622
• Mustafa I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1617-1618, 1622-1623
• Murad IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1623-1640
• Paul V, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States, p. 1605-1621
• Gregory XV, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States, p. 1621-1623
• Urban VIII, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States, p. 1623-1644
• Abbas I (the Great), Shah of Persia, r. 1587-1629
• Safi, Shah of Persia, r. 1629-1642
• Sigismund III, King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, r. 1587-1632
• Michael, Czar of Russia, r. 1613-1645
• Shō Nei, King of Ryukyu, r. 1587-1620
• Shō Hō, King of Ryukyu, r. 1620-1640
• Philip III of Spain/II of Portugal, King of Spain and Portugal (annexed by Spain in 1580), r. 1598-1621
• Philip IV of Spain/III of Portugal, King of Spain and Portugal, r. 1621 (both) - 1640 (Portugal), 1665 (Spain)
• Gustavus II (the Great), King of Sweden, r. 1611-1632
• Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of the semi-Independent Principality of Transylvania, r. 1613-1629
• Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, r. 1609-1621
• Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, r. 1621-1670
• Maurice of Nassau, Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in office 1585-1625
• Frederick Henry, Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in office 1625-1647
• Antonio Priuli, Doge of the Republic of Venice, d. 1618-1623
• Francesco Contarini, Doge of the Republic of Venice, d. 1623-1624
• Giovanni Corner, Doge of the Republic of Venice, d. 1624-1630
• Gabriel Movilă, Prince of Wallachia, r. 1616, 1618-1620
• Radu Mihnea, Prince of Wallachia, r. 1601-1602, 1611, 1611-1616, 1620-1623
• Alexandru Coconul, Prince of Wallachia, r. 1623-1627
• Alexandru Iliaş, Prince of Wallachia, r. 1616-1618, 1627-1629
• Leon Tomşa, Prince of Wallachia, r. 1629-1632

[edit] Important Personalities

• Albert VII (1559-1621), Archduke of Austria and governor (1596-1598) and Co-sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium and Luxemburg) with Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, held position (as Co-sovereign) 1598-1621
• William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling of Scotland (1570-1640), Scottish colonial organizer of Nova Scotia and Secretary for Scotland
• Amin of Manchuria, general
• Francis Bacon of England (1561-1626), philosopher, scientist, and politician
• William Baffin of England (?-1622), navigator and explorer
• Willem Blaeu of Holland (1571-1638), cartographer and publisher
• William Bradford (1590-1657), Leader of the Pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony and Governor of the Plymouth colony, in office 1621-1633, 1635-1636, 1637-1638, 1639-1644, 1645-1657
• Jean de Brébeuf of France (1593-1649), Jesuit missionary
• Étienne Brûlé of France (1592?-1633), explorer
• Karel Bonaventura Buquoy of Arras (in modern-day France) (1571-1621), general
• John Carver (1576?-1621), leader of the pilgrims of the Plymouth colony and first governor of the colony, in office 1620-1621
• Henry Cary of England (1575-1633), military officer, colonizer, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
• Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil of Ireland (1571-1626), Catholic theologian and Archbishop of Armagh
• Samuel de Champlain (1570?-1635), French explorer, administrator of New France, and founder of Quebec City
• Ivan Cherkassky of Russia (1580?-1642), boyar and administrator
• Jan Karol Chodkiewicz of Poland (1560-1621), Military commander
• Sir Edward Coke of England (1552-1634), Jurist and Member of Parliament
• Oliver Cromwell of England (1599-1658), statesman, general, and future ruler of England-Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
• Sir Sackville Crowe of England (1611?-1683?), baronet, Treasurer of the Navy, Member of Parliament, and future ambassador
• Alfonso de la Cueva of Spain (1572-1655), diplomat and Catholic theologian
• Cyril I (1572-1638), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, held position in 1612, 1620-1623, 1623-1633, 1633-1634, 1634-1635, 1637-1638
• Daišan of Manchuria (1583-1648), Manchurian prince (brother of Huang Taiji) and military commander
• Mir Damad of Persia (?-1631), philosopher
• John Davies of Wales (1567-1644), scholar, translator, and Anglican priest
• John Donne of England (1571?-1631), Anglican priest, poet, and philosopher
• Cornelius Drebbel of Holland (1572-1633), inventer
• Mar Elia Shimun X, Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church (Patriarchate then based in Salamas, in modern-day Iran. However a later Patriarch, Mar Shimun XIII Dinkha, broke the union with the Catholic Church, thus he and other Patriarchs of the Shimun line are sometimes list as Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East), held position 1600-1653^[16]
• Mar Eliyya IX, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (Patriarchate then based in Alqosh, in modern day Iraq), held position in 1617-1660^[17]
• Fakhr-al-Din II (1572-1635), Lebanese prince and governor of the Ottoman province of Syria, in office (as governor) 1624-1632
• Muhammad ibn Farukh, governor of Jerusalem (then part of the Ottoman Empire)
• John Felton (1595-1628), English soldier and assassin of George Villiers
• Fidelis of Sigmaringen (1578-1622), Capuchin friar and Martyr
• Filaret of Russia (1553-1633), Patriarch of Moscow and statesman, held position (as Patriarch) 1612-1629
• Frederick V of Electoral Palatinate/I of Bohemia, Prince-Elector of Electoral Palatinate and King of Bohemia, r. 1610-1623 (as Prince-Elector of Electoral Palatinate) and r. 1619-1620 (as King of Bohemia)
• Galileo Galilei of Tuscany (1564-1642), astronomer and physicist
• Gang Hong-rip of Korea, treasonous general who aided the Manchus
• Hessel Gerritsz of Holland (1581-1632), cartographer
• Sir Ferdinando Gorges of England (1565-1647), colonial entrepreneur in North America and founder of Maine
• Ivan Tarasievich Gramotin of Russia (?-1638), diplomat and head of the Posolsky Prikaz, held position 1619-1626
• Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel of Spain (1587-1645), nobleman and Chief Minister under Philip III and Philip IV, held position 1618-1643
• Hamada Yahei of Japan, prominent Japanese merchant on Formosa
• Kryštof Harant of Bohemia (1564-1621), nobleman, traveller, humanist, soldier, writer and composer.
• William Harvey of England (1578-1657), physician who discovered the systematic circulation of blood
• George Hay of Scotland (1572-1634), nobleman, judge and Lord Chancellor of Scotland, held position (as chancellor) 1622-1634
• Thomas Hobbes of England (1588-1679), philosopher
• Isaiah Horowitz (1565-1630), Rabbi and Jewish mystic
• Constantijn Huygens of Holland (1596-1687), poet, composer, and secretary under Stadtholder Frederick Henry and William II
• Im Gyeong Eop of Korea (1594-1646), general
• Jang Man of Korea, general
• Jan Janszoon of Holland (1570?-c.1641), Barbary Pirate
• Willem Janszoon of Holland (1570-1630), explorer and colonial governor
• Jirgalang of Manchuria (1599-1655), nobleman, general, and statesman
• Inigo Jones of England (1573-1652), architect
• Ben Jonson of England (1572-1637), playwright, poet, and Poet Laureate, held post in 1619-1637
• Manuel Jordão, Duke of Nsundi (a region in the Kingdom of Kongo)
• Madam Ke of China (?-1627), former nanny and adviser to Emperor Tianqi
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), German mathematician and astronomer
• Hendrick de Keyser of Holland (1565-1621), sculptor and architect
• Thomas de Keyser of Holland (1596-1667), painter and architect
• David Kirke of England (1597-1654), adventurer and English colonizer of Canada
• Marc Lescarbot of France (1570-1641), author and lawyer
• Christopher Levett of England (1586-1630), explorer and naval captain
• Li Kezhuo of China, Ming dynasty court official and unwitting poisoner of Emperor Taichang
• Charles de Luynes of France (1578-1621), first Duke of Luynes and last Constable of France
• Man Gui of China (?-1629), general
• Mao Wenlong of China (1579-1629), military commander
• John Mason of England (1586-1635), sailor, explorer, cartographer, colonizer, and founder of New Hampshire
• Isaac Massa of Holland (1586-1643), merchant, traveller, and diplomat
• Massasoit (1580?-1661), Chief of the Wampanoag
• Sir Henry Mainwaring of England (1587?-1653), pirate and English naval officer
• Alfonso Mendez, Prelate of Ethiopia and Catholic Patriarch of Ethiopia, held position (as Catholic Patriarch) 1622-1632
• Peter Minuit of Holland (1589-1638), Director-General of New Netherland, in office 1626-1632
• Richard Montagu of England (1577-1641), controversial Cleric and prelate
• Antoine de Montchrestien of France (1575-1621), soldier, dramatist, poet, and economist
• Mustafa Pasha, governor of the Ottoman province of Syria
• Pieter Nuyts of Holland (1598-1655), Governor of the Dutch colony on Formosa (modern-day Taiwan) and ambassador to Japan, held position (as governor) 1627-1629
• Opchanacanough (1554?-1644), Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, held position 1618-1644
• Owaneco(?-1626), Chief of the Mohegans
• Pedro Páez of Portugal (1564-1622), Jesuit missionary who converted Malak Sagad III
• Michael Praetorius (1571-1621), German composer and Organist
• John Pym of England (1584-1643), Member of Parliament and future Roundhead supporter during the English Civil War
• Rembrandt of Holland (1606-1669), painter and etcher
• Sir Thomas Roe of England (c.1581-1644), diplomat
• Henri de Rohan of France (1579-1638), nobleman, soldier, writer, and leader of the Huguenots.
• Mulla Sadra of Persia (1571-1636), philosopher and Shiite Islamic theologian
• Samoset (1590?-1655), Mohegan Sagamore and first Native American to encounter with the Settlers of the Plymouth Colony.
• Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635), German inventer and mathematician
• Robert Shirley of England (1581-1628), traveller, adventurer, and diplomat
• García de Silva Figueroa of Spain (1550-1624), Spanish ambassador to Persia
• John Smith (1580?-1631), English soldier, adventurer, and leader of the colonists of Jamestown in the Virginia Colony.
• Willebrord Snellius (1580-1626), Dutch astronomer and mathematician
• Joao Correia de Sousa, Governor of the Angola Colony, in office 1621-1623
• Ambrogio Spinola of Genoa (1569-1630), general in the service of Spain
• Squanto (1585?-1622), assist to and interpreter for the Pilgrims of the Plymouth colony who helped them stamp out the treaty between them and the Wampanoag.
• Myles Standish (1584-1656), English military advisor at the Plymouth Colony
• Oliver St John, 5th Baron St John of Bletso (1603-1642), English politician and future Parliamentarian Army officer
• Sun Chengzong of China, Grand Secretary and Commander-in-chief of Chinese Forces
• Tamblot of the Philippines (?-1622), Pagan priest and leader of the Tamblot Uprising
• Tatobem (?-1632), Chief of the Pequot
• François Thijssen of Holland (?-1638), explorer
• Sir John Trevor Jr. of Wales (1596-1673), Member of Parliament and future member of the Council of State during the Commonwealth of England
• Sir Richard Trevor of Wales (1558-1638), landowner, soldier and politician.
• Sir Sackville Trevor of Wales (1565-1633), Sea Captain and Member of Parliament
• Johann Tserclaes (1559-1632), German nobleman and co-Supreme commander of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire
• Uncas (c.1588-1683), Chief of the Mohegans, held position 1626-1683
• James Ussher of Ireland (1581-1656), Anglican theologian, Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland
• Pietro Della Valle of Rome (1586-1652), traveller
• William Vaughan of Wales (1575-1641), colonial investor and writer
• Salomo de Veenboer of Holland (?-1620), Barbary pirate
• Cornelius Vermuyden of Holland (1590-1677), engineer
• George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592-1628), English nobleman, statesman, and military commander
• Albrecht von Wallenstein of Bohemia (1583-1634), co-Supreme commander of the forces of the Holy Roman Empire
• Wei Zhongxian of China (1568-1627), Eunuch
• Yamada Nagamasa of Japan (1590-1630), adventurer, pirate, and military commander
• George Yeardley (1587-1627), Plantation owner and Governor of the Virginia Colony, held office in 1616-1617, 1619-1621, 1626-1627
• Yi Gwal of Korea (1587-1624), general
• Yuan Chonghuan of China (1584-1630), military commander
• Stanisław Żółkiewski (1547-1620), Polish nobleman and military commander
• Zu Dashou of China (?-1656), general

[edit] Contemporaries Yet to Gain Fame

• Anne Bradstreet (1612?-1672), future American Poet
• John Bunyan of England (1628-1688), future Puritan preacher and writer
• Margaret Cavendish of England (1623-1673), noblewoman and future writer
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France (1619-1683), future Finance minister of France
• Richard Cromwell of England (1626-1712), son of Oliver Cromwell and future Lord Protector of England-Wales
• Renes Descartes of France (1596-1650), philosopher, mathematician, and scientist
• George Fox of England (1624-1691), future founder of the Society of Friends (AKA "Quakers")
• Robert Herrick of England (1591-1674), Anglican priest and poet
• Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643), Puritan Preacher
• Christiaan Huygens of Holland (1629-1695), future mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and horologist.
• Isaac Jogues of France (1607-1646), Jesuit missionary and future martyr
• William Laud of England (1573-1645), Anglican theologian and future Archbishop of Canterbury
• Li Zicheng of China (1606-1645), future Usurper Emperor of the Short lived Shun Dynasty
• Lobsang Gyatso (1617-1682), Future Dalai Lama and ruler of Tibet, r. 1642-1682
• Richard Lovelace of England (1618-1657), poet
• Andrew Marvell of England (1621-1678), future protege of John Milton and poet
• John Milton of England (1608-1674), Puritan philosopher and writer (most notably the author of Paradise Lost)
• Blaise Pascal of France (1623-1662), future philosopher, mathematician, and scientist
• Sir William Penn of England (1621-1670), future Admiral and father of William Penn (the founder of Pennsylvania)
• Hallgrímur Pétursson of Iceland (1614-1674), Lutheran minister and poet
• Thomas Rolfe of Virginia (1615-1675), son of John Rolfe and Pocahontas and future prominent leader of the colonists of Virginia
• Peter Stuyvesant of Holland (1610?-1672), future Director-General of New Netherland
• Sir John Trevor III of Wales (1626-1672), future Member of Parliament and Secretary of State (son of Sir John Trevor Jr., nephew of Sirs Richard and Sackville Trevor(s), and grandson of Sir John Trevor Sr.)
• Roger Williams (1603-1683), clergymen and founder of the Rhode Island colony
• Wu Sangui of China (1612-1678), controversial general

[edit] References