16th (Irish) Division

16th (Irish) Division
Division Insignia
Active	World War I September 1914–1919
Country	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Branch	New Army
Type	Infantry
Engagements	Battle of Hulluch Battle of the Somme (1916) Battle of Guillemont Battle of Ginchy Battle of Messines Third Battle of Ypres

British Army Infantry Divisions (1914–present)
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15th (Scottish) Division	17th Infantry Division

The 16th (Irish) Division was a voluntary 'Service' division of Kitchener's New Army raised in Ireland from the 'National Volunteers', initially in September 1914, after the outbreak of the Great War. In December 1915, the division moved to France, joining the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), under the command of Irish Major General William Hickie, and spent the duration of the First World War in action on the Western Front. Following enormous losses at the Somme, Passchendaele and Ypres, the Division required a substantial refit in England between June and August 1918, which involved the introduction of many non-Irish battalions. The division served as a formation of the United Kingdom's British Army during World War I.

Main article: Ireland in World War I

History

The Division began forming as part of the K2 Army Group towards the end of 1914 after Irish recruits in the early days of the war from England and Belfast first filled the ranks of the 10th (Irish) Division before being assigned to the 16th Division, formed around a core of National Volunteers. Initial training began in Ireland at Fermoy, Munster; recruits also trained at Buttevant. It moved to Aldershot in England for more intensive training in September 1915. After thirteen weeks, the formation was deployed to Etaples in France, joining the BEF, from where it left on December 18 for that part of the front in the Loos salient, under the command of Irish Major General William Hickie. It spent the rest of the war on the Western Front.

At Loos, in January and February 1916, the division was introducted to trench warfare and suffered greatly in the Battle of Hulluch, 27–29 April, (during the Easter Rising in Ireland). Personnel raided German trenches all through May and June, and in late July they were moved to the Somme Valley where they were intensively engaged in the Battle of the Somme. The 16th division played an important part in capturing the towns of Guillemont and Ginchy, although they suffered massive casualties. During these successful actions between 1 and 10 September casualties amounted to 224 officers and 4,090 men; despite these very heavy losses the division gained a reputation as first-class shock troops. Out of a total of 10,845 men, it had lost 3,491 on the Loos sector between January and the end of May 1916, including heavy casualties from bombardment and a gas attack at Hullach in April. Bloodletting of this order was fatal to the division’s character, for it had to be made good by drafts from England.

In early 1917, the division took a major part in the Battle of Messines alongside the 36th (Ulster) Division, adding to both their recognition and reputation. Their major actions ended in the summer of 1917 at the Battle of Passchendaele after coming under the command of General Hubert Gough and the Fifth Army. In July 1917, during the Third Battle of Ypres, although both divisions were totally exhausted after 13 days of moving weighty equipment under heavy shelling, Gough ordered the battalions to advance through deep mud towards well fortified German positions left untouched by totally inadequate artillery preparation. By mid August, the 16th had suffered over 4,200 casualties, the 36th almost 3,600, or more than 50% of their numbers. General Haig was very critical of Gough for "playing the Irish card".

The 16th Division held an exposed position from early 1918 at Ronssoy where they suffered more heavy losses during the German Spring Offensive in March and being practicaally wiped out in the retreat which followed Operation Michael, when they helped to finally halt the German attack prior to the Battle of Hamel. The decision was then made to break up the division, the three surviving Service battalions were posted to other formations. On 14 June the division returned to England for "reconstitution". The Conscription Crisis of 1918 in Ireland meant that fewer Irish recruits could be raised so that the 16th Division which returned to France on 27 July contained five English Battalions, two Scottish Battalions and one Welsh Battalion. The only original Battalion left was the 5th Royal Irish Fusiliers.

The dispersion of the Irish battalions throughout the BEF in 1918, despite its practical considerations, appears to suggest that the Irish units were increasingly distrusted by the military authorities.

Order of battle

47th Brigade 

• 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (New Army) (disbanded November 1916)
• 6th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (disbanded 1922)
• 7th (Service) Battalion, Leinster Regiment; (disbanded February 1918)
• 6th (Service) Battalion, Connaught Rangers (until June 1918)
• 1st (Service) Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (from November 1916 until April 1918)
• 18th (Service) Battalion Welsh Regiment (2nd Glamorgan), (from May 1918)
• 14th (Service) Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment (from June 1918)
• 9th (Service) Battalion, Black Watch (from July 1918)
• 2nd (Service) Battalion, Leinster Regiment (from February 1918 until April 1918)
• 47th Machine Gun Company Joined 28 April 1916, moved to 16th Battalion MGC 9 March 1918

The 47th Brigade was known as the "Nationalist Brigade" as the majority were men from Redmond's Irish Volunteers. The four battalions were;- 6th Batt. Royal Irish Regiment, 6th Batt. Connaught Rangers, 7th Battalion. Leinster Regiment and 8th Batt. Royal Munster Fusiliers. They, with the 20th (Light) Division captured Guillemont on the Somme battlefield on 3 September 1916. Six days later, with the rest of the 6th Division, captured Ginchy.

48th Brigade 

• 9th (Service) Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (New Army) (disbanded May 1916)
• 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles (until August 1917)
• 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (merged with 9th Battalion October 1917)
• 9th (Service) Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (merged with 8th Battalion October 1917)
• 1st (Service) Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (from May 1916 until November 1916)
• 1st (Service) Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (from October 1917 until April 1918)
• 2nd (Service) Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers (from February 1918 until May 1918)
• 22nd (Service) Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (from June 1918)
• 18th (Service) Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) (from July 1918)
• 11th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (from June 1918 until August 1918)
• 5th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (from August 1918)
• 10th (Service) Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (from June 1917, disbanded February 1918)
• 48th Machine Gun Company Joined 28 April 1916, moved to 16th Battalion MGC 9 March 1918

The 8th and 9th Battalions of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers combined to form the 8/9th Battalion in October 1917 which was subsequently disbanded in February 1918.

49th Brigade 

• 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (merged with 8th Battalion October 1916, disbanded February 1918)
• 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (merged with 7th Battalion October 1916, disbanded February 1918)
• 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (merged with 8th Battalion August 1917)
• 8th (Service) Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (merged with 7th Battalion August 1917)
• 2nd (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (from October 1916 until April 1918)
• 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles (from August 1917 until October 1917)
• 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (South Irish Horse) Battalion,(from October 1917 until July 1918)
• 34th (Service) Battalion, The London Regiment (County of London) Battalion (from June 1918)
• 6th (Service) Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry (from July 1918)
• 18th (Service) Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment (from July 1918)
• 49th Machine Gun Company Joined 29 April 1916, moved to 16th Battalion MGC 9 March 1918

The 7th and 8th Battalions of the Royal Irish Fusiliers combined to form the 7/8th Battalion in October 1916 which was subsequently disbanded in February 1918. The 7th and 8th Battalions of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers combined to form the 7/8th Battalion in August 1917 which was subsequently disbanded in February 1918.

Battles

• Battle of Hulluch
• Battle of the Somme (1916)
• Battle of Guillemont
• Battle of Ginchy
• Battle of Messines
• Third Battle of Ypres

Great War Memorials

Guildhall Derry stained-glass window which commemorates
the Three Irish Divisions, left the 36th, right the 10th and 16th.

• Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin.
• Island of Ireland Peace Park Messines, Belgium.
• Ulster Tower Memorial Thiepval, France.
• Menin Gate Memorial Ypres, Belgium.

See also

• 10th (Irish) Division
• 36th (Ulster) Division
• List of British divisions in WWI

External links

• The Long, Long Trail: The 16th (Irish) Division in 1914-1918
• A website with information relating to the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who had battalions which were a part of the 16th (Irish) Division.
• The Long, Long Trail: Information relating to the Royal Munster Fusiliers (New Army) which was part of the 16th (Irish) Division
• The Battle for Messines Ridge
• Homepage of the Island of Ireland Peace Park Memorial
• The Irish War Memorials Project - listing of monuments throughout Ireland
• The Military Heritage of Ireland Trust
• Department of the Taoiseach: Irish Soldiers in the First World War

References and further reading

• Dooley, Thomas P.: Irishmen or English Soldiers? : the Times of a Southern Catholic Irish Man (1876–1916), Liverpool Press (1995), ISBN 978-0-85323-600-9.
• Prior, Robin & Wilson, Trevor. (1997). Passchendaele: The Untold Truth. Yale University Press.
• Dungan, Myles: They Shall not Grow Old: Irish Soldiers in the Great War, Four Courts Press (1997), ISBN 978-1-85182-347-5.
• Jeffrey, Keith: Ireland and the Great War, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge (2000), ISBN 978-0-521-77323-2.
• Cooper, Bryan (1918): The 10th (Irish) Division in Gallipoli, Irish Academic Press (1993), (2003). ISBN 978-0-7165-2517-2.
• Denman, Terence: Ireland's unknown Soldiers: the 16th (Irish) Division in the Great War, Irish Academic Press (1992), (2003) ISBN 978-0-7165-2495-3.
• Bowen, Desmond & Jean: Heroic Option: The Irish in the British Army, Pen & Sword Books (2005), ISBN 978-1-84415-152-3.
• Moore, Steven: The Irish on the Somme (2005), ISBN 978-0-9549715-1-9.
• Bartlet, Thomas & Jeffery, Keith: A Military History of Ireland, Cambridge University Press (1996) (2006), ISBN 978-0-521-62989-8
• Murphy, David: Irish Regiments in the World Wars, OSprey Publishing (2007), ISBN 978-1-84603-015-4
• Murphy, David: The Irish Brigades, 1685-2006, A gazatteer of Irish Military Service past and present,
  Four Courts Press (2007) The Military Heritage of Ireland Trust. ISBN 978-1-84682-080-9
• Walker, Stephen: Forgotten Soldiers; The Irishmen shot at dawn Gill & Nacmillan (2007), ISBN 978-0-7171-4182-1
• Horne, John ed.: Our War 'Ireland and the Great War': The Thomas Davis Lectures, The Royal Irish Academy, Dublin (2008) ISBN 978-1-904890-50-8
• Grayson, Dr. Richard S.: Belfast Boys – How Unionists and Nationalists fought and died together
  in the First World War, Continuum UK, London (2009) ISBN 978-1-84725-008-7