Special Purpose Command
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This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (November 2010) |
| Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defence Force Special Purpose Command |
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| Active | c.1945-present Special Purpose Command: 2002-July 1, 2009[1] |
| Country | Soviet Union, Russia |
| Branch | Soviet Air Force, Russian Air Force |
| Size | World War II: several air divisions Today: ~ 10-15 air regiments |
| Garrison/HQ | Moscow |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders |
Marshal Anatoly Konstantinov (dismissed 1988) |
The Special Purpose Command (Komandovaniye Spetsialnogo Naznacheniya) was a formation of the Russian Air Force, the strongest among the tactical aviation and anti-aircraft groupings. Its zone of responsibility amounted to 1.3 million km², taking in 40 million people, as well as the country's capital, Moscow. On July 1, 2009 it was superseded by the Operational-Strategic Command for Missile-Space Defence (ru:Объединённое стратегическое командование воздушно-космической обороны).[1]
As a result of the air force reforms implemented on June 1, 1998, the Moscow District of the PVO and the 16th Air Army of VVS became a single entity, the Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense. According to Interfax, 5 January 2002, in the summer of 2002 the former Moscow District of the VVS and PVO was split into the reactivated 16th Air Army, a tactical force, and the Special Purpose Command of the Central Air Defence Zone, an air defense force.
Pyotr Butowski, writing in 2004, seems to indicate that the Special Purpose Command (he makes no mention of the ‘of the Central Air Defence Zone’) is merely essentially a redesignation of the former Moscow District. The rearrangement of the Moscow District of the VVS and PVO into the Special Purpose Command is apparently connected with plans in the long term for the military-space defense of the central industrial region.
The current commanding officer of the KSpN is Colonel-General Yuri Solovyov. The Moscow District of the Air Defense Force has a long history, dating back to the Second World War. Until 1950, MiG-15 interceptor regiments were concentrated in the Moscow District to protect the capital against US bomber attack.[2] After 1950 significant elements, the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps, were redeployed to fight in the Korean War. The district's commander was replaced shortly before the Matthias Rust affair in 1988 for insufficient support of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika policy.[3]
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[edit] VVS and PVO Units in the District in the late 1980s
In the last days of the Soviet Union there was a considerable Soviet Air Defence Forces presence, and a smaller Air Forces presence, in the Moscow Military District. The Air Forces of the Moscow Military District, alternately known as the 78th Air Army, consisted of a reconnaissance regiment, the 47th Guards Separate Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment at Shatalovo flying Su-24MPs, and the 9th Fighter Aviation Division (9 iad), at Kubinka, with four regiments. The division incorporated the 32nd Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, also at Shatalovo, with MiG-23MLDs, the 234th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment at Kubinka with MiG-29s, the 274th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Migalovo (274 apib) with Su-17s, and the 343rd Fighter Aviation Regiment at Sennoy with MiG-29s. Also part of the force was a ground signals regiment, the 131st.[4] 32nd Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment served in Cuba as part of 'Operation Anadyr' during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1963.[5] The regiment was temporarily renamed 213th Fighter Aviation Regiment while in Cuba.
In 1988 the Order of Lenin Moscow District of the Air Defence Forces had four air defence corps and a division, which included 11 fighter aviation regiments, one transport helicopter regiment, 28 anti-aircraft rocket regiments, and four radar brigades and regiments. The corps were the 2nd, at Balashikha, 3rd at Rzhev, 7th at Kursk, and 16th at Gorki.[6] One of the fighter regiments was the 472nd Fighter Aviation Regiment at Kursk.[7] Joseph Stalin's son Vasily Stalin commanded the Moscow district air defence forces in the early 1950s.[8] Moscow district air defence had been provided during World War II/Great Patriotic War by initially the Moscow PVO Corps Region. The Corps Region Headquarters, then formed the Moscow Front PVO from 6 April 1942 - 10 July 1943. In turn, the Moscow Front PVO was redesignated as Headquarters, Special Moscow PVO Army.
[edit] 16th Air Army
The 16th Air Army (16 Vozdushnaya Armiya) is the most important unit of the Special Purpose Command. Initially formed during the Second World War as a part of the Soviet Air Force, it is now the tactical air force component of the Moscow Military District, headquartered at Kubinka.
The army was formed on August 10, 1942 at Stalingrad and included the 228th and 291st Assault Aviation Divisions and two separate aviation regiments. It took part in Operation Uranus as part of the Don Front in November–December 1942, being commanded by Sergei Rudenko.[9] It was involved in the Battle of Kursk, and was part of the First Belorussian Front for the liberation of Belarus, the Lublin-Brest Offensive, and the assault on Berlin. For a long period after the war, the army was stationed with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, headquartered at Zossen-Wünsdorf. In 1949, it was renamed the 24th Air Army, but was reformed as the 16th in 1968. In its last years in Germany, it consisted of:
- Headquarters, Zossen-Wünsdorf
- 11 Independent Reconnaissance 'Vitsbsk Red Banner Order of Kutuzov' Aviation Regiment (Welzow, later withdrawn to North Caucasus and joined 4th Air Army)[10]
- 226 Independent Mixed Aviation Regiment (Sperenburg, later relocated to Kubinka, see below)
- 357 Independent Shturmovaya Aviation Regiment (Brandis, Germany)(Ground attack, Su-25)
- 368 Independent Shturmovaya Aviation Regiment (Tutow, later withdrawn to North Caucasus and joined 4th Air Army)
- 15th Reconnaissance Aviation Division
- 6th Fighter Aviation Division
- 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division (Damgarten)
- 126th Fighter Aviation Division
- 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division[11]
- 125th Fighter Aviation Division
The 16th Air Army ceremonially said farewell to Germany at the Sperenburg Open Day on 27 May 1994.[12] On that day the Air Army Headquarters was moved to Kubinka in the Moscow Military District.[13] However the last aircraft from the 226th Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment did not leave Sperenburg until 6 September 1994. A visiting Il-76MD was the last aircraft movement three days later.
On 1 June 1998, the 16th Air Army was disbanded and its units incorporated into the Moscow District of VVS and PVO, in accordance with the amalgamation of the Air Forces and the Russian Air Defence Forces.[13] This was quickly reversed and on 25 November 1998, the 16th Composite Air Corps was re-raised. The 16th Composite Air Corps was reformed as the 16th Air Army on 1 February 2002.
Savasleyka is another airbase within the Moscow Military District's boundaries, but its exact operational status is currently unclear, as the formerly resident unit, the 54th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, was not listed as operational in the most widely available recent survey of Russian air power, which was done by Air Forces Monthly in August and September 2007. The 54th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had previously been withdrawn from Vainode Air Base in Latvia.[14] Russian internet sources now say it has been reorganised as the 3958th Air Base.[15]
The 16th Air Army will soon receive two regiments of the advanced Su-34 Fullback fighter-bombers in the near future.[16] General Belevitch said the 16th Air Army would also receive MiG-29SM Fulcrum fighters to replace outdated MiG-29s and modernized Su-25 Frogfoot close support aircraft, which showed outstanding performance during operations in Afghanistan, Chechnya and other "hot spots."[16]
[edit] 2007 structure
In 2009 the Russian Air Force was extensively reorganised. This structure is not current. Combat Aircraft magazine's June 2010 issue gives some details of the new structure.
- 16th Air Army - Kubinka[17]
- 105th Composite Aviation Division, Voronezh
- 455th Bomber Aviation Regiment - Chertovitskoye Airport, Voronezh - Su-24, being replaced by Su-34
- 899th Shturmovik (Assault) Aviation Regiment - Buturlinovka - Su-25, being also replaced with Su-34
- 14th Fighter Aviation Regiment - Kursk Vostochny Airport - MiG-29
- 28th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment - Andreapol (air base) - MiG-29
- 47th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment - Shatalovo - MiG-25 and Su-24MR in service
- 237th Air Technology Demonstration Centre of Guards - Kubinka - MiG-29, Su-27, Su-27M, L-39C
- 105th Composite Aviation Division, Voronezh
- 226th Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment - Kubinka (air base) - Mi-8, Mi-9, An-12, An-24, An-26, An-30
- 1st Corps of PVO (Balashikha) (surface to air missiles only)
- 32nd Corps of PVO (Rzhev)
- Army Aviation components
- 45th Independent Helicopter Regiment - Oreshkovo (Vorotinsk) near Kaluga - Mi-24
- 440th Independent Helicopter Regiment for battle control - Vyazma Airport - Mi-24, Mi-8
- 490th Independent Helicopter Regiment for battle control - Klokovo (4 km north of Tula) - Mi-24, Mi-8;
- 865th Reserve Helicopter Base - Protasovo/Aleksandrovo (air base), near Ryazan
[edit] References
- ^ a b http://vz.ru/society/2009/7/4/303726.html
- ^ Steven J. Zaloga, The Russians in MiG Alley, Air Force Magazine, 1991
- ^ Bill Keller, Moscow dismisses more air generals, New York Times, June 18, 1987
- ^ Fes'kov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I. & K.A. Kalashnikov (2004). The Soviet Army In The Years Of The Cold War 1945–1991. Tomsk University Publishing House. pp. 144–145. ISBN 5751118197.
- ^ http://www.airforce.ru/history/cold_war/cuba/index_en.htm, see also ru:32-й гвардейский истребительный авиационный полк (СССР)
- ^ Feskov et al 2004, p.150
- ^ See also ru:472-й истребительный авиационный полк and Holm, 472nd Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO. The 472nd IAP PVO was Military Unit No.61364. It was formed on 15.5.50 in Orel, Orel Oblast, though its formation had begun early 1950. It was based at Orel from 1950 until 4 October 1979, upon which it moved to Kursk, where it was stationed until disbandment on 1 May 1998.
- ^ Father's little watchman, Time magazine, 1950
- ^ Uranus Order of Battle
- ^ Separate units list is translated from http://www.genstab.ru/gsvg_16.htm, translation of base names from Orbat.com, Archive - Warsw Pact in 1989
- ^ See also Michael Holm, 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division, accessed November 2011
- ^ Chris Lofting & Kieron Pilbeam, 'Sperenburg,' Air Forces Monthly, February 1995, p. 41.
- ^ a b Pyotr Butowski, Air Power Analysis: Russian Federation, Part 2, International Air Power Review, AIRTime Publishing, No.13, Summer 2004, ISBN 1-880588-84-6, p.87
- ^ 'Twin Base Training,' Air Forces Monthly, December 2002
- ^ http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/russia/air/va/16va_mvo.htm
- ^ a b Russia to equip two air regiments with Su-34 strike planes soon
- ^ Structure drawn from Air Forces Monthly, July 2007 issue, p.82.
- ^ An earlier report at www8.brinkster.com had said the 9th PVO Division's 606th Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment at Elektrostal had the S-400, though this now has been changed.
[edit] External links
- Soviet ORBAT from last years in Germany (Russian)
- http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/russia/air/va/16va_mvo.htm (Russian)
- www.victory.mil.ru
- http://oko-planet.su/politik/politikarm/13853-v-rossijskoj-armii-sozdano-komandovanie-vozdushno.html - new Operational-Strategic Command for Air and Space Defence reported. The command will be established by the end of 2010 and located at Balashikha near Moscow, where the previous 1st Air Defence Corps was located.
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