1802 in science
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The year 1802 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents |
[edit] Astronomy
- March 28 - H. W. Olbers discovers the second asteroid Pallas.
- Sir William Herschel first uses the term binary star to refer to a star which revolves around another star.
[edit] Biology
- Pierre André Latreille begins publication of his Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et insectes.
- George Montagu publishes his Ornithogical Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds.
- In the history of evolutionary thought
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants, proposing that all life is organized in a vertical chain of progressive complexity.[1]
- Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus begins publication of Biologie; oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, proposing a theory of the transmutation of species.
[edit] Chemistry
- July - William Hyde Wollaston notes the discovery of the noble metal palladium.
- Charles's law (the "law of volumes"), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, is first published in France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.[2]
- Thomas Wedgwood discovers a method of creating photographs using silver nitrate.[3]
[edit] Ecology
- Civil engineer and geographer François Antoine Rauch publishes Harmonie hydro-végétale et météorologique: ou recherches sur les moyens de recréer avec nos forêts la force des températures et la régularité des saisons par des plantations raisonnées in Paris, arguing against deforestation.
[edit] Geology
- James Smithson proves that zinc carbonates are true carbonate minerals and not zinc oxides, as was previously thought.[4][5]
- John Playfair publishes Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth in Edinburgh, popularising James Hutton's theory of geology.
- James Sowerby begins to issue his British Mineralogy, or, coloured figures intended to elucidate the mineralogy of Great Britain in London, the first comprehensive illustrated reference work on the subject.
[edit] Medicine
- June - The first pediatric hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, opens in Paris, on the site of a previous orphanage.[6]
- London Fever Hospital founded.
- Charles Bell publishes The Anatomy of the Brain, Explained in a Series of Engravings.[7]
[edit] Physics
- Johann Wilhelm Ritter builds the first electrochemical cell.[8][9]
[edit] Technology
- November 5 - Marc Isambard Brunel begins installation of his blockmaking machinery at Portsmouth Block Mills in England.[10]
- George Bodley of Exeter in England patents the first enclosed kitchen stove.[11][12]
- Joseph Bramah of London patents the hydraulic press.[13]
[edit] Publications
- January 2 - Rev. Abraham Rees begins publication in London of The New Cyclopædia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.[14]
[edit] Awards
[edit] Births
- February 6 - Charles Wheatstone, inventor (died 1875)
- August 5 - Niels Henrik Abel, mathematician (died 1829)
- October 10 - Hugh Miller, geologist (died 1856)
- December 15 - Janos Bolyai, mathematician (died 1860)
[edit] Deaths
- April 18 - Erasmus Darwin, author of Zoonomia (born 1731)
- November 16 - André Michaux, French botanist (born 1746)
[edit] References
- ^ Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1905). From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 160.
- ^ Gay-Lussac, J. L. (X). "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs". Annales de chimie XLIII: 137. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaygas.html. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 354. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ "Who was James Smithson? – A Man of Science". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070612070808/http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/Smithson-to-Smithsonian/who_04.html. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
- ^ Smithson, James (1803). "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Pt. I. http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/Smithson-to-Smithsonian/calamine.html. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe". In Nichols, Burford L. et al. (eds). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
- ^ Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1999. Retrieved 2011-04-06. subscription or UK public library membership required
- ^ Berg, Hermann (2008). "Johann Wilhelm Ritter: the Founder of Scientific Electrochemistry". Review of Polarography 54 (2): 99–103. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/revpolarography/54/2/54_99/_article. Retrieved 09 July 2010.
- ^ Wetzels, Walter D. (1978). "J. W. Ritter: the Beginnings of Electrochemistry in Germany". In Dubpernell, G.; Westbrook, J. H. (ed.). Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry. Princeton: Electrochemical Society. pp. 68–73.
- ^ Bagust, Harold (2006). The Greater Genius? - a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7110-3175-3.
- ^ Cornforth, David; Speight, Anne (2009-05-03). "Bodley & Co.". Exeter Memories. http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/bodley.php. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
- ^ "The History of Ranges". Tarvin: Antique Fireplaces & Ranges. http://www.antiquefireplacesandranges.com/historyofranges.html. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. p. 266. ISBN 0471244104.
- ^ Underwood, John (Spring/Summer 2010). "The subversive encyclopedia". Science Museum Library & Archives Newsletter (Science Museum at Wroughton). http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/about_us/about_the_museum/science_library/~/media/EF4C87E781D6416E8CC65F252635C086.ashx. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
