1820s

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century – 19th century – 20th century
Decades:	1790s 1800s 1810s – 1820s – 1830s 1840s 1850s
Years:	1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829
Categories:	Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments

The 1820s decade ran from January 1, 1820, to December 31, 1829.

Politics and wars

Global

• 1820: Anchor coinage is issued for use in some British colonies.

East Asia

Indonesia

Main article: Dutch East Indies

• Java War (1825–1830)
• September 25, 1825 – General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.
• 1824 – The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War in West Sumatra.
• 1825 – Minh Mang outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam.

Malaysia

Main article: British Malaya

• 1826 – The British crown colony of the Straits Settlements is established in what is now Malaysia and Singapore.

Vietnam

Main article: Nguyen dynasty

• February 14, 1820 – Minh Mang starts to rule in Vietnam.

Laos

Main article: History of Laos to 1945

• 1827 - A Lao rebellion led by Anouvong was defeated in 1827, following which Siam destroyed Vientiane, carried out massive forced population transfers from Laos to the more securely held area of Isan, and divided the Lao mueang British Malayainto smaller units to prevent another uprising.
• 1828 Siamese-Lao War: Siam invades and sacks Vientiane.
• 1827 – Laos: King Anouvong of Vientiane declares war on Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane and nearly destroy the whole city).
• November 12, 1828 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam. During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.

Burma

Main article: Konbaung Dynasty

• 1824-1826: The First Anglo-Burmese War ended in a British victory, and by the Treaty of Yandabo, Burma lost territory previously conquered in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan. The British also took possession of Tenasserim with the intention to use it as a bargaining chip in future negotiations with either Burma or Siam.

Siam (Thailand)

Main article: Rattanakosin Kingdom

• 1824-1826 - Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam): Rama II died in 1824 and was peacefully succeeded by his son Jessadabodindra (Rama III). In 1825 the British sent another mission to Bangkok led by East India Company emissary Henry Burney. They had by now annexed southern Burma and were thus Siam's neighbours to the west, and they were also extending their control over Malaya. The King was reluctant to give in to British demands, but his advisors warned him that Siam would meet the same fate as Burma unless the British were accommodated. In 1826, therefore, Siam concluded its first commercial treaty with a western power, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Siam–UK) (also called the Burney Treaty). Under the treaty, Siam agreed to establish a uniform taxation system, to reduce taxes on foreign trade and to abolish some of the royal monopolies. As a result, Siam's trade increased rapidly, many more foreigners settled in Bangkok, and western cultural influences began to spread. The kingdom became wealthier and its army better armed.

Australia

• 1824 – The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is finally adopted as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.
• September 13, 1824 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney.
• December 25, 1826 – Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany.
• June 3, 1829 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western 'third' of the Australian landmass for the British.
• August 12, 1829 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the day of the founding of the town of Perth, Western Australia.

Central Asia

• Caucasian War (1817–1864)
• 1826 – Britain annexes Assam.

South Asia

• December 4, 1829 – India: In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation declaring that all who abet suttee in India are guilty of culpable homicide.

Western Asia

• October 1, 1827 – Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Eastern Armenia.
• February 22, 1828 –Treaty of Turkmenchay: Russian-Persian peace treaty: Russia captures Eastern Armenia from Persia.

Europe

Russo-Turkish War

Eastern Europe

• June 19, 1821 – The Philikí Etaireía are decisively defeated by the Ottomans at Drăgăşani (in Wallachia).
• December 1825 – The Decembrist Revolt breaks out in Russia, but is thoroughly suppressed.
• December 1, 1825 – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.
• June 14–June 15, 1826 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.
• September 29, 1828 – Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Varna is taken by the Russian army.
• July 2, 1829 – Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Transbalkan offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km of Istanbul.
• September 16, 1829 – Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: The Treaty of Adrianople gains for Russia some territory at the mouth of the Danube and along the eastern coast of the Black Sea.

Northern Europe

• February 3, 1825 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula that formed westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1 km wide isthmus.
• September 4, 1827 – Finland: The Great Fire of Turku destroys 3/4 of the city, with many human casualties.

Central Europe

• October 25, 1820 –November 20 – The Congress of Troppau (Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.
• October–December, 1822 – Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.
• July 6, 1825 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the Royal House of Greece, Denmark and Norway.

Southern Europe

• January 1, 1820 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7) (see Mid-nineteenth century Spain).
• March 9, 1820 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Liberal Triennium ("Trienio Liberal").
• July 1820 – A Constitutionalist revolution occurs in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• August 24, 1820 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.
• September 15, 1820 – A revolution breaks out in Lisbon (see Portugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century).
• September 22, 1822 – Portugal approves its first Constitution.^{[citation needed]}
• January 4, 1825 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies.
• May 28, 1826 – Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.
• June 23, 1828 – Portugal: King Miguel I overthrows his niece Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.

Greek War of Independence

October 20: Naval Battle of Navarino by Ambroise Louis Garneray

Main articles: Greek War of Independence and First Hellenic Republic

At the start of the decade, most of Greece was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts. In early 1821, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising by Bishop Germanos of Patras on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution. The uprising successfully established a foothold in the Peloponnese, seizing Tripolitsa in September 1821, and had some success in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece.

Between 1821 and 1824, first and second national assemblies were held, and the constitutions of 1822 and of 1823 were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in the civil wars of 1824–1825. The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated.

That changed when the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break the siege of Missolonghi. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the First Hellenic Republic. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832.

Western Europe

United Kingdom

In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his Prime Ministers Lord Liverpool (1812–1827), George Canning (1827), Lord Goderich (1827–1828), and Duke of Wellington (1828–1830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, but Britain did intervene in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government. The British also intervened in 1827 on the side of the Greeks in their war for independence. During this time, London became the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.

Domestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with the Peterloo Massacre (1819), the Cato Street Conspiracy (1820), and the Radical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many of the repressive laws were repealed in Britain. In 1822, Britain repealed the death penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as drawing and quartering and flagellation fell out of use. Seditious Meetings Prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and the Combination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure of Catholic Emancipation in Britain and Ireland.

France

• May 5, 1821 – Emperor Napoléon I dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer.
• September 16, 1824 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France.
• January 4, 1828 – France: The Vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France.
• August 8, 1829 – France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.

Africa

• February 6, 1820: 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone.
• Americo-Liberians begin to settle in the Colony of Liberia with the support of the American Colonization Society
• June 14, 1821 – King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.
• 1822 – The first group of freed slaves from the USA arrive in modern-day Liberia and found Monrovia (see History of Liberia).
• January 22, 1824 – The Ashanti crush British forces in the Gold Coast, killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy (see also Wars between Britain and Ashanti in Ghana and Ashanti Confederacy).
• August 18, 1826 – Explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach Timbuktu.
• April 1827 – Ottoman Algeria: Husain Dei slaps the French consul Decalina on the face, eventually leading to war and French rule in Algeria.

North America

Canada

• July 8, 1822 – The Chippewas turn over huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.
• November 30, 1824 – The first sod is turned in Ontario, for the first of four Welland Canals (the canal opens for a trial run exactly 5 years later to the day).

United States

Statehood

• March 15, 1820 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.
• August 10, 1821 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state (see History of Missouri).

Presidents

• December 3, 1820 – U.S. presidential election, 1820: James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed. He is sworn in on March 4, 1821 for his second term.
• December 3, 1824 – U.S. presidential election, 1824: None of the four candidates for U.S. President gain a majority of the electoral votes. As a result, the election is decided in the United States House of Representatives, who elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States on February 9, 1825. He is sworn in on March 4, 1825.
• July 4, 1826 – Former US Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th Anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.
• May 21, 1827 – The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.
• December 3, 1828 – U.S. presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States. He succeeds John Quincy Adams as the 7th President of the United States of America on March 4, 1829.

Other

• Temperance movement emerges in U.S.
• July 10, 1821 – The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.
• December 2, 1823 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.
• March 7, 1824 – Florida State Capitol moves from St. Augustine, Florida to Tallahassee, Florida
• March 11, 1824 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Ely S. Parker of the Seneca tribe becomes its first director.
• August 16, 1824 – Lafayette visits the United States, departing in September 7, 1825
• December 23, 1824 – Chief Pushmataha of the Choctaw Nation dies in Washington
• February 12, 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west.
• December 25, 1826 – The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours, but is squelched by Christmas chapel service.

Mexico

• September 27, 1821 – Mexico gains its independence from Spain (see Mexican War of Independence).
• November 16, 1821 – Santa Fe de Nuevo México: The Santa Fe Trail is used by the first White American.
• August 22, 1822 – Alta California: The English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena, now named San Francisco, under the command of William A. Richardson.
• March 19, 1823 – Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, abdicate thus ending the short lived First Mexican Empire.
• April 1, 1829 – Vicente Guerrero becomes the president of Mexico.

Caribbean

• December 1, 1821 – The Dominican Republic declares independence from Spain only to be invaded by Haiti in 1822 (see History of the Dominican Republic).
• February 9, 1822 – The invading Haitian forces led by Jean Pierre Boyer arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Republic.
• April 17, 1825 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.

Central America

• February 20, 1820 – A revolt begins in Santa María Chiquimula, Totonicapán department of Guatemala.
• The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823.
• September 15, 1821 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain (see History of Central America).
• November 28, 1821 – Panama declares independence from Spain (see History of Panama).
• July 1– The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America and a Republican system of government is established.
• June 22, 1826 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify the American republics.

South America

La Batalla de Carabobo by Martín Tovar y Tovar, depicting the Battle of Carabobo, in which Simón Bolívar secured Venezuela's independence from Spain in 1821

Gran Colombia

• October 9, 1820 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain (see also History of Ecuador).
• June 24, 1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain (see Venezuela's independence).
• September 7, 1821 – The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
• May 24, 1822 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.
• July 26, 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.
• July 27, 1822 – Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil. Bolívar later annexes Guayaquil (See Guayaquil Conference).
• June 3, 1828 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.
• August 27, 1828 – Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.

Bolivia

• August 6, 1825 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic with the instigation of Simón Bolívar.

Peru

• July 28, 1821 – Peru declares independence from Spain (see Peru's Independence from Spain).
• September 10, 1823 – Simón Bolívar is named President of Peru.
• February 10, 1824 – Simón Bolívar is proclaimed dictator of Peru.
• December 9, 1824 – Battle of Ayacucho: Peruvian forces defeat the Spanish.
• February 10, 1825 – Simón Bolívar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of Liberator.

Brazil

• 1822: Brazil gains independence
• September 7, 1822 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal (see Brazilian independence).
• October 12, 1822 – Peter I of Brazil is declared the constitutional emperor of the Brazilian Empire.
• December 1, 1822 – Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil (see The reign of Pedro I, 1822–31).
• April 26, 1828 – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Argentina-Brazil War

• March 7, 1827 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens.
• April 7–April 8, 1827 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels in a major naval engagement.
• February 20, 1827 – Battle of Ituzaingo (Passo do Rosário): A force of the Brazilian Imperial Army meets Argentine–Uruguayan troops in combat.
• August 27, 1828 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay.

Uruguay

• July 18, 1825 – Uruguay declares independence from Brazil (see Uruguay's independence).
• August 27, 1828 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay.

Argentina

• 1820: The Argentine Confederation (Argentina) establishes a penal colony in the Malvinas.
• February 8, 1826 – Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of Argentina.

Chile

• February 6, 1820 – Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.
• September 4, 1821 – Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal in the city of Mendoza.

Pacific Islands

• August 21, 1821 – Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the Eliza Frances.
• July 14, 1827 – Kingdom of Hawaii: The Diocese of Honolulu is founded.

Economics and commerce

• 1821: High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.
• 1822 – Ashley's Hundred leave from St. Louis, setting off a major increase in fur trade.
• 1822 – Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden.
• 1824 – The Fort Vancouver trading post is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company.
• August 18, 1825 – Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash in London.

Slavery, serfdom and labor

• March 3, 1820 and March 6, 1820 – Slavery in the United States: The Missouri Compromise becomes law.
• 1820: Robert Owen devises the labour voucher.
• 1820: 18,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola.
• 1828 – 32,000 Angolans are sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• June 5, 1829 – Slave trade: HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.

Science and Technology

1822: Babbage's Difference engine.

• January 28, 1820 – A Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev approaches the Antarctic coast (see History of Antarctica).
• January 30, 1820 – Edward Bransfield lands on the Antarctic mainland (see History of Antarctica).
• April 1820 – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
• May 11, 1820 – The HMS Beagle (the ship that later takes young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage) is launched.
• 1820: The 6th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica appears.
• June 14, 1822 – Charles Babbage proposes a Difference engine.
• 1822 – Hieroglyphs are deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion, using the Rosetta Stone.
• 1822 – Galileo Galilei's Dialogue is taken off the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Roman Catholic Church's list of banned books.
• 1822 – The Graham Cracker is developed in Bound Brook, New Jersey by the Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham.

The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826

• 1823 – Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.
• January 8, 1824 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society with only one vote against him.
• October 21, 1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland Cement.
• 1824 – The Panoramagram is developed, creating the first volumetric display.
• Invention of the photograph and the first still existing photograph taken in 1826.
• 1825 – Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to make aluminium.
• June 1826 – Photography: Nicéphore Niépce makes a true photograph.
• 1826 – Aniline is first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo by Otto Unverdorben.
• May 25, 1827 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge.
• 1827 – Englishman John Walker invents the first friction match which he names Lucifer.
• 1828 – Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes Urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism.
• 1828 – Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.
• 1828 – Casparus van Houten Sr. (father of Coenraad Johannes van Houten) patents an inexpensive method for pressing cocoa butter from roasted cocoa beans, leaving cocoa solids. This is an important step in modern solid chocolate production.
• May 6, 1829 – The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by Cyrill Demian (Officially approved on May 23.)
• July 23, 1829 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter.

Transportation

• 1825 – The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.
• September 27, 1825 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.
• October 26, 1825 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.
• 1825: The Ohio and Erie Canal is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to the Ohio River.
• January 30, 1826 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.
• April 1, 1826 – Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
• October 1, 1826 – Opening of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway in Scotland.
• September 21, 1826 – Construction of the Rideau Canal begins in Canada.
• October 7, 1826 – The first train operates over the Granite Railway in Massachusetts.
• 1826 – The first railway tunnel is built en route between Liverpool and Manchester in England.
• February 28, 1827 – The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad in America offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.
• April 26–May 24, 1827 - The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao makes the first Transatlantic Crossing by steam, from Hellevoetsluis to Paramaribo.
• July 4, 1829 – George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London.
• October 8, 1829 – Rail transport: Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials.
• November 30, 1829 – The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie.

Popular culture

Music

• February 3, 1823 – Gioachino Rossini's Semiramide is first performed.
• April 13, 1823 – Eleven-year-old Franz Liszt gives a concert after which he is personally congratulated by Ludwig van Beethoven.
• May 7, 1824 – One of Beethoven's great masterpieces, his Symphony No. 9, premieres in Vienna.
• Early July, 1826 – Ludwig van Beethoven puts the finishing touches on the String Quartet in C sharp Minor, Opus 131, the jewel in the crown of his late string quartets.
• 1826 – Ludwig Van Beethoven composes the Grosse Fuge.
• March 11, 1829 – Felix Mendelssohn performs Bach's St Matthew Passion.
• April–September – Felix Mendelssohn pays his first visit to Britain. This includes the first London performance of his concert overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream and his trip to Fingal's Cave.

Art

• 1820: Venus de Milo is found on the island of Melos (Milos).

Poetry

• 1820: John Keats completes Ode on Melancholy, one in a series of his famous Odes.
• 1820: John Clare 13 July 1793 - 20 May 1864 publishes Poems Descriptive of Rural life 1820

Sports

• 1823 – William Webb Ellis "invents" Rugby football.
• August 10, 1826 – The first Cowes Regatta is held on the Isle of Wight in the UK.
• June 10, 1829 – The Oxford University Boat Club wins the very first boat race.
• August 10, 1829 – First ascent of Finsteraarhorn, the highest summit of the Bernese Alps.

Theatre

• January 19, 1829 – August Klingemann's adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres in Braunschweig.

Misc

• May 26, 1828 – Feral child: Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.

Establishments

• July 20, 1820 – Saint Cronan's Boys National School opens in Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland under the title Bray Male School. It is the oldest school in Bray and its notable past pupils include the former President of Ireland, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
• 1820: Indiana University is founded as the Indiana State Seminary and renamed the Indiana College in 1846, to later be renamed Indiana University.
• February 9, 1821 – The George Washington University is chartered as The Columbian College of the District of Columbia by President Monroe.
• June 27, 1821 – The New Hampton School is founded in the United States state of New Hampshire.
• September 18, 1821 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts.
• August 12, 1822 – St David's College (now the University of Wales, Lampeter) is founded by Bishop Thomas Burgess.
• November 13, 1822 – founding of the Congregation of St. Basil
• June 5, 1823 – Raffles Institution, then the Singapore Institution, was founded by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.
• 1823 – Jackson Male Academy, precursor of Union University, is founded in Tennessee.
• 1823 – The Oxford Union is founded.
• January 24, 1824 – The Westminster Review, No1. is published.
• June 16, 1824 – Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established in Great Britain.
• October 10, 1824 – The Edinburgh Town Council makes a decision to found the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first fire brigade in Britain.
• November 5, 1824 – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (the first technological university in the English-speaking world) is founded in Troy, New York.
• December 24, 1824 – The First American Fraternity, Chi Phi (ΧΦ), is founded at Princeton University.
• 1824 – The Cimetière du Montparnasse is established in Paris, France.
• September 1825 – The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.
• 1825 – The City of Brisbane is founded (see History of Brisbane).
• 1825 – The United States Postal Service started a dead letter office.
• February 11, 1826 – University College London is founded, under the name University of London.
• February 13, 1826 – The American Temperance Society is founded.
• March 16, 1827 – Freedom's Journal, the first African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in New York City by John Russwurm.
• 1827 – Egypt: Cairo University School of Medicine is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East.
• 1827 – J. J. Audubon begins publishing Birds of America.
• April 11, 1828 – Bahía Blanca is founded.
• June 1, 1829 – The Philadelphia Inquirer is founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer.
• October 1, 1829 – South African College inaugurated in Cape Town.
• 1829 – King's College London is founded under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister The Duke of Wellington. It will become the third official university in England.
• 1829 – The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg.

Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps

• November 20, 1820 After the sinking of the Essex (whaleship) of Nantucket by a whale the survivors were left floating in three small whaleboats. They eventually resorted, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.
• 1820: Mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle.
• February 6, 1822 – Chinese junk Tek Sing sinks in the South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board.
• May 26, 1822 – 116 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.
• 1822 – An earthquake in Chile raises the coastal area.
• July 15, 1823 – The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.
• November 7, 1824 – In the worst flood to date in Saint Petersburg, water rises 421 cm above normal and 200 lose their lives.
• October 7, 1825 – The Miramichi Fire breaks out in New Brunswick.
• August, 1826 – The town of Crawford Notch suffers a landslide. Those killed include the Willey family, after whom Mount Willey is named.
• 1828 – A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan.

Religion

• 1820: Joseph Smith, Jr. receives his First Vision in the spring in Palmyra, New York.
• September 22, 1823 – Joseph Smith, Jr. says that he was directed by God through the angel Moroni to the place where the Golden plates are stored.
• February 11, 1826 – Swaminarayan wrote the Shikshapatri, an important test within the Swaminarayan faith.
• July 26, 1826 – The last auto-da-fé is held in Valencia, Spain.
• March 31, 1829 – Pope Pius VIII succeeds Pope Leo XII as the 253rd pope.
• June 19, 1829 – Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act establishes the Metropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nicknames "bobbies" or "peelers", go on patrol on September 29.

People

World leaders

• King John VI (Portugal)
• Emir Dost Mohammad Khan (Afghanistan)
• Supreme director José Rondeau (Argentina)
• Acting supreme Manuel Dorrego (Argentina)
• General Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
• Emperor Francis II (Austria)
• Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
• Sheikh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
• Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
• Administrative leader Tendzin Drugdra (Bhutan)
• Administrative leader Choki Gyaltshen (Bhutan)
• President Simón Bolívar (Bolivia)
• President Antonio José de Sucre (Bolivia)
• President José María Pérez (Bolivia)
• President José Miguel de Velasco (Bolivia)
• President Pedro Blanco (Bolivia)
• President Andrés de Santa Cruz (Bolivia)
• Emperor Pedro I (Brazil)
• Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Brunei)
• Sultan Muhammad Alam (Brunei)
• Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (Brunei)
• King Ang Chan II (Cambodia)
• President Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile)
• President Agustín Eyzaguirre (Chile)
• Interim Supreme Director Ramón Freire (Chile)
• Acting Supreme Director Diego José Benavente (Chile)

• President Manuel Blanco Encalada (Chile)
• President Francisco Antonio Pinto (Chile)
• President Francisco Ramón Vicuña (Chile)
• President José Tomás Ovalle (Chile)
• Emperor Daoguang (China)
• President Simón Bolívar (Greater Colombia)
• King Frederick VI (Denmark)
• Governor Muḩammad ‘Alī (Egypt)
• Emperor Iyoas II (Ethiopia)
• Emperor Gigar (Ethiopia)
• Emperor Baeda Maryam III (Ethiopia)
• President José Cecilio del Valle (Federal Republic of Central America)
• President Manuel José Arce (Federal Republic of Central America)
• President José Francisco Barrundia (Federal Republic of Central America)
• King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
• King Charles X (Restoration France)
• Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias (Greece)
• King Henri Christophe (Haiti)
• President Jean Pierre Boyer (Haiti)
• Pope Pius VII
• Pope Leo XII
• Shogun Tokugawa Ienari (Japan)
• Khan Omar Beg (Kokand)
• Khan Mohammed Ali (Kokand)
• Emperor Sunjo (Korea)
• Emir Jaber I Al-Sabah (Kuwait)

• Emperor Agustín de Iturbide (Mexico)
• President Guadalupe Victoria (Mexico)
• President Vicente Guerrero (Mexico)
• President José María Bocanegra (Mexico)
• President Pedro Vélez (Mexico)
• Sultan Slimane (Morocco)
• Sultan Abderrahmane (Morocco)
• Padshah Akbar II (Mughal Empire)
• Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
• King Frederick William III (Prussia)
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sikh Empire, Punjab)
• Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
• Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
• King Victor Emmanuel I (Sardinia)
• King Charles Felix (Sardinia)
• King Rama II (Siam)
• King Rama III (Siam)
• King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
• King Charles XIV John (Sweden)
• Pasha Yusuf Karamanli (Tripoli)
• King George IV (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• King William I (United Kingdom of the Netherlands)
• President James Monroe (United States)
• President John Quincy Adams (United States)
• President Andrew Jackson (United States)
• Emperor Minh Mạng (Vietnam)