1854
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 18th century – 19th century – 20th century |
| Decades: | 1820s 1830s 1840s – 1850s – 1860s 1870s 1880s |
| Years: | 1851 1852 1853 – 1854 – 1855 1856 1857 |
| 1854 in topic: |
| Subjects: Archaeology – Architecture – |
| Art – Literature (Poetry) – Music – Science |
| Sports – Rail Transport |
| Countries: Australia – Canada – France – Germany – Ireland – Mexico – Netherlands – New Zealand – Norway – South Africa – Spain – UK – USA |
| Leaders: State leaders – Colonial governors |
| Category: Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Births – Deaths – Works |
Year 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Contents |
[edit] Events of 1854
[edit] January–June
- January 3 – Charles Dickens commences writing the novel Hard Times.
- January 21 – The RMS Tayleur is lost; 380 drown (a disaster later dubbed "the first Titanic").
- February 11 – Major streets are lit by coal gas for the first time.
- February 13 – Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.
- February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.
- February 17 – The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State; its official independence is declared 6 days later.
- February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Ottoman provinces it had conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.
- February 28 – The Republican Party (United States) is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin.
- March 1 – German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg.
- March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, opens.
- March 11- A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.
- March 20 – The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
- March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.
- March 28 – France declares war on Russia.
- March 31 – Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy signs the Treaty/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa Shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade (see History of Japan).
- April 1 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.
- April 16 The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore with more than 200 + victims.
- May 18 – The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded.
- May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the USS Susquehanna.
- May 30 – The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law, rescinding the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and creating the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory. A provision that settlers will vote on slavery in the new territories leads to Bleeding Kansas violence, beginning the next year.
- June – The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago, Illinois to Rock Island, Illinois by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to St. Paul, Minnesota by steamboat.
- June 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland.
- June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Åland: Royal Navy mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first retroactive Victoria Cross in 1857.
[edit] July–December
- July 6 – In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.
- August 9 – King Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony.
- August 16 – Russian troops in the island of Bomarsund in Åland surrender to French–British troops.
- September 20 – Crimean War – Alma: The French–British alliance wins the first battle of the war.
- October 1 – The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury, Massachusetts by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham to become the Waltham Watch Company, pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.
- October 6 – The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead is ignited by a spectacular explosion.
- October 17 – The Age newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- October 21 – Florence Nightingale leaves for the Crimea with 38 other nurses.
- October 25 – Crimean War – Battle of Balaclava: The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.
- November 5 – Crimean War – Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.
- November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
- December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miner's Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
- December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the Papal Bull Ineffabilis Deus defines ex Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin.
[edit] Undated
- Ignacy Lukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno.
- Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation.
- Abraham Pineo Gesner invents a process for extracting kerosene from coal.
- Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as pasha of Egypt.
- A Russian fort is established at the present site of Almaty.
- Aurora, Ontario is first settled.
- The Ambrotype is introduced for photography.
- An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.
- The Iceland trade is opened to foreigners.
- The French fashion label Louis Vuitton was founded.
- Timex was founded in Waterbury.
[edit] Ongoing events
- Crimean War (1854–1856)
- Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864)
[edit] Births
| Gregorian calendar | 1854 MDCCCLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2607 |
| Armenian calendar | 1303 ԹՎ ՌՅԳ |
| Bahá'í calendar | 10 – 11 |
| Berber calendar | 2804 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2398 |
| Burmese calendar | 1216 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7362 – 7363 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸丑年十二月初三日 (4490/4550-12-3) — to —
甲寅年十一月十二日(4491/4551-11-12) |
| Coptic calendar | 1570 – 1571 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1846 – 1847 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5614 – 5615 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1909 – 1910 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1776 – 1777 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4955 – 4956 |
| Holocene calendar | 11854 |
| Iranian calendar | 1232 – 1233 |
| Islamic calendar | 1270 – 1271 |
| Japanese calendar | Kaei 7Ansei 1 (安政元年) |
| Korean calendar | 4187 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2397 |
[edit] January–June
- January 18 – Thomas A. Watson, American telephone pioneer (d. 1934)
- February 7 – Francis Wilson, stage actor & comedian (d. 1935)
- February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902)
- March 4 – Sir Napier Shaw, British meteorologist (d. 1945)
- March 8 – Ignacy Lukasiewicz, Polish pharmacist and inventor of the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil, creator of the first oil lamp (d. 1882)
- March 10 – Sir Thomas MacKenzie, New Zealand Prime Minister and High Commissioner (d. 1930)
- March 14
- Paul Ehrlich, German scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1915)
- Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States (d. 1925)
- March 15 – Emil Adolf von Behring, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
- April 20 – Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence, English classical scholar, South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge (d. 1930)
- April 22 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1943)
- April 28 – Hertha Marks Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor.
- April 29 – Henri Poincaré, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)
- May 11 – Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist (d. 1926)
- May 24 – John Riley Banister, American law officer, cowboy, and Texas Ranger (d. 1918)
- June 8 – Douglas Colin Cameron, Canadian politician (d. 1921)
- June 14- Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw and gunfighter (d. 1886)
- June 26 – Robert Laird Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)
[edit] July–December
- July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d. 1928)
- July 7 – Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, Russian poet, scientist and revolutionary (d.1946)
- July 12 – George Eastman, American inventor (Kodak) (d. 1932)
- July 27 – Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
- August 2 – Milan I, King of Serbia (d. 1901)
- August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925)
- September 1 – Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921)
- September 6 – Georges Picquart, French general and Minister of War (d. 1914)
- October 16
- Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- Karl Kautsky, Marxist theoretician (d. 1938)
- October 26 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (d. 1914)
- October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891)
- November 5 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- November 6 – John Philip Sousa, American composer and conductor (Stars and Stripes Forever) (d. 1932)
- November 17 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)
- November 21 – Pope Benedict XV (d. 1922)
- December 22 – Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist (d. 1922)
- December 23 – Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916)
- December 24 – Thomas Stevens, English cyclist (d. 1935)
[edit] Deaths
[edit] January–June
- January 8 – William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (b. 1768)
- February 17 – John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
- March 6 – Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (b. 1778)
- March 11 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)
- March 13 – Thomas Noon Talfourd, English jurist (b. 1795)
- March 27
- William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, politician (b. 1768)
- Charles III, Duke of Parma (b. 1823)
- April – Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1775)
- April 11 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)
- April 15 – Arthur Aikin, English chemist and mineralogist (b. 1773)
- April 29 – Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, British general (b. 1768)
- July 6 – Georg Ohm, German physicist
- July 16 – Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (b. 1813)
[edit] July–December
- July 31 – Samuel Wilson, American thought to be the real-life basis for Uncle Sam (b. 1813)
- August – Conquering Bear, Lakota chief
- August 9 – Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797)
- August 21 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
- September 8 – Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal and philologist (b. 1782)
- September 12 – Jarvis W. Pike, former Mayor of Columbus, Ohio
- October 26 – Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)
- November 25 – John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)
- December 9 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
- December 15 – Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. 1814?)
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