1856 in music

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January - Evan James and his son James James write the words and music of Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, which later becomes the Welsh national anthem.
March 23 - Richard Wagner completes the score of Die Walküre
May 15 - Following his discovery of the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and his growing interest in Buddhist philosophy, Wagner drafts a brief summary of a proposed Buddhist opera, called Die Sieger (The Victors). At about the same time he changes the ending of the Ring cycle, and changes the titles of Der junge Siegfried and Siegfried’s Tod to Siegfried and Götterdämmerung respectively.
Foundation of the Teatro de la zarzuela by Francisco Asenjo Barbieri.
In St Petersburg, Russia, Mily Balakirev (the leader) meets César Cui, as the first 2 Russian composers of The Mighty Five.
The words of the "Himno Nacional de El Salvador" are written by General Juan José Cañas; it becomes the National Anthem of El Salvador in 1953.

Hiawatha. Broadway production opened at Wallack's Lyceum Theatre on December 25 and ran for 24 performances.
Novelty (Music: Thomas Baker). Broadway production opened at Laura Keene's Variety House on February 22.

January 6 - Giuseppe Martucci, composer (d. 1909)
January 9 - Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac, composer (d. 1914)
January 11 - Christian Sinding, composer (d. 1941)
March 20 - Josef Wagner, military bandmaster and composer (d.1908)
May 3 - Max Alvary, Wagnerian tenor (d. 1898)
May 26 - George Templeton Strong, composer and artist (d. 1948)
December 2 - Robert Kajanus, conductor and composer (d. 1933)
December 20 - Ferdinand Avenarius, poet and lyricist, relative of Richard Wagner
September 3 - Selma Ek, soprano (d. 1941)