1864 in science
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The year 1864 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.
Contents |
[edit] Astronomy
- August 29 - William Huggins is the first to take the spectrum of a planetary nebula when he analyzes NGC 6543.[1]
[edit] Botany
- English botanist Richard Spruce completes a 15-year expedition to the Andes and Amazon Basin during which he has collected more than 30,000 plant specimens.[2][3][4]
[edit] Conservation
- June 30 - The Yosemite Grant is created in the United States.[5]
[edit] Chemistry
- August 20 - John Alexander Reina Newlands produces the first periodic table of the elements.[6]
[edit] Mathematics
- Alfred Enneper publishes his parametrization of the Enneper surface in connection with minimal surface theory.[7]
[edit] Physics
- December 8 - James Clerk Maxwell presents his paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field to the Royal Society in London, treating light as an electromagnetic wave and presenting Maxwell's equations.[8]
[edit] Technology
- February 17 - In the American Civil War, the tiny Confederate hand-propelled submarine H. L. Hunley torpedoes the USS Housatonic in Charleston Harbor, becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship (although the submarine and her crew of eight are also lost).[9]
- December 8 - The Clifton Suspension Bridge across the Bristol Avon in England, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and completed as a memorial to him, opens to traffic.[10]
- Oriel Chambers, Liverpool, England, the world's first metal-framed glass curtain walled building, designed by Peter Ellis (architect), is built.[11]
- Henry Roscoe and Robert Bunsen carry out what is reputed to be the first flashlight photography, using magnesium as a light source.[12]
[edit] Awards
- Copley Medal: Charles Darwin
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Roderick Murchison
[edit] Births
- January (prob. date) - George Washington Carver (d. 1943), agricultural botanist.
- January 13 - Wilhelm Wien (d. 1928), physicist.
- April 21 - Max Weber (d. 1920), sociologist.
- June 14 - Alois Alzheimer (d. 1915), neuroscientist.
- June 25 - Walther Nernst (d. 1941), chemist.
- June 22 - Hermann Minkowski (d. 1909), mathematician.
[edit] Deaths
- January 14 - Father Nicholas Callan (b. 1799), physicist.
- March 21 - Luke Howard (b. 1772), meteorologist and manufacturing chemist.
- November 23 - Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (b. 1793), astronomer.
- December 8 - George Boole (b. 1815), mathematician.
- December 12 - John Fowler (b. 1826), agricultural engineer.
[edit] References
- ^ Kwok, Sun (2000). "History and overview". The Origin and Evolution of planetary Nebulae. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-7. ISBN 0-521-62313-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=7NfqpZxO_o0C.
- ^ Spruce, Richard (1884). "Hepaticae of the Amazon and the Andes of Peru and Ecuador". Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society (Edinburgh) 15 (1-2).
- ^ Spruce, Richard (1908). Wallace, Alfred Russel. ed. Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and the Andes... during the years 1849-1864. London: Macmillan.
- ^ Pearson, Michael (2004). Richard Spruce: naturalist and explorer. Settle, Yorkshire: Hudson History. ISBN 1903783283.
- ^ Schaffer, Jeffrey P.. Yosemite National Park (4th ed.). p. 48.
- ^ Newlands, John A. R. (1864-08-20). "On Relations Among the Equivalents". Chemical News 10: 94–95. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML#newlands3. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ Enneper, A. (1864). "Analytisch-geometrische Untersuchungen". Zeitschrift für mathematische Physik 9: 96-125.
- ^ Maxwell, J. Clerk (1865). "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155: 459–512. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ Chaffin, Tom (2008). The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 9780809095124.
- ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ^ "History". Oriel Chambers. http://www.orielchambers.co.uk/#/411. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ^ "Henry Roscoe (1833-1915): flashlight photography". Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester). 2007. http://emu.msim.org.uk/htmlmn/collections/online/browsethemes/relatedobjects_lower.php?irn=2386. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
