1868 in science
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The year 1868 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents |
[edit] Biology
- January 30 - Publication of Charles Darwin's The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (by John Murray in London), including his theory of heredity, which he calls pangenesis.
- Jules-Emile Planchon and colleagues propose Phylloxera as the cause of the Great French Wine Blight.[1]
- Roland Trimen reads a paper to the Linnaean Society explaining Batesian mimicry in African butterflies.[2][3]
- T. H. Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it Bathybius haeckelii. He admits his mistake in 1871.[4]
- The Granny Smith apple cultivar originates in Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia, from a chance seedling propagated by Maria Ann Smith (née Sherwood, 1799–1870).[5]
[edit] Chemistry
- August 18 - The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total eclipse in Guntur, India, but assumed to be sodium.[6]
- October 20 - English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element which he later names helium.[7]
- Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography.[8]
[edit] Medicine
- Jean-Martin Charcot describes and names multiple sclerosis.[9][10]
- Adolph Kussmaul performs the first esophagogastroduodenoscopy on a living human.[11][12][13][14]
[edit] Paleontology
- March - French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first anatomically modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France.
[edit] Awards
- Copley Medal: Charles Wheatstone
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Carl Friedrich Naumann
[edit] Births
- April 14 - Annie Russell (d. 1947), astronomer.
- June 6 - Robert Falcon Scott (d. 1912), explorer.
- June 14 - Karl Landsteiner (d. 1943), physiologist.
- October 23 - Frederick W. Lanchester (d. 1946), automotive engineer.
- November 8 - Felix Hausdorff (d. 1942), mathematician.
- December 9 - Fritz Haber (d. 1934), chemist.
[edit] Deaths
- February 11 - Léon Foucault (b. 1819), physicist.
- February 24 - John Herapath (b. 1790), physicist.
- May 22 - Julius Plücker (b. 1801), mathematician and physicist.
- June 25 - Alexander Mitchell (b. 1780), engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse.
- September 26 - August Ferdinand Möbius (b. 1790), mathematician.
[edit] References
- ^ "The Great French Wine Blight". Wine Tidings 96. July/August 1986. http://www.wampumkeeper.com/wineblight.html. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Published in Transactions 26(3) (1870): 497.
- ^ "Roland Trimen, 1840-1916". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 91 (641): xviii-xxvii. 1920. http://www.jstor.org/stable/80995?seq=24.
- ^ Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press.
- ^ Martin, Megan (2005). "Smith, Maria Ann (1799–1870)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/smith-maria-ann-13199. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association 101 (2): 95–100. Bibcode 1991JBAA..101...95K.
- ^ Hampel, Clifford A. (1968). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 256–268. ISBN 0-442-15598-0.
- ^ Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant. ISBN 0-904069-24-9.
- ^ Enerson, Ole Daniel. "Jean-Martin Charcot". Whonamedit?. http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Charcot, J.-M. (1868). "Histologie de la sclerose en plaques". Gazette des hopitaux (Paris) 41: 554–55.
- ^ Killian, Gustvan (1911). "The history of bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy". The Laryngoscope 21 (9): 891–7. doi:10.1288/00005537-191109000-00001.
- ^ Modlin, Irvin M.; Kidd, Mark; Lye, Kevin D. (2004). "From the Lumen to the Laparoscope". Archives of Surgery 139 (10): 1110–26. doi:10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1110. PMID 15492154. http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/139/10/1110. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Elewaut, A.; Cremer, M. (2002). "The History of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — The European Perspective". In Classen, Meinhard et al. (ed). Gastroenterological endoscopy. Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-58890-013-5. http://books.google.com/?id=4X5c7NVo-gkC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=%22The+History+of+Gastrointestinal+Endoscopy%E2%80%94The+European+Perspective%22.&q=%22The%20History%20of%20Gastrointestinal%20Endoscopy%E2%80%94The%20European%20Perspective%22.. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ Vilardell, F. (2006). "Rigid gastroscopes". Digestive endoscopy in the second millenium: from the Lichtleiter to echoendoscopy. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 32–5. ISBN 978-3-13-139671-3. http://books.google.com/?id=bu1l1yS156oC&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=%22Rigid+gastroscopes%22.+Digestive+endoscopy+in+the+second+millenium:+from+the+lichtleiter+to+echoendoscopy.&q. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
