1874 in science
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The year 1874 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents |
[edit] Astronomy
- December 9 - A transit of Venus across the Sun is observed in Muddapur, India, by an astronomical expedition led by Pietro Tacchini.
[edit] Chemistry
- Per Teodor Cleve discovers that didymium is in fact two elements, now known as neodymium and praseodymium.
- Othmar Zeidler synthesises DDT.[1]
- Carl Schorlemmer publishes A Manual of Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds; or, Organic Chemistry.[2]
- Jacobus van 't Hoff and Achille Le Bel independently propose that organic molecular models can be three-dimensional.[3]
[edit] History of science
- John William Draper publishes History of the Conflict between Religion and Science.
[edit] Mathematics
- Georg Cantor's paper, "Über eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen" ("On a Characteristic Property of All Real Algebraic Numbers"), published in Crelle's Journal, considered as the origin of set theory.[4]
- W. Stanley Jevons publishes his comprehensive treatise on logic, The Principles of Science.[5]
- Sofia Kovalevskaya is awarded a doctorate in mathematics at the University of Göttingen, the first woman in Europe to hold that degree. Her submission includes a paper on partial differential equations containing a presentation of the Cauchy-Kovalevski theorem.[6]
[edit] Medicine
- Autumn - London School of Medicine for Women founded.[7]
- A. T. Still introduces osteopathic medicine in the United States.[8]
[edit] Neuroscience
- Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz describes giant pyramidal cells in the motor cortex, later called Betz cells.
[edit] Physics
- James Clerk Maxwell produces a model of Maxwell's thermodynamic surface.[9]
[edit] Psychology
- Franz Brentano publishes Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte ("Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint").
[edit] Technology
- July 4 - Official opening of Eads Bridge (combined road and rail steel arch) over the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri, designed by James B. Eads. It is the longest arch bridge in the world at this time, with an overall length of 6,442 feet (1,964 m); the first use of true steel as a primary structural material in a major bridge project;[10] the first built using cantilever support methods exclusively; and the first major project to make use of pneumatic caissons.
- Invention of barbed wire by Joseph Glidden.
[edit] Awards
[edit] Births
- January 22 - Leonard Eugene Dickson (d. 1954), mathematician.
- February 2 - Ernest Shackleton (d. 1922), explorer.
- April 25 - Guglielmo Marconi (d. 1937), inventor.
- September 26 - Oakes Ames (d. 1950), botanist.
- October 13 - Kiyotsugu Hirayama (d. 1943), astronomer.
- November 27 - Chaim Weizmann (d. 1952), chemist, first President of Israel.
- November 29 - António Egas Moniz, (d. 1955), winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
[edit] Deaths
- January 16 - Max Schultze (b. 1825), physiologist.
- January 24 - Johann Philipp Reis (b. 1834), physicist and inventor.
- February 17 - Adolphe Quetelet (b. 1796), mathematician and astronomer.
- February 19 - Carl Ernst Bock (b. 1809), physician and anatomist.
- March 14 - Johann Heinrich von Mädler (b. 1794), astronomer.
- March 28 - Peter Andreas Hansen (b. 1795), astronomer.
- April 13 - James Bogardus (b. 1800), inventor.
[edit] References
- ^ "Environmental Health Criteria 9: DDT and its derivatives". World Health Organization. 1979. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc009.htm.
- ^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ^ The Foundations of Stereo Chemistry: Memoirs by Pasteur, van 't Hoff, Lebel and Wislicenus. New York: American Book Co.. 1901.
- ^ Johnson, Phillip E. (1972). "The Genesis and Development of Set Theory". The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal 3 (1): 55–62.
- ^ Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2000). The Search for Mathematical Roots, 1870–1940. Princeton University Press. ISBN 069105857.
- ^ Cooke, Roger (1984). The Mathematics of Sonya Kovalevskaya. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 387960309.
- ^ Elston, M. A. (2004). "Edinburgh Seven (act. 1869–1873)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/61136. Retrieved 2011-01-28. subscription or UK public library membership required
- ^ Autobiography of A. T. Still. Rev. ed., Kirksille, MO (1908).
- ^ Maxwell, James Clerk; Harman, P. M. (2002), The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Volume 3; 1874-1879, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521256275, p. 148: "I have just finished a clay model of a fancy surface, showing the solid, liquid, and gaseous states, and the continuity of liquid and gaseous states." (letter to Thomas Andrews, November 1874).
- ^ DeLony, Eric. "Context for World Heritage Bridges". International Council on Monuments and Sites. http://www.icomos.org/studies/bridges.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-06.[dead link]
