1891 in science
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The year 1891 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents |
[edit] Biology
- The New Zealand government sets aside Resolution Island in Fiordland as a nature reserve.[1]
- The New York Botanical Garden is founded in The Bronx largely due to the efforts of Nathaniel Lord Britton.
- Jane Willis Kirkaldy and Catherine Pollard become the first women to sit final examinations in biology at the University of Oxford (and achieve first class honours).[2]
[edit] Chemistry
- Agnes Pockels first publishes the results of her researches into surface tension.[3][4]
[edit] Mathematics
- Fyodorov–Schoenflies theorem concluded by Yevgraf Fyodorov and Arthur Schoenflies from their work on crystallographic groups.[5][6]
[edit] Medicine
- Julius Ludwig August Koch begins publication of Die psychopathischen Minderwertigkeiten in Ravensburg, introducing the concept of psychopathology.[7]
- Arnold Pick first uses the term dementia praecox in this form.[8]
[edit] Paleontology
- October - Eugène Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or 'Java Man', at Trinil on the Solo River.[9]
[edit] Technology
- May 20 - First public demonstration of the Kinetograph moving picture system developed by W. K. L. Dickson under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, a showing of the film known as Dickson Greeting. Edison files patents on the camera and peephole viewer on August 24.[10]
- Michelin patent the removable pneumatic bicycle tire.[11]
- Panhard et Levassor produce the first Système Panhard automobile layout, consisting of four wheels with front-engine, rear-wheel drive and a sliding-gear transmission, designed by Émile Levassor.[12]
[edit] Awards
- Copley Medal: Stanislao Cannizzaro
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: John Wesley Judd
[edit] Births
- September 14 - Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov (d. 1983), Russian mathematician.
- September 24 - W. F. Friedman (d. 1969), Bessarabian-born cryptanalyst.
- November 14 - Frederick Banting (d. 1941), Canadian discoverer of insulin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1923)
[edit] Deaths
- February 10 - Sofia Kovalevskaya (b. 1850), mathematician.
- May 11 - Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (b. 1820), physicist.
- June 9 - Henry Edwards (b. 1827), entomologist and actor.
- June 23 - Wilhelm Eduard Weber (b. 1804), physicist.
- November 18 - Joseph Wolstenholme (b. 1829), mathematician.
[edit] References
- ^ Hill, Susanne; John (1987). Richard Henry of Resolution Island. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-094-X.
- ^ "The female firsts". Oxford Today 22 (1). Michaelmas 2009. https://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/page.aspx?pid=959. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ Pockels, Agnes (1891). "Surface tension". Nature 43: 437–439.
- ^ Giles, C. H.; Forrester, S. D. (9 January 1971). "The origins of the surface film balance: Studies in the early history of surface chemistry, part 3". Chemistry & Industry: 43–53.
- ^ Senechal, Marjorie (1990). "A brief history of geometrical crystallography". In Lima-de-Faria, J.. Historical Atlas of Crystallography. Kluwer. pp. 43–59. ISBN 0-7923-0649-X.
- ^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ^ Ronson, Jon (2011-05-21). "How to spot a psychopath". Guardian Weekend: 31.
- ^ "Ueber primäre chronische Demenz (so. Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter". Prager medicinische Wochenschrift 16: 312–15. 1891.
- ^ Carroll, Sean B. (2009). Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species. London: Quercus. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-84916-072-8.
- ^ Mannoni, Laurent; Campagnoni, Donata Pesenti; Robinson, David (1996). Light and Movement: Incunabula of the Motion Picture, 1420–1896. London: BFI. ISBN 88-86155-05-0.
- ^ Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (2010). The Second Book of General Ignorance. London: Faber. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-571-26965-5.
- ^ Georgano, G. N., ed (1982). Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars. London: Ebury Press. ISBN 0-85223-234-9.
