1895 in science
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The year 1895 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents |
[edit] Biology
- David Bruce discovers the Trypanosoma parasite carried by the tsetse fly which causes the fatal cattle disease nagana.[1][2]
[edit] Chemistry
- March 26 - Scottish chemist William Ramsay isolates helium on Earth by treating the mineral cleveite.[3][4][5][6][7] These samples are identified as helium by Norman Lockyer and William Crookes. It is independently isolated from cleveite in the same year by Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet in Uppsala, Sweden, who determine its atomic weight.[8][9][10]
[edit] Ecology
- Eugen Warming publishes Plantesamfund (translated as Oecology of Plants, 1909) and founds the scientific discipline ecology.
[edit] Medicine
- The term naturopathy is coined by Dr John Scheel.[11]
[edit] Physics
- May 7 - Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates a radio receiver (containing a coherer) refined as a lightning detector to the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, recognized as the first practical application of electromagnetic waves.[12]
- November 8 - Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of electromagnetic radiation which he calls X-rays.[13]
[edit] Psychiatry
- Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer publish Studien über Hysterie (Studies on Hysteria).
[edit] Technology
- May 6 - The Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad is opened in Chicago[14] as the first electrically operated rapid transit system in the United States, including the first completed Scherzer rolling lift bridge.[15]
- December 31 - Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted U.S. Patent 552,271 for an electric bicycle.[16][17]
- Ernest A. Hummel invents the telediagraph.
[edit] Other events
- July 25 - Maria Skłodowska marries Pierre Curie in the town hall at Sceaux.
- Publication of the first of H. G. Wells' "scientific romances", the novella The Time Machine, in London.
[edit] Awards
- Copley Medal: Karl Weierstrass
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: Archibald Geikie
[edit] Births
- May 20 - R. J. Mitchell (died 1937), English aeronautical engineer.
- October 19 - Lewis Mumford (died 1990), American historian & philosopher of science.
- October 22 - Rolf Nevanlinna (died 1980), Finnish mathematician.
- October 23 - Hans Ferdinand Mayer (died 1980), German physicist.
- October 30 - Gerhard Domagk (died 1964), German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
[edit] Deaths
- January 26 - Arthur Cayley (born 1821), English mathematician.
- April 11 - Lothar Meyer (born 1830), German chemist.
- June 29 - Sir Thomas Henry Huxley (born 1825), English biologist.
- August 10 - Felix Hoppe-Seyler (born 1825), German physiologist.
- August 26 - Friedrich Miescher (born 1844), Swiss biologist.
- September 28 - Louis Pasteur (born 1822), French biologist.
[edit] References
- ^ Bruce, D. (1895). Preliminary Report on Tsetse Fly Disease or Nagana in Zululand. Durban: Bennet & Davis.
- ^ Duggan, A. J. (1977). "Bruce and the African Trypanosomes". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26: 1080–3. PMID 20787. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20787.
- ^ Hampel, Clifford A. (1968). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 256–268. ISBN 0-442-15598-0.
- ^ Ramsay, William (1895). "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, one of the lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 58 (1): 65–67. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0006.
- ^ Ramsay, William (1895). "Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of Certain Minerals. Part I". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 58 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0010.
- ^ Ramsay, William (1895). "Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of Certain Minerals. Part II". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 59 (1): 325–330. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0097.
- ^ Munday, Pat (1999). "W.F. Hillebrand (1853–1925), geochemist and U.S. Bureau of Standards administrator". In Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C (ed). American National Biography. 10–11. Oxford University Press. pp. 808–9; 227–8.
- ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford University Press. pp. 175–179. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
- ^ Langlet, N. A. (1895). "Das Atomgewicht des Heliums" (in German). Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 10 (1): 289–292. doi:10.1002/zaac.18950100130.
- ^ Weaver, E. R. (1919). "Bibliography of Helium Literature". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry.
- ^ "Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97)". American Medical Association. 1997. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13638.shtml.[dead link]
- ^ "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&. Retrieved 2006-07-16.[dead link]
- ^ Röntgen, W. (December 1895). "Eine neue Art von Strahlen". Sityzungs-Berichteder physikalisch-medicinisch Gesselschaft zu Würzburg (9).
- ^ "New "L" Road Opens". Chicago Daily Tribune: p. 12. 1895-05-07.
- ^ "Cermak Road Bridge District" (PDF). City of Chicago. 2003. p. 17. http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/dca/general/Cermak_Road_Bridge_Historyreport.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Electrical Bicycle". Google Patents. 1895. http://www.google.com/patents?id=DIVIAAAAEBAJ&dq=552,271. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ^ Morchin, William C.; Oman, Henry (2006). Electric Bicycles. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-471-67419-1.
