190s
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| Centuries: | 1st century – 2nd century – 3rd century |
| Decades: | 160s 170s 180s – 190s – 200s 210s 220s |
| Years: | 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 |
| Categories: | Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments |
190s: events by year
Contents: 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199
190
By place
Roman Empire
- A part of Rome burns, and Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt under the name Colonia Commodiana.
- A Roman road crosses the Alps by the Simplon Pass.
China
- First year of the Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- The Campaign against Dong Zhuo begins.
- Luoyang is burned and plundered by the forces of Dong Zhuo. The court is moved to Xi'an.
Parthia
- Osroes II controlling Media claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.
By topic
Arts and sciences
- Cleomedes teaches that the moon does not glow on its own, but rather reflects sunlight.
Economics
- Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.
- The percentage of silver in the Egyptian denarius is lowered from 90% to 70%.
192
By place
Roman Empire
- December 31 – Emperor Commodus alarms the Senate by appearing dressed as a gladiator for his new consulship (January 1). His mistress, Marcia, finds her name on the imperial execution list and hires the champion wrestler named Narcissus to assassinate Commodus. The Antonines dynasty ends.
- Civil war again strikes Rome (192–193).
Asia
- The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date).
- Lü Bu murders his stepfather Dong Zhuo, Chancellor of the Han Dynasty.
By topic
Arts and sciences
- A fire destroys Galen's library.
Religion
- Syrian Christians establish a Christian community in Kerala, India.
193
By place
Roman Empire
- January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor.
- Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which was wrecked under Commodus, and to reestablish discipline in the Roman army.
- Pertinax suspend the food programs established by Trajan, this provokes the ire of the Praetorians.
- March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off, Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne.
- April 9 – Lucius Septimius Severus is proclaimed Emperor by his troops in Illyricum (Balkans). He marches with his army (16 legions) to Rome.
- The Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim with support of their troops the imperial throne.
- June 1 – Septimius Severus enters the capital and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000 man force from the Danubian legions.
- Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, in Britain Clodius Albinus allies with him and accepted the title of Caesar. The Severan dynasty starts.
- British tribes take advantage of the disorder by the civil war and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries.
- Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius at the Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor).
- Counterfeiting workshops begin to appear throughout the Roman Empire.
Asia
- Last (4th) year of Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
By topic
Commerce
- The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent under Marcus Aurelius.
194
By place
Roman Empire
- Imperator Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus and Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar become Roman Consuls.
- Battle of Issus: Emperor Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia and defeats Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch and is executed by Severus' troops.
- Septimius Severus besieged Byzantium (194-196), the city walls suffers extensive damage.
Asia
- First year of Xingping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
By topic
Arts and sciences
- Galen writes his manual on pathology, The Art of Curing.
Religion
195
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Septimius Severus has the Senate deify Commodus in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius.
- King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus travels to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians.
- The province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annexed the Syrian city's Edessa and Nisibis (modern Turkey). Severus re-establishes his headquarters and colonies there.
- Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla), age 7, changed his name to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius and is given the title Caesar.
- Clodius Albinus, who had been proclaimed emperor in Britain, crosses into Gaul with his legions, while at the same time recruiting new soldiers. He is soon the head of an army of 150,000 men. Severus, still in Mesopotamia, hastily returns to Rome.
- The denarius is devalued by Severus. The coin now contains only 50% precious metal.
Asia
- Last (2nd) year of Xingping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- In China, the Xiongnu Federation crosses the Great Wall and establishes itself in Shanxi province.
196
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Septimius Severus captures and sacks Byzantium, the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity.
- In order to assure the support of the legions in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.
- Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed.
Asia
- First year of Jianan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Emperor Xian of Han returns to Luoyang ravaged by war and seeks for protection of warlord Cao Cao. He is advised to move the capital to Xuchang, the Emperor becomes a pawn in the hands of the Chinese warlords.
197
By place
Roman Empire
- February 19 – Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats the self-proclaimed emperor Decimus Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). Albinus commits suicide, legionaries sack the town.
- Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius.
- Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. Soldiers embarked on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.
- Legio I, II, and III Parthica are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign.
- The Roman army marched east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia, they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves.
- Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province of Mesopotamia under an equestrian governor commanding two legions.
- Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman empire by declaring a military dictatorship.
By topic
Arts and sciences
- Galen's major work on medicines, Pharmacologia, is published.
Religion
198
By place
Roman Empire
- Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.
- Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.
Asia
- Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Lü Bu in the Battle of Xiapi.
By topic
Religion
- Mark I succeeds Olympians as Patriarch of Constantinople.
199
By place
Roman Empire
- Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene.[1]
- Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls.[2][3]
- Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison.[4]
Asia
- Geodeung succeeds Suro as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date).
- Sun Ce and Zhou Yu wed the Qiao sisters.[5]
By topic
Religion
- Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I as the fifteenth pope.[6]
Significant people
- Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor
Births
Deaths
- Sun Jian of the Wu Kingdom of China was killed in an ambush which destroyed his unit.
- Lu Bu is executed by Xiahou Dun
- Commodus, Roman Emperor
References
- ^ Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). The Romans: from village to empire. Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 9780195118759. http://books.google.com/books?id=1lBoAAAAMAAJ&q=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199&dq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199.
- ^ Kohn, George C. (2007). Dictionary of wars (3rd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 451. ISBN 9780816065776. http://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT463&dq=Septimius+Severus+captures+Hatra+199#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Bunson, Matthew (2002). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (2nd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 252. ISBN 9780816045624. http://books.google.com/books?id=T5tic2VunRoC&pg=PA252&dq=Septimius+Severus+captures+Hatra+199#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Erdkamp, Paul (2010). A Companion to the Roman Army. John Wiley and Sons. p. 272. ISBN 9781444339215. http://books.google.com/books?id=1D612o_X2VYC&pg=PA272&dq=Legio+I+Parthica+and+III+Parthica+are+formed#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Guanzhong, Luo (2008). The three kingdoms: teamwork, strategy and wisdom : a compact classic (3rd ed.). Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. p. 64. ISBN 9789812294524. http://books.google.com/books?id=_5JimMEaqB4C&pg=PA64&dq=Sun+Ce+and+Zhou+Yu+wed+the+Qiao+sisters+199#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Bunson, Matthew (2004). OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. pp. 986–987. ISBN 9781592760268. http://books.google.com/books?id=dWpO1--eMrYC&pg=PA986&dq=Pope+Zephyrinus+succeeds+Victor+I+199#v=onepage&q&f=false.
