1938 in aviation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1938:
[edit] Events
[edit] January
- Early January – Nationalist aircraft conduct a heavy bombing campaign against Barcelona, Spain.[5]
- January 6 – Spanish Republican Minister of Defense Indalecio Prieto y Tuero proposes to the Nationalists that both sides in the Spanish Civil War ban air attacks on cities and towns in rear areas. The Nationalists reply that they will continue to bomb Barcelona unless its industries are evacuated.[6]
- January 10 – Northwest Airlines Flight 2, a Lockheed 14H Super Electra, crashes in the Bridger Mountains 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Bozeman, Montana, killing all 10 people on board. Among the dead is aviation pioneer Nick Mamer, who had been piloting the aircraft. It is the first fatal accident involving Northwest Airlines or a Lockheed Super Electra.
- January 11 – The Pan American World Airways Sikorsky S-42 flying boat Samoan Clipper explodes over Pago Pago, American Samoa, killing all seven people on board. Among the dead is the famous aviator Ed Musick, who had been piloting the aircraft.
- January 17 – Spanish Nationalist Fiat CR.32 fighters clash with Republican Polikarpov fighters over the front lines at Teruel, Spain, during the Battle of Teruel.[7]
- January 20 – A Flight Refuelling Ltd Armstrong Whitworth AW.23 refuels an Imperial Airways Short Empire over Southampton Water.
- January 26 – Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft bomb Seville and Valladolid.[6]
- January 28 – A 90-second air raid on Barcelona by nine Majorca-based Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers kills 150 people and injures 500.[8]
[edit] February
- March 1 – A Transcontinental & Western Air Douglas DC-2 flying from San Francisco, California, to Winslow, Arizona, crashes in Yosemite National Park in Madera County, California, during bad weather, killing all nine people on board. Despite an extensive search, the aircraft's wreckage is not found until June 12.
- March 7 – Nationalist forces begin an offensive in Aragon, supported by German aircraft of the Condor Legion. The Condor Legion by this time has two Messerschmitt Bf 109 groups of four squadrons, two Heinkel He 51 groups of two squadrons, four bomber groups of three squadrons equipped with Heinkel He 111s and Junkers Ju 52s, and a reconnaissance group of three squadrons equipped with Heinkels and Dornier Do 17s.[9]
- March 7–17 – The Aragon Offensive sees retreating Republican forces bombarded by German Heinkel He 111s and Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Fiat CR.32s, with German Dornier Do 17 reconnaissance planes assisting in the location of targets.[10]
- March 12 – Junkers Ju 52s carry German troops to Vienna during the German Anschluss against Austria.[11]
- March 16–18 – Italian aircraft based on Majorca carry out a heavy, round-the-clock bombing of Barcelona, conducting seventeen air raids at three-hour intervals. Making no attempt to strike military targets specifically, they hit all parts of the city, killing about 1,300 people and injuring about 2,000.[12]
- March 22 – The Nationalist Aragon Offensive resumes. Bombing and strafing German, Italian, and Spanish Nationalist aircraft play a large role in terrorizing and routing Republican ground forces for the remainder of the offensive.[13]
- Late March – The British Chiefs of Staff Committee warns that in any confrontation with Germany over Czechoslovakia, the Luftwaffe would dominate the sky and that it might devote its entire force to attacking the United Kingdom as the best way of winning the war.[14]
- In an Imperial Japanese Navy raid on a Nationalist Chinese airfield at Nanchang, three Japanese aircraft land on the field and their pilots disembark to shoot up Chinese personnel, barracks, and hangars and set Chinese aircraft on fire on foot before taking off and departing unscathed. The Japanese will use this attack technique on several future occasions.[21]
- July 5 – 400 aircraft support a Spanish Nationalist offensive in Valencia.[22]
- July 14 – Howard Hughes flies a Lockheed 14N around the world in 3 days 19 hours, to and from Floyd Bennett Field New York, more than halving the time that Wiley Post took to make the trip.
- July 15 – A German Arado Ar 79 training and touring aircraft sets an international solo speed record over a 1,000-km (621.4-statute mile) course for an aircraft of its class, averaging 229.04 km/hr (142.32 mph).[23]
- July 17–18 – After filing a flight plan to fly nonstop from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, west to California, Douglas Corrigan instead heads east after takeoff and makes a 28-hour 13-minute solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean to Ireland, claiming to have made a gross navigational error. He goes down in history as "Wrong Way" Corrigan.
- July 25 – The Battle of the Ebro begins in Spain with a Republican offensive. Although Nationalist bombers attack bridges over the Ebro, Nationalist fighters are still deployed in Valencia and Spanish Republican fighter pilots trained in the Soviet Union gain local air superiority flying improved versions of the Polikarpov I-15 and I-16.[24]
- July 28 – After physicians at the Mayo Clinic design a molded latex device with an attached rubber "lung" to provide oxygen for people on flights above 10,000 feet (3,048 m), Northwest Airlines pilot Mal Freeburg flies a Douglas DC-3 carrying the physicians, airline employees, and his wife, with all aboard using the new device. The test is a success, and the flight marks the first use of a modern American aviation oxygen mask.[25]
- July 28 – The Pan American World Airways Martin M-130 flying boat Hawaii Clipper disappears over the western Pacific Ocean during a flight from Guam to Manila in the Philippine Islands. All 15 people on board are lost.
- July 29 – Former Soviet Air Force commander-in-chief Yakov Alksnis is executed, a victim of the Great Purge.[26]
- July 29 – An Arado Ar 79 sets an international solo speed record over a 2,000 km (1,200 mi) course for an aircraft of its class, averaging 227.029 km/hr (141.07 mph).[23]
- July 29-August 11 – During the Lake Khasan Incident along the border between the Soviet Union and Manchukuo, 70 fighters and 180 bombers of the Soviet Air Force conduct heavy strikes against Imperial Japanese Army positions.[27]
[edit] August
- By the beginning of August, Nationalist fighters appear in sufficient numbers to establish Nationalist air superiority over the battlefield in the Battle of the Ebro. Inadequate Republican antiaircraft artillery, poor management of Republican fighters, the death of many Republican pilots, and the withdrawal of many of the best Soviet pilots from Spain all allow Nationalist aircraft to operate largely unchallenged. Up to 200 Nationalist aircraft circle over the battlefield as Nationalist forces begin a counteroffensive, shooting down many Republican fighters and dropping an average of 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg) of bombs per day into September. Small targets prove difficult for Nationalist aircraft to hit, with over 500 bombs needed to destroy a single Republican pontoon bridge in one instance.[28]
- August 10–11 – A Luft Hansa Focke-Wulf Fw 200 (D-ACON Brandenberg) makes a non-stop flight from Berlin to New York, via Hamburg, Glasgow, Newfoundland, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, taking 24 hours 36 minutes for the trip.
- Mid-August – Général d'armée Joseph Vuillemin, the Chief of Staff of the French Air Force witnesses a display of the Luftwaffe's capabilities during a visit to Germany, He returns to Paris and warns that the Luftwaffe could defeat the French Air Force in at most two weeks.[14]
[edit] September
- September 7 – A mass flight of 17 U.S. Navy aircraft makes a 2,570-statute mile (4,138 km) nonstop flight from San Diego, California, to Hawaii in 17 hours 21 minutes.[29]
- September 10 – Germany prohibits all foreign air traffic in its airspace except along specific air corridors.
- September 15 – The United States Army Air Corps officially activates Hickam Field in the Territory of Hawaii.[29]
- September 21 – Major General Oscar Westover, Chief of the U.S. Army Air Corps, is killed at Burbank, California, in the crash of a Northrop A-17AS he is piloting.[30]
- September 24–25 – Three Soviet women - Valentina Grizodubova, Polina Osipenko, and Marina Raskova - fly the Tupolev ANT-37 Rodina ("Motherland") nonstop across the Soviet Union, achieving a women's world nonstop distance record of 5,913 km (3,672 statute miles) in 26 hours 29 minutes.[31][32]
- September 30 – A senior French general tells the British military attaché in Paris that in the event of a war with Germany "French cities would be laid in ruins...They had no means of defense," and adds that France was paying the price for having neglected the French Air Force for years.[14]
[edit] October
- No. 800 Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, becomes the first operational Royal Navy squadron equipped with monoplanes when it takes delivery of Blackburn Skuas.[33]
- October 9 – Nationalist aircraft sink the Republican submarine C-6 at Barcelona, Spain.[19]
- October 22 – Lieutenant Colonel Mario Pezzi of Italy sets a world altitude record of 17,083 meters (56,047 feet) in a Caproni Ca.161bis. This record still stands for piston-engined aircraft.
- October 25 – The Australian National Airways Douglas DC-2 Kyeema (VH-UYC) crashes on Mount Dandenong, also known as Mount Corhanwarrabul, in the Dandenong Ranges in Victoria, Australia, killing all 18 people on board. Among the dead is the Australian politician Charles Hawker.
- October 25 – General Maurice Gamelin, France's Chief of Staff of National Defense, puts before Prime Minister of France Édouard Daladier an assessment stating that Germany has 5,000 aircraft and France only 500, that the British Royal Air Force and French Air Force combined cannot match the German Luftwaffe, and that France cannot hope for even minimal security against German air attack before 1940 unless it embarks on a large, new aircraft procurement program.[34]
- October 28 – Lieutenant Colonel Ramón Franco, commander of Spanish Nationalist air forces in the Balearic Islands, dies when his seaplane crashes off Pollença, Majorca, during an attempt to bomb Republican-held Valencia.
- October 30 – Another Nationalist counteroffensive begins in the Battle of the Ebro, preceded by a three-hour bombardment of Republican positions by artillery and over 100 Nationalist aircraft.[35]
[edit] November
- November 4 – The Jersey Airways de Havilland DH.86 airliner St. Catherine's Bay (tail number G-ACZN) crashes in Saint Brélade parish on Jersey in the Channel Islands just after takeoff from Jersey Airport, killing all 14 people on board and one person on the ground. Among the dead are the daughter, son-in-law, and baby granddaughter of surveyor and aerial archaeology pioneer G. A. Beazeley. It is the deadliest aviation accident involving a fixed-wing aircraft on British territory at the time.
- November 5–7 – A pair of Vickers Wellesleys makes a non-stop from Egypt to Darwin, Australia, setting a new world distance record of 7,158 miles (11,520 km).
- November 16 – HMS Ark Royal enters service with the Royal Navy as the world's first aircraft carrier with deck armor.[36]
- November 18 – The Battle of the Ebro ends with Spanish Nationalists retaking all territory captured by the Republicans. The Spanish Republican Air Force has lost between 150 and 170 aircraft since the battle began on July 25, and the Nationalists also have lost many planes.[37]
- November 26 – France lays the keel of its second aircraft carrier, Joffre, intended as the first non-experimental French carrier. Joffre's construction will be abandoned in June 1940, and she will never be launched.[38]
- November 28–30 – A Luft Hansa Focke Wulf Fw 200 makes the airline's first flight to Japan, flying non-stop from Berlin to Tokyo via Basra, Iraq; Karachi in British India; and Hanoi, French Indochina. The 14,228 km (8,841 mi) flight breaks the world distance record and takes 46 hours 18 minutes.
[edit] December
- National Aviation, the Spanish Nationalist air force, has 500 aircraft, enough to ensure it air superiority in the Spanish Civil War.[39]
- December 5 – At a meeting of the French Permanent Committee on National Defense, Chief of Staff for National Defense General Maurice Gamelin advocates that France immediately order 1,000 military planes from the United States. The committee approves his proposal.[40]
- December 8 – Deutsche Werke launches Germany's first aircraft carrier, Graf Zeppelin, at Kiel. She will never be completed.[41]
- December 29–31 – A German Arado Ar 79 training and touring aircraft sets an international long-distance record for an aircraft of its class, flying 6,303 km (3,917 statute miles) from Benghazi, Libya, to Gaya, India, nonstop at an average speed of 160 km/hr (99 mph).[23]
[edit] First flights
[edit] January
[edit] February
[edit] August
[edit] September
[edit] October
[edit] December
[edit] Entered service
[edit] January
[edit] August
[edit] September
[edit] October
[edit] November
[edit] Retirements
[edit] References
- ^ Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55750-432-6, p. 114.
- ^ A Chronological History of Coast Guard Aviation: The Early Years, 1915-1938.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 864.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 21.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 720.
- ^ a b Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 794.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 792.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, pp. 794-795.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 798.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 800.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 804.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, pp. 804-805.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, pp. 800-802.
- ^ a b c Murray, Williamson, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933-1945, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983, no ISBN number, p. 18.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 802.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55750-432-6, p. 114-115.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55750-432-6, p. 111.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55750-432-6, p. 116.
- ^ a b The Main Events of the Spanish Civil War
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 827.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55750-432-6, p. 115.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 832.
- ^ a b c d e f Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 60.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, pp. 835, 841.
- ^ Johnson, Frederick L., "Modest Mal," Aviation History, March 2012, p. 19.
- ^ Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-87474-510-8, p. 53.
- ^ Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-87474-510-8, p. 51.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 843-844.
- ^ a b Aviation Hawaii: 1930-1939 Chronology of Aviation in Hawaii
- ^ Wikipedia Oscar Westover article.
- ^ Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-87474-510-8, pp. 48-49.
- ^ Wikipedia Marina Raskova article.
- ^ Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991, ISBN 1-55750-076-2, p. 55.
- ^ May, Ernest R., Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000, ISBN 0-8090-8906-8, pp. 182, 500.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 854.
- ^ Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-026-2, p. 215.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 855.
- ^ Chesneau, Roger, ed., Conway's all the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980, ISBN 0-8317-0303-2, p. 261.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Simon & Shuster: New York, 1986, ISBN 978-0-671-75876-9, p. 868.
- ^ May, Ernest R., Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000, ISBN 0-8090-8906-8, pp. 183-184.
- ^ Chesneau, Roger, ed., Conway's all the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980, ISBN 0-8317-0303-2, p. 226.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, pp. 277, 279.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 272.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 44.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, pp. 251, 567.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 145-146.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 138.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 162.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 183.
- ^ aviastar.org Seversky AP-4 1939
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 388.
- ^ Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN 978-0-370-10054-8, p. 200.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 167.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 386.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, pp. 302, 568.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 155.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 79.
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