One World Trade Center

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"Freedom Tower" redirects here. For other uses, see Freedom Tower (disambiguation).
For the building complex destroyed in the September 11th attacks, which includes the original One World Trade Center, see World Trade Center.
One World Trade Center
Freedom Tower New.jpg
Computer rendering of the completed One World Trade Center, with 7 WTC shown nearby to the right.
Alternative names
  • Freedom Tower
  • 1 WTC
General information
Status Under construction
Type Office, observation, communication
Architectural style Modern
Location New York, NY 10007
Coordinates 40°42′46.8″N 74°0′48.6″W / 40.713°N 74.0135°W / 40.713; -74.0135Coordinates: 40°42′46.8″N 74°0′48.6″W / 40.713°N 74.0135°W / 40.713; -74.0135
Construction started April 27, 2006[1]
Estimated completion

Topping out: Spring 2012

Completion: December 2012
Opening Spring 2013
Cost

$3.1 billion (October 2008 estimate)

$3.8 billion (January 2012 estimate)[2]
Height
Antenna spire 1,776 ft (541.32 m)[3][4]
Roof 1,368 ft (417 m)
Top floor 1,314 ft (401 m)[3]
Technical details
Floor count 105[5]
Floor area 2,600,000 sq ft (241,548 m2)[3]
Design and construction
Main contractor Tishman Construction
Architect David Childs (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)[6]
Developer Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Structural engineer WSP Cantor Seinuk
References
[7]
Planned rebuilding of the
World Trade Center
Towers
One World Trade Center (Tower 1)
Two World Trade Center (Tower 2)
Three World Trade Center (Tower 3)
Four World Trade Center (Tower 4)
Five World Trade Center (Tower 5)
Seven World Trade Center (Tower 7)
Memorial and museum
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Transit
Transportation Hub

One World Trade Center, more simply known as 1 WTC, and formerly known as the Freedom Tower, is the lead building of the new World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan of New York City. The 105-story supertall skyscraper is being constructed in the northwest corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, occupying the location where the original 8-story 6 World Trade Center once stood. The building is bound to the west by West Street, to the north by Vesey Street, to the south by Fulton Street, and to the east by Washington Street. Construction on below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the building began on April 27, 2006.[8] On March 30, 2009, the Port Authority confirmed that the building would be known by its legal name of One World Trade Center, rather than the colloquial name, Freedom Tower.

Upon its completion in 2013, One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western hemisphere by pinnacle height and among the tallest in the world, with its radio antenna reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence.[9][10] However, its roof height, at 1,368 feet (417.0 m), will still be 82 feet (25.0 m) shorter than the roof of Chicago's Willis Tower. The new World Trade Center complex will also feature three other high-rise office buildings, located along Greenwich Street, and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center, where the Twin Towers once stood. The construction is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild after the original World Trade Center complex was destroyed during the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Contents

[edit] History

Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, there was much debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. Proposals began almost immediately, and by 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation organized a competition to determine how to use the site. Public rejection of the first round of designs, the "Preliminary Design Concepts," led to a second, more open competition in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected. This went through many revisions,[11] largely because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site on September 11, 2001. Criticism was leveled at the limited number of floors in an early plan that were designated for office space and other amenities. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the overall office space of the entire rebuilt World Trade Center would have been reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) in comparison with the original complex. The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building's height would have consisted of a large, open-air steel lattice structure above the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and "sky gardens." In a subsequent design, the highest space that could be occupied became comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the steel structure was removed.[4] In 2005, during the tower's planning stages, former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's bid picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ron Lauder.[12]

A final design for the "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To satisfy security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added in April of that year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms to address criticism that it looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete bunker." However, this later proved unworkable, as preliminary testing revealed that the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it was replaced by a simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast-resistant glass.[13] Contrasting with Libeskind's plan, the final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna." Larry Silverstein commented in 2006 on a planned completion date: "By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was."[14] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that enabled foundation construction to begin, and a formal agreement was drafted on the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. The tower's construction began in May with a formal ceremony that took place when the first construction team arrived.[15] The building's topping out has been projected for spring 2012, and it is expected to be ready for occupancy in 2013.[13]

In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official title of the building from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center," stating that this name was the "easiest for people to identify with."[16][17] In May 2011, detailed floor plans of the tower were displayed on New York City's Department of Finance website, resulting in an uproar from the media and citizens of the surrounding area, who warned that the plans could potentially be used for a future terrorist attack.[18] In late December 2011, a hangman's noose was found hanging from a cable on the 64th floor of the incomplete tower. Port Authority officials reported the incident as a possible hate crime, since nooses are a common symbol of racial hatred.[19]

[edit] Construction history

Main article: Construction of One World Trade Center

The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a ceremony on July 4, 2004,[20] but further construction work was stalled until 2006 due to acrimonious disputes over money, security and design. The last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a deal was struck between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. For two months during the summer of 2006, explosives were detonated at the World Trade Center construction site, testing the use of charges to clear bedrock for the building's foundations. On November 18, 2006, 400 cubic yards (310 cubic metres) of concrete were poured onto the foundations, carried by as many as 40 trucks. On December 17, 2006, a ceremony was held in Battery Park City, with the public invited to sign a 30-foot (9.1 m) steel beam.[21] This beam, the first to be installed, was welded onto the building's base on December 19, 2006.[22] Afterwards, construction of the foundation and further steel installation commenced, and by the end of 2007, the tower’s footings and foundations were nearly complete.[23]

One World Trade Center under construction on January 28, 2012.

In January 2008, two construction cranes were moved onto the construction site. The tower's concrete core began rising in the first months of 2008,[23] and had reached street level by May 17. Construction of the base continued through 2009 and was completed by early 2010. Afterwards, the construction of the office floors began, as did the installation of the first glass windows. In May 2010, the Port Authority stated that they were building nearly one floor of the tower per week, and it was projected that 1 WTC would reach 55 stories by the end of 2010.[24] An advanced "cocoon" scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling, marking the first time that such a safety system had been installed on a steel structure in the city.[25]

On December 16, 2010, the Port Authority announced that the tower's construction had reached the 52nd floor, rising to over 600 feet (180 m) and marking the halfway point for the tower's steel frame.[26][27] By September 11, 2011, ten years after the destruction of the original World Trade Center, the tower's steel had reached the 82nd floor, while its concrete flooring had reached the 72nd floor, and glass cladding had reached the 56th floor.[28] By early December 2011, the tower's steel had reached the 90th floor, rising approximately 1,120 feet (340 m) above street level.[29]

While under construction in late 2011, the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions.[5] On the weekend of the 4th of July, it was lit up in the colors of the American flag to commemorate Independence Day, and it was lit up in the same colors on September 10 to mark the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks. On October 27, it was illuminated in pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. On December 11, the Port Authority illuminated the tower in multicolored lights to celebrate the holiday season.

On January 31, 2012, the Port Authority said the tower's loading dock would not be finished in time to move equipment into the completed building, and that five temporary loading bays would be added instead, at a cost of "millions". The temporary Trans Hudson station will not be removed until its replacement is completed, preventing access to the planned loading area.[30]

Construction on One World Trade Center continues today, consistently rising at about one floor per week. As of February 9, 2012, the tower's steel has risen to the 92nd floor, concrete flooring is at the 86th floor, and glass panels have reached the 67th floor.[29] The building's structure is expected to top out sometime in the spring of 2012, whereupon its 408-foot (124 m) radio antenna will be installed.

[edit] Estimated cost and funding

A February 2007 estimate put the initial construction cost of the tower at about $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter).[31] However, by January 2012 the tower's estimated cost had risen to $3.8 billion, making it the most expensive single building in the world.[32][2] Approximately $1 billion of insurance money recouped by Silverstein in connection with the September 11 attacks was used for the tower's construction.[31] The State of New York provided $250 million toward construction costs, and the Port Authority agreed to finance a further $1 billion through the sale of bonds.[33] A series of bridge and tunnel toll hikes were also implemented by the Port Authority to raise funds, with a 56% toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the proceeds of these toll hikes were not ultimately used to pay for the tower's construction.[2][34]

[edit] Architecture and design

Floor plan of the ground floor/lobby of One World Trade Center.

Many remaining vestiges of the concepts drawn from the 2002 competition were later discarded from the tower's design. One World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional profile, intended to bear comparison with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The tower's central spire draws from precedents such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building, and is also visually reminiscent of the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, rather than being an off-center spire intended to echo the Statue of Liberty.

The building's footprint is a 200-foot (61 m) square, nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers. The tower rises from a 185-foot (56 m) windowless concrete base, designed to protect it against truck bombs and other ground-level terror threats.[35] Originally, the base was intended to be clad in decorative prismatic glass, but a simpler glass-and-steel façade was adopted when this proved unworkable.[13][36] Cable-net glass façades on all four sides of the building for the higher floors, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex. They measure 60 feet (18 m) high and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides (for access to the observation deck) to 50 feet (15 m) on the north side and 70 feet (21 m) on the south for primary tenant access.[7] The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled in Portland, Oregon, by Benson Industries using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.[37]

From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower's cubic base are chamfered back, transforming the building's shape into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism.[38] Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon in-plan, and then culminates in a glass parapet whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 408-foot (124 m) sculpted mast containing the broadcasting antenna – designed in a collaboration between SOM, artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers and engineers – is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring which will contain additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intense beam of light will be projected above the spire, being visible over 1,000 feet (300 m) into the air above the tower.[39]

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following regarding the tower's design:[40]

“ We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects. ”


[edit] Layout

Floor plan of the tower's observation deck, located on floors 100-102.

One World Trade Center will have a top floor denoted as 105.[3] The building will have 74 usable above-ground floors, of which 69 will be designated as office space (approximately 2,600,000 square feet or 240,000 square metres).[41][42][43] The base will occupy floors 1-19, including a 65-ft-high (20 m) public lobby. The office stories will begin at floor 20, and run through floor 63. There will be a sky lobby on floor 64, and then office floors will resume between floors 65-90. Meanwhile, floors 91-99 and 103-105 will be designated as mechanical space.[7] The design also includes a three-story observation deck located on floors 100-102, as well as broadcast and antenna facilities, all supported by both above and below-ground mechanical infrastructure for the building and its adjacent public spaces. Below-ground tenant parking and storage, shopping, and access to the PATH and subway trains and the World Financial Center are also provided. There will be approximately 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) of below-grade retail space. A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower was abandoned as logistically too difficult. The window washing tracks are located on a 16-square-foot area which will be denoted as floor 110, in a symbolic reference to the 110 stories of the original Twin Towers.[44]

[edit] Sustainability

One World Trade Center, along with the other buildings of the new World Trade center complex, is designed to be environmentally friendly in a number of ways. Much of the building's structure is made from recycled materials, some of which was recovered from the debris of the original World Trade Center. Although the roof area of any tower is comparatively limited, the building will implement a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building's PureCell fuel cells will generate 4.8 million watts of power, and waste steam will also help generate electricity.[45] The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower's fuel cell system, which will rank as one of the largest installations of fuel cells in the world once complete.[46] The tower will also make use of off-site hydroelectric and wind power.[47] The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass which allows maximum daylight to pass through, while interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically lower the lights on sunny days, thereby reducing energy costs.[39] Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center will be heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities located on-site.[48] One World Trade Center is expected to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, making it one of the most environmentally sustainable buildings of its size in the world.[49]

[edit] Safety and security

Along with the protection offered by the reinforced concrete base, a number of other safety features were included in the building's design, in order to better prepare it for a major accident or terrorist attack. These features include 3 feet (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls for all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems; extra-wide, pressurized stairwells; a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters; and biological and chemical filters throughout its ventilation system. The building is no longer 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away. The windows on the side of the building facing in this direction are equipped with specially tempered blast-resistant plastic, which looks nearly the same as the glass used in the other sides of the building.[39] The seventy elevators and 9 escalators for 1 World Trade Center will be provided by ThyssenKrupp,[50] with steel counterweights supplied by Concord Steel.[51] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[49]

In addition to optimum safety design, new security measures will also be implemented. All vehicles will be screened before they enter the site via the underground roadway, including for radioactive materials. Visitors to the September 11 memorial will undergo airport-style screening. 400 closed-circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the site, with live camera feeds being monitored around the clock by the NYPD. A computer system will use video-analytic computer software designed to detect potential threats such as unattended bags and retrieve images based on descriptions of terror or other criminal suspects. New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the site. Once the entire World Trade Center site is completed, including the opening of all streets and pedestrian ways, the plaza will be opened entirely to the public, as was the original World Trade Center plaza.[35]

[edit] Height

Height comparison of buildings in New York City, with One World Trade Center shown at far left.

The roof of the top floor of One World Trade Center will be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, including a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet. This height is the same as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center.[52] The building's spire will bring One World Trade Center to a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m),[53] a figure symbolic of the year of the United States Declaration of Independence.[54] This will allow the tower to surpass the 1671-foot (509-meter) height of Taipei 101 to become the world's tallest all-office building and the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, surpassing the Willis Tower (formerly known as the Sears Tower) in Chicago. However, its roof height will still be 83 feet (25 m) shorter than the Willis Tower. At the time of its completion, One World Trade Center will be the third-tallest skyscraper in the world, behind the Burj Khalifa and the Mecca Royal Hotel Clock Tower, and the 8th-tallest structure of any kind in the world. The Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled in 2009 due to financial difficulties.[55]

[edit] Owners and tenants

One World Trade Center is owned principally by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around 5% equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization in exchange for an investment of at least US$100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the building's construction, and manages the building for the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing, property management and tenant installations.[56][57]

[edit] Government tenants

In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15-year lease of 415,000 square feet (38,600 m2) of space inside 1 WTC, with an option to extend the term of the lease and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2).[58] The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to lease approximately 645,000 square feet (59,900 m2) of space,[48][58] and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to lease approximately 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2) of space. However, in July 2011, the GSA ceded most of its leased floor space to the Port Authority, and the OGS withdrew from the lease agreement.[59] In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate an 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor.[60]

[edit] China Center

The building's first lease was announced on March 28, 2009, as a joint project between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Beijing-based Vantone Industrial Co. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", combining business and cultural facilities, is to be located between floors 64 and 69, to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China. Vantone Industrial's lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[61] In April 2011, a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled, featuring a vertical "Folding Garden" based on an initial proposal by Chinese artist, Zhou Wei.[62]

[edit] Condé Nast

On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices of its 18 magazines into One World Trade Center, occupying up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of the building.[63] On May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached an agreement with the Port Authority, securing a 25-year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion.[64] On May 25, 2011, Condé Nast finalized the lease agreement, leasing 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m2) of office space on floors 20–41 of the tower. The lease also covers 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of usable space in the podium and below grade floors, for mail, messenger services, and storage use. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Condé Nast would be leasing an additional 133,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space, occupying floors 42-44 of the tower.[65]

[edit] Other tenants

On January 27, 2012, it was announced that Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan law firm, would be signing a lease to around 300,000 square feet of space in One World Trade Center.[66] When this deal is finalized, about two-thirds of the tower's office space will be leased.

[edit] Key figures

[edit] Larry Silverstein

Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, will retain control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001. Silverstein has pledged to support the reconstruction and remains actively involved in most aspects of the redevelopment process.[67]

Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment.

[edit] David Childs

David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, initially joined the project at the urging of Silverstein and developed a proposal for 1 WTC in collaboration with Daniel Libeskind. The design was revised in May 2005 to address security concerns. He is the project architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day design development from rough inception to final completion.[68]

[edit] Daniel Libeskind

Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment in 2002. He included an initial proposal, 'Memory Foundations', for the design of 1 WTC, a building with aerial gardens and windmills with an off-center spire. Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station and instead placed it a block west, because in profile it would line up with, and resemble, the Statue of Liberty. Although these designs were later scrapped, he continued to contribute to the design and development of the World Trade Center site.[69]

[edit] Dan Tishman

Dan Tishman, along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center, is leading the construction management effort for Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for 1 WTC.[70]

[edit] Douglas and Jody Durst

Douglas and Jody Durst, the co-presidents of the Durst Organization, a real estate development company, won the right to invest at least $100 million in the project on July 7, 2010. The Durst Organisation is a family-owned company that specializes in the development, managing, leasing, and operation of sustainable commercial construction space.[71][72][73] Condé Nast, a long-time Durst tenant, also confirmed a tentative deal to move into 1 World Trade Center in August 2010,[72][73][74] and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011.[75]

[edit] Port Authority construction workers

A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010, entitled How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center?. Nearly all of the construction workers interviewed praised the unity and work ethic of the new World Trade Center's construction team. Others spoke of the importance they believed the construction of the tower had to the people of the United States. A deputy foreman, George Collins, said, "All the men are working in conjunction to put this building up. They all know how important this is to the country – and to show the world what us Americans can do – and get this done, union and proud." Another deputy foreman, Scott Williams, commented, "[The] camaraderie of the crew is very good."[76]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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  5. ^ a b WTC Progress from PANYNJ
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  10. ^ Skyscraperpage.com Tallest buildings under construction in the world
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  27. ^ "Freedom Tower half complete" New Zealand Herald Retrieved December 17, 2010
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