Terasecond and longer
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For past times above one terasecond, see Timeline of prehistory. For future times above one terasecond, see Timeline of the far future. For a list half-lives above one terasecond, see List of isotopes by half-life.
A terasecond (symbol: Ts) is 1 trillion seconds, or roughly 31,700 years. This page lists time-spans above 1 terasecond. 1 thousand teraseconds, 1 quadrillion seconds (32 million years) is called a petasecond. 1 million teraseconds, 1 quintillion seconds (an exasecond) is roughly twice the age of the universe at current estimates.
- 379,000 years—time after the Big Bang until cosmic microwave background radiation was emitted
- 1 million years—one epoch (3.16 × 1013 seconds); average lifespan of a blue supergiant star
- 2.6 million years—duration of the Paleolithic
- 4 million years—estimated average lifetime of biological species
- 4.32 million years—one mahayuga, or 12,000 divine years, in Hindu mythology
- 27 million years—duration of the Silurian
- 45 million years duration of the Ordovician
- 50 million years—duration of the Triassic and the Permian
- 54 million years—duration of the Cambrian
- 56.8 million years—duration of the Devonian
- 60 million years—duration of the Carboniferous
- 62.4 million years—duration of the Tertiary
- 65 million years—duration of the Jurassic
- 80 million years—duration of the Cretaceous
- 185 million years—duration of the Mesozoic
- 250 million years—one galactic year - one revolution of our Solar System around the center of the Milky Way
- 291 million years—duration of the Paleozoic
- 800 million years—duration of the Hadean
- 1 billion years—1 eon (3.16 × 1016 seconds)
- 1.3 billion years—duration of the Archaean
- 2 billion years—duration of the Proterozoic
- 4 billion years—duration of the Precambrian
- 4.32 billion years—one kalpa, or half a day in the lifetime of Brahma, in Hindu mythology[1]
- 10 billion years—expected main sequence lifetime of a G2 dwarf star (like the Sun). Also, estimated lifespan of a globular cluster before its stars are ejected by gravitational interactions.[2]
- 34 billion years—lifetime of the universe, assuming the Big Rip scenario is correct.[3] Experimental evidence currently suggests that it is not.[4]
- 1013 (10 trillion) to 2×1013 (20 trillion) years — lifetime of the longest-lived stars, low-mass red dwarfs.[5]
- 1014 (100 trillion) years: estimated duration of the Stelliferous Era; the time during which the stars shine.
- 3.11 × 1014 (311 trillion) years—the lifetime of Brahma in Hindu mythology[6]
- 4.134105 x 1028 years—The time period equivalent to the value of 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0 in the Mesoamerican Long Count, a date discovered on a stela at the Coba Maya site, believed to be the absolute value for the length of one cycle of the universe.[6][7]
- 8.2 x 1033 years—The smallest possible value for proton half-life consistent with experiment.[8]
- 1041 years—The largest possible value for the proton half-life, assuming that the Big Bang was inflationary and that the same process that made baryons predominate over anti-baryons in the early Universe makes protons decay., §IVA.€[9]
- 2×1066 years—lifespan of a black hole with the mass of the Sun[10]
- 1.7×10106 years— Lifespan of a supermassive black hole with a mass of 20 trillion solar masses[10]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Dan Falk (2009). In Search of Time. National Maritime Museum. pp. 82.
- ^ Benacquista, Matthew J. (2006). "Globular Cluster Structure". Living Reviews in Relativity (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics) 9 (2). http://relativity.livingreviews.org/open?pubNo=lrr-2006-2&page=articlesu2.html. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
- ^ Robert Roy Britt. "The Big Rip: New Theory Ends Universe by Shredding Everything". space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/big_rip_030306.html. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- ^ John Carl Villanueva (2009). "Big Rip". Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/36929/big-rip/. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- ^ A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects, Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin, Reviews of Modern Physics 69, #2 (April 1997), pp. 337–372. Bibcode: 1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131.
- ^ a b Dan Falk (2009). In Search of Time. National Maritime Museum. p. 82. ISBN 031237478X.
- ^ G. Jeffrey MacDonald "Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?" USA Today 3/27/2007.
- ^ Nishino, H. et al. (Super-K Collaboration) (2009). "Search for Proton Decay via p+
→ e+
π0
and p+
→ μ+
π0
in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector". Physical Review Letters 102 (14): 141801. Bibcode 2009PhRvL.102n1801N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801. - ^ A Dying Universe: the Long-term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects, Adams, Fred C. and Laughlin, Gregory, Reviews of Modern Physics 69, #2 (April 1997), pp. 337–372. Bibcode: 1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337.
- ^ a b Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole, Don N. Page, Physical Review D 13 (1976), pp. 198–206. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198. See in particular equation (27).
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