Three Hundred Tang Poems
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| Traditional Chinese | 唐詩三百首 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 唐诗三百首 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Three Hundred Tang Poems (traditional Chinese: 唐詩三百首; simplified Chinese: 唐诗三百首; pinyin: Tángshī sānbái shǒu) is an anthology of poems from the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) first compiled around 1763 by Sun Zhu (1722-1778[1]), the Qing Dynasty scholar, also known as Hengtang Tuishi (衡塘退士 "Retired Master of Hengtang"). Various later editions also exist. All editions contain over 300 poems: in this case, "Three-hundred" means not exactly three-hundred; but, rather, this refers to an estimative quantification, meaning "approximately three-hundred": the ten, twenty, or more extra poems represent a sort of a good luck bonus,[2] analogous to the "baker's dozen" in the West. Even more, the number 300 (or more exactly 305) was a classic number for a poetry collection due to the influence of the Shijing, which was generally known as the "Three Hundred Shi" (that is, poems).[3]
Dissatisfied with the anthology Poems by a Thousand Masters (Qianjiashi 千家詩) compiled by Liu Kezhuang in the late Southern Song, and influenced by Ming Dynasty poetry anthologies, Sun selected the poems based on their popularity and educational value. The collection has been popular ever since and can be found in many Chinese households. For centuries, elementary students memorized the poems and used them to learn to read and write. It contains poems by Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, Li Shangyin, Meng Haoran, Han Yu, Du Mu, Bai Juyi, Liu Changqing, Cen Shen, Wang Changling, Wei Yingwu, and more.[4][5] Of the Tang poets which are most notable in modern times, Three Hundred Tang Poems, conspicuously contains no poems by Li He.
Contents |
[edit] Organization of poems
The original Qing Dynasty version of the 300 Tang Poems was organized by the poem's formal type, of which there were seven:
- Folk song styled verse (yuefu)
Ancient verse (gushi):
- Five-character ancient verse
- Seven-character ancient verse
Modern style verse (jintishi):
Eight-line regulated verse (lüshi):
- Five-character regular verse
- Seven-character regular verse
Quatrain (jueju):
- Five-character quatrain
- Seven-character quatrain
Out of 317 poems in one edition, 90 were in the gushi form and 227 were in the lüshi or the jueju forms.[6]
[edit] Poets
The poets of the Tang shi include a number of authors ranging from the well-known and famous to the obscure or even anonymous poets, and even include at least one emperor. The poet with the most pieces included in this collection is Du Fu, with thirty-nine. Li Bo is a close runner-up, with thirty-four. Wang Wei has twenty-nine poems included in the anthology and Li Shangyin has twenty-four. Meng Haoran has fifteen, Wei Yingwu twelve, Liu Changqing eleven, and Du Mu ten. After that, each of the other poets' included pieces number in the single digits; however, some of these poets are quite important, such as Liu Zongyuan or Bai Juyi. In other cases, important poets are not represented at all in the Three Hundred Tang Poems, such as Li He.
[edit] Translations
One notable translation of the Three Hundred Tang Poems into English was published as The Jade Mountain, translated by Witter Bynner and Jiang Kanghu: from 1929 through 1972 it went through ten editions.
[edit] See also
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Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Classical Chinese poetry
- List of Three Hundred Tang Poems poets
- Tang poetry
- Qing poetry
- Quantangshi
- Sun Zhu
[edit] Notes
- ^ Yu, 64-65
- ^ Rexroth, xvi
- ^ Yu, 64-65
- ^ Various; Weichang Chan (electronic version), Witter Bynner (translator) (1997). "Home of 300 Tang Poems" (in Chinese, English). Chinese Text Initiative. University of Virginia. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/chinese/frame.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ "Tang Shi – 300 Tang poems" (in Chinese, English, French). Wengu - Chinese Classics and Translations. AFPC. http://www.afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=Tangshi. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ Watson 127
[edit] References
- Wu, John C. H. (1972). The Four Seasons of Tang Poetry. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle. ISBN 978-0-8048-0197-3
- Watson, Burton (1971). CHINESE LYRICISM: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). ISBN 0-231-03464-4
- Rexroth, Kenneth (1970). Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese. New York: New Directions.
- Yu, Pauline (2002). "Chinese Poetry and Its Institutions", in Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry, Volume 2, Grace S. Fong, editor. Montreal: Center for East Asian Research, McGill University.
