30th Canadian Parliament

30th Parliament of Canada Majority parliament   September 30, 1974 (1974-09-30) – March 26, 1979 (1979-03-26)
Parliament leaders
Prime Minister	Rt. Hon. Pierre Trudeau
	April 20, 1968 (1968-04-20)–June 4, 1979 (1979-06-04)
Leader of the Opposition	Hon. Robert Stanfield
	November 6, 1967 (1967-11-06)–November 21, 1976 (1976-11-21)
	Hon. Joe Clark
	November 20, 1976 (1976-11-20)–June 3, 1979 (1979-06-03)
Party standings in the Commons
Government	Liberal Party
Opposition	Progressive Conservative Party
Third Party	New Democratic Party
Fourth Party	Social Credit Party
House of Commons
Seating arrangements of the House of Commons
Speaker of the Commons	Hon. James Jerome
	September 30, 1974 (1974-09-30)–February 17, 1980 (1980-02-17)
Government House Leader	Hon. Mitchell Sharp
	August 8, 1974 (1974-08-08)–September 13, 1976 (1976-09-13)
	Hon. Allan MacEachen
	September 14, 1976 (1976-09-14)–March 26, 1979 (1979-03-26)
Opposition House Leader	Hon. Ged Baldwin
	August 14, 1974 (1974-08-14)–February 24, 1976 (1976-02-24)
	Hon. Walter Baker
	February 25, 1976 (1976-02-25)–March 26, 1979 (1979-03-26)
Senate
Speaker of the Senate	Hon. Renaude Lapointe
	September 12, 1974 (1974-09-12)–October 4, 1979 (1979-10-04)
Government Senate Leader	Hon. Ray Perrault
	August 8, 1974 (1974-08-08)–June 3, 1979 (1979-06-03)
Opposition Senate Leader	Hon. Jacques Flynn
	October 31, 1967 (1967-10-31)–May 22, 1979 (1979-05-22)
Sessions
1st Session September 30, 1974 (1974-09-30) – October 12, 1976 (1976-10-12) 2nd Session October 12, 1976 (1976-10-12) – October 17, 1977 (1977-10-17) 3rd Session October 18, 1977 (1977-10-18) – October 10, 1978 (1978-10-10) 4th Session October 11, 1978 (1978-10-11) – March 26, 1979 (1979-03-26)
Ministries
20th Canadian Ministry Rt. Hon. Pierre Trudeau April 20, 1968 (1968-04-20) – June 4, 1979 (1979-06-04) Parliamentarians Members 264 Senators 104 <29th 31st>

The 30th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 30, 1974 until March 26, 1979. The membership was set by the 1974 election on July 8, 1974, and was only changed somewhat due to resignations and by-elections before it was dissolved prior to the 1979 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the 20th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Progressive Conservative Party, led first by Robert Stanfield, and then by Joe Clark.

The sessions were prorogued (reason unknown currently).

The Speaker was James Alexander Jerome. See also the List of Canadian electoral districts 1966-1976 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were four sessions of the 30th Parliament:

Session	Start	End
1st	September 30, 1974	October 12, 1976
2nd	October 12, 1976	October 17, 1977
3rd	October 18, 1977	October 10, 1978
4th	October 11, 1978	March 26, 1979

Party standings

Canada

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The party standings as of the election and as of dissolution were as follows:

Affiliation		House Members		Senate Members
		1974 Election Results	At Dissolution	On Election Day 1974	At Dissolution
	Liberal Party of Canada	141	133	76	73
	Progressive Conservative	95	98	18	18
	New Democratic Party	16	17	0	0
	Social Credit Party of Canada	11	9	1	1
	Independent	1	5	2	2
	Independent Liberal	0	0	1	1
Total members		264	263	98	92
	vacant	0	2	4	9
Total seats		264		102	104

Members of the House of Commons

Members of the House of Commons in the 30th parliament arranged by province.

Newfoundland

Riding	Member	Political Party
Bonavista—Trinity—Conception	Dave Rooney	Liberal
Burin—Burgeo	Donald Jamieson	Liberal
Gander—Twillingate	George Baker	Liberal
Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador	Bill Rompkey	Liberal
Humber—St. George's—St. Barbe	Jack Marshall	Progressive Conservative
	Fonse Faour (by-election in 1978)	NDP
St. John's East	James McGrath	Progressive Conservative
St. John's West	Walter Carter	Progressive Conservative
	John Crosbie (by-election in 1976)	Progressive Conservative

Prince Edward Island

Riding	Member	Political Party
Cardigan	Daniel J. MacDonald	Liberal
Egmont	David MacDonald	Progressive Conservative
Hillsborough	Heath MacQuarrie	Progressive Conservative
Malpeque	John Angus MacLean then Donald Wood*	Progressive Conservative then Liberal

* John Angus MacLean resigned to become leader of the Prince Edward Island Progressive Conservative Party and was replaced by Donald Wood in a 1977 by-election

Nova Scotia

Riding	Member	Political Party
Annapolis Valley	Pat Nowlan	Progressive Conservative
Cape Breton Highlands—Canso	Allan MacEachen	Liberal
Cape Breton—East Richmond	Andrew Hogan	New Democrat
Cape Breton—The Sydneys	Robert Muir	Progressive Conservative
Central Nova	Elmer MacKay	Progressive Conservative
Cumberland—Colchester North	Robert Coates	Progressive Conservative
Dartmouth—Halifax East	Michael Forrestall	Progressive Conservative
Halifax	Robert Stanfield	Progressive Conservative
Halifax—East Hants	Robert McCleave then Howard Crosby*	Both Progressive Conservative
South Shore	Lloyd Crouse	Progressive Conservative
South Western Nova	Coline Campbell	Liberal

* Robert McCleave resigned to become a judge and was replaced by Howard Crosby in a 1978 by-election

New Brunswick

Riding	Member	Political Party
Carleton—Charlotte	Fred McCain	Progressive Conservative
Fundy—Royal	Robert Fairweather the Robert Corbett*	Both Progressive Conservative
Gloucester	Herb Breau	Liberal
Madawaska—Victoria	Eymard Corbin	Liberal
Moncton	Leonard C. Jones	Independent
Northumberland—Miramichi	Maurice Dionne	Liberal
Restigouche	Jean-Eudes Dubé then Maurice Harquail**	Both Liberal
Saint John—Lancaster	Mike Landers	Liberal
Westmorland—Kent	Roméo LeBlanc	Liberal
York—Sunbury	J. Robert Howie	Progressive Conservative

* Robert Fairweather resigned to become Canada's first Human Rights Commissioner and was replaced by Robert Corbett in a 1978 by-election

** Jean-Eudes Dubé resigned and was replaced by Maurice Harquail in a 1975 by-election

Quebec

Riding	Member	Political Party
Abitibi	Gérard Laprise	Social Credit
Ahuntsic	Jeanne Sauvé	Liberal
Argenteuil—Deux Montagnes	Francis Fox	Liberal
Beauce	Yves Caron	Liberal
Beauharnois—Salaberry	Gérald Laniel	Liberal
Bellechasse	Adrien Lambert	Social Credit
Berthier	Antonio Yanakis	Liberal
Brome—Missisquoi	Heward Grafftey	Progressive Conservative
Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine	Albert Béchard	Liberal
Montreal—Bourassa	Jacques Trudel	Liberal
Chambly	Bernard Loiselle	Liberal
Champlain	René Matte	Social Credit
Charlevoix	Charles Lapointe	Liberal
Chicoutimi	Paul Langlois	Liberal
Compton	Claude Tessier	Liberal
Dollard	Jean-Pierre Goyer	Liberal
Drummond	Yvon Pinard	Liberal
Duvernay	Yves Demers	Liberal
Frontenac	Léopold Corriveau	Liberal
Gamelin	Arthur Portelance	Liberal
Gaspé	Alexander Cyr	Liberal
Gatineau	Gaston Clermont	Liberal
Hochelaga	Gérard Pelletier then Jacques Lavoie*	Liberal then Progressive Conservative then Liberal
Hull	Joseph Isabelle	Liberal
Joliette	Roch La Salle	Progressive Conservative
Kamouraska	Charles-Eugène Dionne	Social Credit
Labelle	Maurice Dupras	Liberal
Lac-Saint-Jean	Marcel Lessard	Liberal
Lachine—Lakeshore	Roderick Blaker	Liberal
Lafontaine	Claude-André Lachance	Liberal
Langelier	Jean Marchand then J. Gilles Lamontagne**	Both Liberal
Lapointe	Gilles Marceau	Liberal
La Prairie	Ian Watson	Liberal
Lasalle—Émard—Côte Saint-Paul	John Campbell	Liberal
Laurier	Fernand Leblanc	Liberal
Laval	Marcel-Claude Roy	Liberal
Lévis	Raynald Guay	Liberal
Longueuil	Joseph Mario Jacques Olivier	Liberal
Lotbiniere	André-Gilles Fortin then Richard Janelle***	Both Ralliement Créditiste
Louis-Hébert	Albanie Morin then Dennis Dawson†	Both Liberal
Maissonneuve—Rosemont	Serge Joyal	Liberal
Manicouagan	Gustave Blouin	Liberal
Matane	Pierre de Bané	Liberal
Mercier	Prosper Boulanger	Liberal
Charlesbourg	Louis Duclos	Liberal
Mount Royal	Pierre Trudeau	Liberal
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce	Warren Allmand	Liberal
Outremont	Marc Lalonde	Liberal
Papineau	André Ouellet	Liberal
Pontiac	Thomas Lefebvre	Liberal
Portneuf	Pierre Bussières	Liberal
Québec-Est	Gérard Duquet	Liberal
Richelieu	Florian Côté	Liberal
Richmond	Léonel Beaudoin	Social Credit
Témiscouata	Rosaire Gendron	Liberal
Rimouski	Eudore Allard	Social Credit
Roberval	Charles-Arthur Gauthier	Social Credit
Saint-Denis	Marcel Prud'homme	Liberal
Saint-Henri	Gérard Loiselle	Liberal
Saint-Hyacinthe	Claude Wagner then Marcel Ostiguy††	Progressive Conservative then Liberal
Saint-Jacques	Jacques Guilbault	Liberal
Saint-Jean	Walter Smith	Liberal
Saint-Maurice	Jean Chrétien	Liberal
Saint-Michel	Monique Bégin	Liberal
Sainte-Marie	Raymond Dupont	Liberal
Shefford	Gilbert Rondeau	Social Credit
Sherbrooke	Irénée Pelletier	Liberal
Témiscamingue	Réal Caouette then Gilles Caouette†††	Both Ralliement Créditiste
Terrebonne	Joseph-Roland Comtois	Liberal
Trois-Rivières Métropolitain	Claude G. Lajoie	Liberal
Vaudreuil	Harold Herbert	Liberal
Verdun	Bryce Mackasey then Pierre Savard‡	Both Liberal
Villeneuve	Armand Caouette	Social Credit
Westmount	Bud Drury then Donald Johnston‡‡	Both Liberal

* Gérard Pelletier left parliament to become ambassador to France he was replaced by Jacques Lavoie on October 14, 1975 after a by-election. On June 14, 1977 Lavoie quite the PC party and crossed the floor to join the Liberals.

** Jean Marchand left parliament and was replaced by J. Gilles Lamontagne in a May 25, 1977 by-election

*** André-Gilles Fortin was killed in a car accident and was replaced by Richard Janelle in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

† Albanie Morin died in office and was replaced by Dennis Dawson in a May 25, 1977 by-election.

†† Claude Wagner left parliament to accept a seat in the Senate and was replaced by Marcel Ostiguy in an October 16, 1978 by-election

††† Réal Caouette died in office and was replaced by his son Gilles Caouette in a May 24, 1977 by-election

‡ Bryce Mackasey resigned from parliament and was replaced by Pierre Savard in a May 24, 1977 by-election

‡‡ Bud Drury resigned and was replaced by Donald Johnston in an October 16, 1977 by-election.

Ontario

Riding	Member	Political Party
Algoma	Maurice Foster	Liberal
Brant	Derek Blackburn	New Democrat
Broadview	John Gilbert then Bob Rae*	Both New Democrat
Bruce	Crawford Douglas	Liberal
Cochrane	Ralph Stewart	Liberal
Davenport	Charles Caccia	Liberal
Don Valley	James Gillies	Progressive Conservative
Eglinton	Mitchell Sharp then Rob Parker**	Liberal the Progressive Conservative
Elgin	John Wise	Progressive Conservative
Essex—Windsor	Eugene Whelan	Liberal
Etobicoke	Alastair Gillespie	Liberal
Fort William	Paul McRae	Liberal
Frontenac—Lennox and Addington	Almonte Alkenbrack	Progressive Conservative
Glengarry—Prescott—Russell	Denis Éthier	Liberal
Greenwood	Andrew Brewin	New Democrat
Grenville—Carleton	Walter Baker	Progressive Conservative
Grey—Simcoe	Gus Mitges	Progressive Conservative
Halton	Frank Philbrook	Liberal
Hamilton East	John Munro	Liberal
Hamilton Mountain	Gus MacFarlane	Liberal
Hamilton—Wentworth	Sean O'Sullivan then Geoffrey Scott***	Both Progressive Conservative
Hamilton West	Lincoln Alexander	Progressive Conservative
Hastings	John Ellis	Progressive Conservative
High Park—Humber Valley	Otto Jelinek	Progressive Conservative
Huron—Middlesex	Robert McKinley	Progressive Conservative
Kenora—Rainy River	John Mercer Reid	Liberal
Kent—Essex	Robert Daudlin	Liberal
Kingston and the Islands	Flora MacDonald	Progressive Conservative
Kitchener	Patrick Flynn	Liberal
Lakeshore	Ken Robinson	Liberal
Lambton—Kent	John Holmes	Progressive Conservative
Lanark—Renfrew—Carleton	Paul Dick	Progressive Conservative
Leeds	Thomas Cossitt	Progressive Conservative
Lincoln	William Andres	Liberal
London East	Charles Turner	Liberal
London West	Judd Buchanan	Liberal
Middlesex—London—Lambton	Larry Condon	Liberal
Mississauga	Anthony Abbott	Liberal
Niagara Falls	Roger Carl Young	Liberal
Nickel Belt	John Rodriguez	New Democrat
Nipissing	Jean-Jacques Blais	Liberal
Norfolk—Haldimand	William David Knowles	Progressive Conservative
Northumberland—Durham	Allan Lawrence	Progressive Conservative
Ontario	Norman Cafik	Liberal
Oshawa—Whitby	Ed Broadbent	New Democrat
Ottawa—Carleton	John Napier Turner then Jean Pigott†	Liberal then Progressive Conservative
Ottawa Centre	Hugh Poulin then Robert de Cotret††	Liberal then Progressive Conservative
Ottawa East	Jean-Robert Gauthier	Liberal
Ottawa West	Cyril Lloyd Francis	Liberal
Oxford	Bruce Halliday	Progressive Conservative
Parkdale	Stanley Haidasz then Yuri Shymko†††	Liberal then Progressive Conservative
Parry Sound—Muskoka	Stan Darling	Progressive Conservative
Peel—Dufferin—Simcoe	William Ross Milne	Liberal
Perth—Wilmot	William Jarvis	Progressive Conservative
Peterborough	James Faulkner	Liberal
Port Arthur	Robert Andras	Liberal
Prince Edward—Hastings	George Hees	Progressive Conservative
Renfrew North—Nipissing East	Len Hopkins	Liberal
Rosedale	Donald Stovel Macdonald then David Crombie‡	Liberal then Progressive Conservative
Sarnia—Lambton	Bud Cullen	Liberal
Sault Ste. Marie	Cyril Symes	New Democrat
Scarborough East	Martin O'Connell	Liberal
Scarborough West	Alan Gray Martin	Liberal
Simcoe North	Philip Rynard	Progressive Conservative
Spadina	Peter Stollery	Liberal
St. Catharines	Gilbert Parent	Liberal
St. Paul's	John Roberts	Liberal
Stormont—Dundas	Ed Lumley	Liberal
Sudbury	James Jerome	Liberal
Thunder Bay	B. Keith Penner	Liberal
Timiskaming	Arnold Peters	New Democrat
Timmins	Jean Roy	Liberal
Trinity	Aideen Nicholson	Liberal
Victoria—Haliburton	William Scott	Progressive Conservative
Waterloo—Cambridge	Max Saltsman	New Democrat
Welland	Victor Railton	Liberal
Wellington	Frank Maine	Liberal
Wellington—Grey—Dufferin—Waterloo	Perrin Beatty	Progressive Conservative
Windsor West	Herb Gray	Liberal
Windsor—Walkerville	Mark MacGuigan	Liberal
York Centre	Bob Kaplan	Liberal
York East	David Collenette	Liberal
York North	Barney Danson	Liberal
York—Scarborough	Robert Stanbury then Paul McCrossan‡‡	Liberal then Progressive Conservative
York—Simcoe	Sinclair Stevens	Progressive Conservative
York South	Ursula Appolloni	Liberal
York West	James Fleming	Liberal

* John Gilbert resigned from parliament in April 1978 to become a judge and was replaced by Bob Rae in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

** Mitchell Sharp retired from politics and was replaced by Rob Parker in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

*** Sean O'Sullivan left parliament to become a priest and was replaced by Geoffrey Scott in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

† John Napier Turner quit parliament in protest of the government's decision to implement wage and price controls he was replaced by Jean Pigott in an October 18, 1976 by-election.

†† Hugh Poulin left parliament in April 1978 to become a judge and was replaced by Robert de Cotret in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

††† Stanley Haidasz left parliament to be appointed to the Senate he was replaced by Yuri Shymko in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

‡ Donald Stovel Macdonald left parliament and was replaced by David Crombie in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

‡‡ Robert Stanbury left parliament and was replaced by William McCrossan in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

Manitoba

Riding	Member	Political Party
Brandon—Souris	Walter Dinsdale	Progressive Conservative
Churchill	Cecil Smith	Progressive Conservative
Dauphin	William Gordon Ritchie	Progressive Conservative
Lisgar	Jack Murta	Progressive Conservative
Marquette	Craig Stewart	Progressive Conservative
Portage	Peter Masniuk	Progressive Conservative
Provencher	Jake Epp	Progressive Conservative
Selkirk	Dean Whiteway	Progressive Conservative
St. Boniface	Joseph-Phillippe Guay then Jack Hare*	Liberal then Progressive Conservative
Winnipeg North	David Orlikow	New Democrat
Winnipeg North Centre	Stanley Knowles	New Democrat
Winnipeg South	James Richardson	Liberal
Winnipeg South Centre	Dan McKenzie	Progressive Conservative

* Joseph-Phillippe Guay left parliament and was replaced by Jack Hare in an October 16, 1978 by-election.

Saskatchewan

Riding	Member	Political Party
Assiniboia	Ralph Goodale	Liberal
Battleford—Kindersley	Joseph McIsaac	Liberal
Mackenzie	Stanley Korchinski	Progressive Conservative
Meadow Lake	Bert Cadieu	Progressive Conservative
Moose Jaw	Douglas Neil	Progressive Conservative
Prince Albert	John Diefenbaker	Progressive Conservative
Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain	Alvin Hamilton	Progressive Conservative
Regina East	James Balfour	Progressive Conservative
Regina—Lake Centre	Leslie Benjamin	New Democrat
Saskatoon—Biggar	Ray Hnatyshyn	Progressive Conservative
Saskatoon—Humboldt	Otto Lang	Liberal
Swift Current—Maple Creek	Frank Hamilton	Progressive Conservative
Yorkton—Melville	Lorne Nystrom	New Democrat

Alberta

Riding	Member	Political Party
Athabasca	Paul Yewchuk	Progressive Conservative
Battle River	Arnold Malone	Progressive Conservative
Calgary Centre	Harvie Andre	Progressive Conservative
Calgary North	Eldon Woolliams	Progressive Conservative
Calgary South	Peter Bawden	Progressive Conservative
Crowfoot	Jack Horner	Progressive Conservative
Edmonton Centre	Steve Paproski	Progressive Conservative
Edmonton East	William Skoreyko	Progressive Conservative
Edmonton West	Marcel Lambert	Progressive Conservative
Edmonton—Strathcona	Douglas Roche	Progressive Conservative
Lethbridge	Kenneth Earl Hurlburt	Progressive Conservative
Medicine Hat	Bert Hargrave	Progressive Conservative
Palliser	Stanley Schumacher	Progressive Conservative
Peace River	Ged Baldwin	Progressive Conservative
Pembina	Peter Elzinga	Progressive Conservative
Red Deer	Gordon Towers	Progressive Conservative
Rocky Mountain	Joe Clark	Progressive Conservative
Vegreville	Don Mazankowski	Progressive Conservative
Wetaskiwin	Kenneth Schellenberger	Progressive Conservative

British Columbia

Member	Political Party
Burnaby—Richmond—Delta	John Reynolds	Progressive Conservative
	Tom Siddon (by-election on October 16, 1978)	Progressive Conservative
Burnaby—Seymour	Marke Raines	Liberal
Capilano	Ron Huntington	Progressive Conservative
Coast Chilcotin	Jack Pearsall	Liberal
Comox—Alberni	Hugh Anderson	Liberal
Esquimalt—Saanich	Donald Munro	Progressive Conservative
Fraser Valley East	Alexander Patterson	Progressive Conservative
Fraser Valley West	Robert Wenman	Progressive Conservative
Kamloops—Cariboo	Leonard Marchand	Liberal
Kootenay West	Robert Brisco	Progressive Conservative
Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands	Tommy Douglas	New Democrat
New Westminster	Stuart Leggatt	New Democrat
Okanagan Boundary	George Whittaker	Progressive Conservative
Okanagan—Kootenay	Howard Johnston	Progressive Conservative
Prince George—Peace River	Frank Oberle	Progressive Conservative
Skeena	Iona Campagnolo	Liberal
Vancouver Centre	Ron Basford	Liberal
Vancouver East	Art Lee	Liberal
Vancouver Kingsway	Simma Holt	Liberal
Vancouver Quadra	Bill Clarke	Progressive Conservative
Vancouver South	John Fraser	Progressive Conservative
Victoria	Allan McKinnon	Progressive Conservative

Territories

Riding	Member	Political Party
Northwest Territories	Wally Firth	New Democrat
Yukon	Erik Nielsen	Progressive Conservative

References

• Government of Canada. "20th Ministry". Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Privy Council Office. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=Publications&doc=min/min_20_e.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-09. 
• Government of Canada. "30th Parliament". Members of the House of Commons: 1867 to Date: By Parliament. Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/house/mpsparl.asp?Language=E&parl=30. Retrieved 2006-11-30. 
• Government of Canada. "Duration of Sessions". Library of Parliament. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/Sessions.aspx. Retrieved 2006-05-12. 
• Government of Canada. "General Elections". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/House/asp/Elections.asp?Language=E&gen=Y&Hist=Y. Retrieved 2006-05-12. 
• Government of Canada. "Key Dates for each Parliament". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/info/parl-dates.asp?lang=E&Hist=Y. Retrieved 2006-05-12. 
• Government of Canada. "Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/house/OppLeader.asp?lang=E&Hist=Y. Retrieved 2006-05-12. 
• Government of Canada. "Party Standings (1974 to date): At the Senate". Library of Parliament. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/lists/PartyStandingsHistoric.aspx?Menu=SEN-Politic&Section=b571082f-7b2d-4d6a-b30a-b6025a9cbb98. Retrieved 2007-04-24. 
• Government of Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/pm/index.asp?Language=E&param=pi&param2=gen. Retrieved 2006-05-12. 
• Government of Canada. "Speakers". Library of Parliament. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/hf-parl-off/index.asp?Language=E&param=24&id=13&id2=29. Retrieved 2006-05-12.