Abaddon
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The Hebrew term Abaddon (Hebrew: אֲבַדּוֹן, 'Ǎḇaddōn), is a intensive form of the word "destruction," which appears both as a place - an equivalent of Sheol, and as a personification of destruction in the Hebrew Bible.
In a vision in the New Testament Revelation an angel called Abbadon is shown as king of an army of locusts, where his name is first transcribed in Greek as "whose name in Hebrew Abaddon" (Ἀβαδδὼν), then translated as "which in Greek means the Destroyer" (Apollyon, Ἀπολλύων). The Latin Vulgate, and following it the Douay Rheims Bible, has an additional note, not present in the Greek text "in Latin Exterminans," exterminans being the Latin for "destroyer."
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[edit] Judaism
[edit] Etymology
According to Brown Driver Briggs the Hebrew abaddon is an intensive form of the semitic root and verb stem abad (אָבַד) "perish" (transitive "destroy"), which occurs 184 times in the Hebrew Bible.
[edit] Hebrew Bible
The term abaddon appears six times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible; abaddon means destruction or "place of destruction," or the realm of the dead, and is associated with Sheol.
- Job 26:6 - the grave (Sheol) is naked before Him, and destruction (abaddon) has no covering.
- Job 28:22 - destruction (Abaddon) and death say...
- Job 31:12 - ..it is a fire that consumes to destruction (abaddon)..
- Psalm 88:11 - Shall thy lovingkindness be declared in the grave (Sheol) or thy faithfulness in destruction (Abaddon)?
- Proverbs 15:11 Hell (Sheol) and Destruction (Abaddon) are before the LORD, how much more then the hearts of the children of men?
- Proverbs 27:20 Hell (Sheol) and Destruction (Abaddon) are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied. KJV, 1611
[edit] Second Temple era texts
The text of the Thanksgiving Hymns — which was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls — tells of "the Sheol of Abaddon" and of the "torrents of Belial [that] burst into Abaddon". The Biblical Antiquities (mis-attributed to Philo) mentions Abaddon as a place (sheol, hell), not as a spirit or demon or angel. Abaddon is also one of the compartments of Gehenna.[1] By extension, it can mean an underworld abode of lost souls, or hell.
[edit] Rabbinical literature
In some legends, it is identified as a realm where the damned lie in fire and snow, one of the places in Hell that Moses visited.[2]
[edit] Christianity
[edit] Etymology
The Greek term "the Destroyer" (Apollyon, Ἀπολλύων) is the active participle of apollumi (ἀπόλλυμι) "to destroy".[3] The term is not used as a name in classical Greek texts.[4]
[edit] New Testament
The Christian scriptures contain the first known depiction of Abaddon as an individual entity instead of a place.
Revelation 9:11 And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. KJV, 1611
In Revelation 9:1-11, Abaddon is described as the angel of the bottomless pit and king over a plague of locusts that resemble war horses with crowned human faces and having women's hair, lions' teeth, locusts' wings, and the tail of a scorpion that are told to torment the people, but not to kill them or harm the Earth.
[edit] Christian tradition
In the 3rd century Acts of Thomas, Abaddon is the name of a demon, or the Devil himself. Abaddon has also been identified as the angel of destruction,[citation needed] demon of the abyss,[citation needed] and chief of demons of the underworld hierarchy,[citation needed] where he is equated with Samael or Satan,[citation needed]
In the lore of the Coptic Church, Abbaton Coptic: Abbaton,[citation needed] is the name given to the angel of death.[citation needed] He is given particularly important roles in two sources, a homily entitled The Enthronment of Abbaton by Timothy of Alexandria, and the Apocalypse of Bartholomew.[5] In the homily by Timothy, Abbaton was first named Muriel, and had been given the task by God of collecting the earth which would be used in the creation of Adam. Upon completion of this task, the angel was then named to be guardian. Everybody, including the angels, demons, and corporeal entities, felt fear of him. Abbaton engaged in prayer and ultimately obtained the promise that any men who venerated him during their lifetime stood the chance of being saved. Abbaton is also said to have a prominent role in the Last Judgement, as the one who will take the souls to the Valley of Josaphat.[5] He is described in the Apocalypse of Bartholomew as being present in the Tomb of Jesus at the moment of his resurrection.[6]
[edit] Protestant commentators
The symbolism of Revelation 9:11 leaves the exact identification of Abaddon open for interpretation. Matthew Henry (1708) believed Abaddon to be the antichrist[7] Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary (1871) and Henry H. Halley (1922) identified the angel as Satan.[8][9][10]
The International Bible Students Association (precursor to Jehovah's Witnesses) identified Abaddon as Satan in C.T. Russel's 1917 posthumous work.[11] Jehovah's Witnesses now take the contrasting view, believing that Abaddon is another name of the resurrected and enthroned Jesus Christ.[12][13]
Some theologians believe Abaddon to be just an angel.[original research?]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the Bible, p3.
- ^ The Legends of the Jews, volume II: From Joseph to Exodus, Lewis Ginzberg, 1909.
- ^ Perseus entry for ἀπολλύων part sg pres act masc nom epic doubled cons
- ^ See LSJ entry for verb
- ^ a b Atiya, Aziz S. The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991. ISBN 0-02-897025-X
- ^ Gospel of Bartholomew Featured as Abbaton
- ^ Matthew Henry Commentary on Revelation 9, accessed 15 April 2007
- ^ Robert Jamieson, DD, St. Paul's, Glasgow, Scotland; Rev. AR Fausset, AM, St. Cuthbert's, York, England ; and the Rev. David Brown, DD, Professor of Theology, Aberdeen, Scotland. 1871. Commentary on Revelation 9. Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved on 2007-04-15 from http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/comm_read.pl?book=Rev&chapter=9&verse=11&Comm=Comm%2Fjfb%2FRev%2FRev009.html%2359238%26JF+%5E%26B&Select.x=24&Select.y=0.
- ^ Halley (1922) Halley's Bible Handbook with the New International Version, p936.
- ^ William MacDonald (Christian author) (1995) Believer's Bible Commentary, p2366.
- ^ Charles Taze Russell’s Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 7, p. 159, 1917 edition
- ^ Insight on the Scriptures Page 12
- ^ Watchtower, Dec. 1, 1961, p. 719
[edit] Bibliography
- Metzeger, Bruce M. (ed); Michael D. Coogan (ed) (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
- Halley, Henry H.; James E. Ruark (ed) (2000). Halley's Bible Handbook. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-22479-9.
- MacDonald, William; Art Farstad (ed) (1995). Believer's Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers. ISBN 0-8407-1972-8.
[edit] External links
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Abaddon. |
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Abaddon". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). "article name needed". New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
