Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali

Zalim ibn 'Amr ibn Sufyan ibn Jandal al-Duali
Title	Abu al-Aswad
Born	16 BH (603 CE)
Died	AH 69 (688/689)
Era	Islamic golden age
Region	Muslim scholar
Influenced by Ali
Influenced Nasr ibn Asim, Yahya ibn Yamur

Abu al-Aswad Al-Du'ali (Arabic: أبو الأسود الدؤلي‎) (ca. 603–688 CE) was a close companion of Ali ibn Abi Talib and grammarian. He was the first to place dots on Arabic letters and the first to write on Arabic linguistics. He educated many students.

Further details

It has been said - and many adduce it as fact - that the first grammarian in the Arabic language was Abu'l-Aswad al-Du'ali (d. 69 AH), a companion of Ali bin Abu Talib and an early poet.

Ibn al-Nadim, author of the Fihrist said:

"Muhammad b. Ishaq says that most scholars agree that grammar was taken from Abu'l-Aswad al-Du'ali, and that he took it from the Khalifah 'Ali."

This is also the opinion of the famous language specialist Abu 'Ubayda (d. 210 AH), and the lexicographer al-Zubaydi (d. 397 AH) said about Abu'l-Aswad:

"He was the first to establish [the science of] the Arabic language, to lay down its methods and to establish its rules."^{[citation needed]}

There are also stories in which both 'Ali and 'Umar acknowledge or refer the subject of grammar to Abu'l-Aswad al-Du'ali.

The reason why Abu'l-Aswad began to lay formal rules for the Arabic language lies undoubtedly behind the multiply of non-Arabic Muslims - who recited the Qur'an. It has been illustrated by a report in which Abu'l-Aswad heard some Muslims pronounce the wrong reading of the Qur'an, owing to a mistake in voweling. As a consequence, following the order of the governor Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan, he instructed a scribe, saying:

"When you see me open my mouth at a letter, put a dot above it. When I close it, put one next to the letter. When I draw them apart, put a dot under it."

Another story describes Abu'l-Aswad's reason behind the beginning of grammar. Some Arabic people laughed once when a client of an Arab mispronounced an Arabic word, so Abu'l-Aswad rebuked them, saying:

"These mawali (clients) have formed a desire for Islam, and have converted, so they have become our brothers; if only we were to lay down [the rules] of language for them!"