Academy of Persian Language and Literature
| Academy of Persian Language and Literature | |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1935 |
| Headquarters | Tehran, Iran |
| Website | Academy of Persian Language and Literature website |
Iran's Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Persian: فرهنگستان زبان و ادب پارسی, pronounced [færhæŋɡestɒːn e zæbɒːn væ ædæb e fɒːrsiː]) is a body controlled by the Iranian government presiding over the use of the Persian language in Iran and other Persian speaking countries. The academy members are academics of Persian literature and linguistics from Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan.
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History [edit]
The academy was founded in 1935. Mohammad Ali Foroughi and Ali Asghar Hekmat were the main founders of the academy.
Memorable names, notable literary figures and highly celebrated scholars were the members of the academy upon its foundation,[1] such as:
- Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani
- Abdolazim Gharib
- Ahmad Matin-Daftari
- Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
- Ali Akbar Siyasi
- Ali Asghar Hekmat
- Badiozzaman Forouzanfar
- Ebrahim Poordavood
- Homayun Foruzanfar
- Isa Sadiq
- Mahmoud Hessaby
- Mohammad Ali Foroughi
- Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh
- Mohammad Ghazvini
- Mohammad Hejazi
- Mohammad Taghi Bahar
- Qasem Ghani
- Rashid Yasemi
- Said Nafisi
- Zabihollah Safa—Some international scholars were also involved, such as:[2]
- Arthur Christensen from Denmark
- Henry Masset from France
- Hussain Haykal from Egypt
- Raf'at Pasha from Egypt
- Professor Jan Rypka from Czechoslovakia
- Professor Muhammad-jan Shakuri from Tajikistan
The language planning before the establishment of the first Academy of Persian Language and Literature(Farhangestan) [edit]
Apparently the first official attentions to the necessity of protection of the Persian language against foreign words and also attentions to the standardization of the Persian orthography were in 1871 in the age of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. Then After Naser al-Din Shah, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1990. The words coined by this association were printed in The Iran Soltani Newspaper, but it didn't attract any attention and this association was closed. The word Rah-ahan(راه آهن), which means 'railway' is one of the coined words of this association. This academy declared officially, that it uses Persian and Arabic as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal of this association was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. It seemed that the government didn't do any official and effective measurement for founding an association for coining words in the constitutional era. Although there were private efforts of individuals. A scientific association was founded in 1911. The achievement of this association was a dictionary called 'The words of scientific association' (Loghat-e-anjoman-e-elmiلغت انجمن علمی), which was completed in the future and was known by the name of Katouzian dictionary Farhang-Katouzianفرهنگ کاتوزیان. [3]
First Farhangestan [edit]
Second Farhangestan [edit]
Third Farhangestan [edit]
Aims and activities [edit]
The Academy's main activity has been creating and approving official Persian equivalents for the foreign general or technical terms. It has also created an official orthography of the Persian language, titled Dastur-e Xatt-e Fârsi (Persian Script Orthography). The academy also promotes research on Persian language and literature, other Iranian languages, Persian heritage, Iranian Studies and Iranian culture.
Iranian law requires those equivalents to be used in all official communications of government bodies and government-owned companies, and in product names of all private companies.
Membership [edit]
Academy's presidents to this day have been Hassan Habibi (a previous first vice president) and Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel (the present Speaker of Parliament).
The academy members (permanent and associated) are selected from Masters of Persian literature and linguistics from Iran and other Persian speaking countries throughout the world as Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. Up to 10 permanent chairs (out of 25 permanent chairs) have been devoted to non-Iranian nationals.
Permanent Members[4] [edit]
Iranian [edit]
- Abdol Mohammad Ayati
- Hassan Anvari
- Nasrollah Pourjavadi
- Yadollah Samareh
- Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel
- Bahaoddin Khorramshahi
- Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam
- Ali Roaghi
- Bahman Sarkarati
- Esmaeil Sa'dat
- Ahmad Samiei Gilani
- Ali-Ashraf Sadeghi
- Mahmood Abedi
- Kamran Fani
- Badrolzaman Gharib
- Fatollah Mojtabaei
- Mehdi Mohaghegh
- Houshang Moradi Kermani
- Hassan Masoumi Hamedani
- Mohhamad Ali Movahhed
- Abolhassan Najafi
- Salim Neysari
- Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi
other [edit]
- Fazlollah Qodsi - Afghanistan
- Gholam Sarvar Homayoun - Afghanistan
- Mohammad Hossein Yamin - Afghanistan
Deceased Members [edit]
- Qeysar Aminpour
- Ahmad Aram
- Ahmad Tafazzoli
- Javad Hadidi
- Mohammad Khansari
- Mohammad-Taghi Daneshpajouh
- Hamid Farzam
- Mohammad Mohit Tabatabaei
- Mostafa Mogharebi
- Abdolghader Meniasov - Tajikistan
- Muhammadjon Shakuri - Tajikistan
- Hassan Habibi
Announcement of the Academy about the English name of Persian language [edit]
November 19, 2005 - The Academy of the Persian Language and Literature has delivered a pronouncement on the English name of Persian language and rejected any usage of the word "Farsi" instead of Persian(en) / Persa(es) / Persane(fr) / Persisch(de) in the Western languages. The announcement reads:
- "Persian" has been used in a variety of publications including cultural, scientific and diplomatic documents for centuries and, therefore, it carries a very significant historical and cultural meaning. Hence, changing "Persian" to "Farsi" would negate this established important precedent.
- Changing the usage from "Persian" to "Farsi" may give the impression that Farsi is a new language, although this may well be the intention of some users of "Farsi".
- Changing the usage may also give the impression that Farsi is a dialect used in some parts of Iran rather than the predominant (and official) language of the country.
- The word "Farsi" has never been used in any research paper or university document in any Western language, and the proposal to begin using it would create doubt and ambiguity about the name of the official language of Iran.
Supporting this announcement, gradually other institutions and literary figures separately took similar actions throughout the world.[5][6][7][8] [9]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ 71st anniversary of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (BBC Persian)
- ^ Gozaresh-e Farhangestan Vadzeh, Tehran SH.1317 / 1938
- ^ نگار داوری اردکانی (1389). برنامه ریزی زبان فارسی. روایت فتح. p. 33. ISBN 978-600-6128-05-4.
- ^ "فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی". Persianacademy.ir. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Persian or Farsi?". Iranian.com. 1997-12-16. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Fársi:''recently appeared language!''". Persiandirect.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Persian or Fársi?". Persiandirect.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Announcement of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature about the name of Persian language". Heritage.chn.ir. 2005-11-19. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ Samī‘ī Gīlānī, Aḥmad, ed. (Spring 1995). "متنِ اعلامِ نظرِ شورای فرهنگستانِ زبان و ادبِ فارسی دربارهی کاربردِ Farsi به جای Persian در مکاتباتِ وزارتِ امورِ خارجه" (PDF). Nāme-ye Farhangestān [The Quarterly Journal of The Academy of Persian Language and Literature] (in Persian) (Tehran) 1 (1): 152.
