Acehnese language
| Acehnese | ||
|---|---|---|
| Bahsa/Basa Acèh بهسا اچيه |
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| Native to | Indonesia | |
| Region | Aceh, Sumatra | |
| Native speakers | 3.5 million (2000 census) | |
| Language family |
Austronesian
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-2 | ace | |
| ISO 639-3 | ace | |
Aceh province, Sumatra
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Acehnese language (Achinese) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by Acehnese people natively in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. This language is also spoken in some parts in Malaysia by Acehnese descendents there, such as in Yan, Kedah.
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Name[edit]
As of 1988, "Acehnese" is the modern English name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and Acehnese people use the spelling "Acehnese" when writing in English. "Achinese" is an antiquated spelling of the English language tradition. "Atjehnese" is an antiquated spelling of a Dutch tradition and an outdated Indonesian one. The spelling "Achehnese" originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch language Studien over atjesche klank- en schriftleer. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 35.346-442 by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, 1892. In Acehnese the language is called Basa/Bahsa Acèh. In Indonesian it is called Bahasa Aceh.[1]
[edit]
Acehnese belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Acehnese's closest relatives are the other Chamic languages, such as Jarai and Cham, with just 230,000 and 280,000 speakers respectively, in both Cambodia and Vietnam. Other relatives are the Malay language family, Minangkabau language, Gayo language and the Batak languages family.
Paul Sidwell notes that Acehnese likely has an Austro-Asiatic substratum.[2]
Distribution[edit]
Acehnese language is located primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in 10 regencies and 4 cities in Aceh, those are:
City
North-East Coast
- Aceh Besar
- Pidie
- Pidie Jaya
- Bireuen
- North Aceh
- East Aceh (except in 3 subdistricts, Serba Jadi, Peunaron and Simpang Jernih where Gayo language is spoken)
West-South Coast
- Aceh Jaya
- Nagan Raya
- Southwest Aceh (except in subdistrict Susoh where Aneuk Jamee language is spoken)
- South Aceh (mixed with Kluet language and Aneuk Jamee language)
Phonology[edit]
The following are phonemes of Acehnese.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | i | ĩ | ɨ | ɨ̃ | u | ũ |
| Close-mid | e | ɛ̃ | ə | ʌ̃ | o | ɔ̃ |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ | |||
| Open | a | ã | ||||
Vowels come mostly in oral/nasal pairs, though there are only three nasalized mid vowels while there are twice as many oral mid vowels. /ʌ/ is not strictly central, though it is shown here as such for aesthetic reasons. Similarly, /ɨ/ has also been represented as more back [ɯ].[citation needed] In addition to the monophthongal vowels above, Acehnese also possesses five oral diphthongs, each with a nasal counterpart:[3]
- /iə ɨə uə ɛə ɔə/
- /ĩə ɨ̃ə ũə ɛ̃ə ɔ̃ə/
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k g | ʔ |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||
| Trill | r |
/s/ is laminal alveodental. /ʃ/ is technically postalveolar but is in the palatal column for aesthetic reasons.
Writing system[edit]
Formerly, Acehnese language was written in Arabic script called Jawoë or Jawi in Malay language. The script is barely used nowadays. Now, Acehnese language is written in Latin script, with some additional letters. The additional letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô.[5] The sound ɨ is represented by 'eu' and the sound ʌ is represented by 'ö' respectively. The letter 'ë' is used to represent the schwa sound which forms the second part in the diphthongs.
Dialects[edit]
So far there has been no complete research about dialects of the Acehnese language. However, there are at least 10 dialects in the Acehnese language. The dialects are Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya, Meulabôh, Seunagan and Tunong.[6]
Gallery[edit]
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Hikayat Akhbarul Karim
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Hikayat Banta Beuransah
References[edit]
- ^ Durie, "The So-Called Passive of Acehnese," p. 104.
- ^ Sidwell, Paul. "Dating the separation of Acehnese and Chamic by etymological analysis of the Aceh-Chamic lexicon." (Archive, Alternate, Archive)
- ^ a b Al-Harbi & Al-Ahmadi (2003:10)
- ^ Al-Harbi & Al-Ahmadi (2003:9–10)
- ^ Ejaan Bahasa Aceh
- ^ Sulaiman, B. 1981. Kedudukan dan Fungsi Bahasa Aceh di Aceh. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa
Bibliography[edit]
- Al-Harbi Al-Ahmadi, Awwad Ahmad (January 2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities (Umm Al-Qura University) 15 (1): 9–21 Islamic calendar: Dhu al-Qi'dah 1423AH. Archive
- Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese", Mon–Khmer Studies 11: 1–33 Archive
- Durie, Mark. "The So-Called Passive of Acehnese." Language. Linguistic Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 104–113 - Available at Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/414788
- Thurgood, Graham (2007), The Historical Place of Acehnese: The Known and the Unknown
Further reading[edit]
- Asyik, Abdul Gani (1987), A contextual grammar of Acehnese sentences (Archive)
- Daud, Bukhari. "Writing and reciting Acehnese: perspectives on language and literature in Aceh." (PhD thesis, unpublished) School of Languages and Linguistics, The University of Melbourne. 1997. Handle: 10187/15468. Research Collections (UMER), 284013.
- Daud, Bukhari and Mark Durie. Kamus bahasa Aceh (Volume 151 of Pacific linguistics). Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1999. ISBN 0858835061, 9780858835061.
- Durie, Mark (1985), A grammar of Acehnese : on the basis of a dialect of North Aceh (Archive) (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde)." Foris Publications, 1985. ISBN 9067650749, ISBN 978-9067650748.
- Durie, Mark. "Grammatical Relations in Acehnese." Studies in Language, 1987. vol. 11, no2, pp. 365–399. ISSN 0378-4177. DOI 10.1075/sl.11.2.05dur.
- Durie, Mark. "Proto-Chamic and Acehnese mid vowels : towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic." 1988. (Archive)
- Durie, Mark. "Control and decontrol in acehnese." [sic] Australian Journal of Linguistics. Volume 5, Issue 1, 1985. p. 43-53. Published online: 14 August 2008. DOI:10.1080/07268608508599335.
- Lawler, John M. (University of Michigan) "On the Questions of Achnese 'Passive'." Archive
External links[edit]
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Acehnese language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
