Actinidia arguta
| Hardy Kiwi | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
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| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | A. arguta
|
| Binomial name | |
| Actinidia arguta | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 322 kJ (77 kcal) |
18 g | |
| Sugars | 7.6 g |
| Dietary fiber | 3 g |
0.6 g | |
1.2 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin C | 60% 54 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Sodium | 0% 6 mg |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3] | |
Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwi) is a perennial vine native to Japan, Korea, Northern China, and Russian Siberia. It produces a small fruit resembling the kiwifruit.[4]
The fruit are referred to as Hardy kiwifruit, kiwi berry, arctic kiwi, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, northern kiwi, or cocktail kiwi and are edible, berry or grape-sized fruit similar to kiwifruit in taste and appearance, but are green, brownish, or purple with smooth skin, sometimes with a red blush. Often sweeter than the kiwifruit, hardy kiwifruit can be eaten whole and need not be peeled. Thin-walled, its exterior is smooth and leathery.
Cultivation
The fast-growing, climbing vine is very hardy (hence the name hardy kiwi), and is capable of surviving slow temperature drops to -34°C (-30°F), although young shoots can be vulnerable to frost in the spring.[5] The vines need a frost-free growing season of about 150 days, but are not damaged by late freezes, provided that temperature changes are sufficiently gradual to allow plants to acclimate. Indeed, a period of winter chill is necessary for successful cultivation. However, rapid freezes will kill off buds and split vines. The vines can also be grown in low-chill areas.[4]
While hardy kiwi may be grown directly from seeds (germination time is approximately one month), it is also possible to propagate from cuttings. Hardy kiwi cuttings may be grafted directly onto established kiwifruit rootstock, or rooted themselves.
In domestic cultivation, a trellis may be used to encourage horizontal growth for easy maintenance and harvesting; however, vines grow extremely quickly and require a strong trellis for support. Each vine can grow up to 20 feet in a single season, given ideal growing conditions.[6] For commercial planting, placement is important: plants can tolerate partial shade but yields will be optimized with full sunlight. Hardy kiwi vines consume large volumes of water; therefore, they are usually grown in well-drained acidic soils to prevent root rot.[4]
Pollination and harvest
For vines to bear fruit, both male and female plants must be present to enable pollination. A male pollinator can enable six female producers to fruit.[5] Flowering typically occurs in May (in the Northern Hemisphere) starting in the third year of growth.[7] If flowers become frost-burned, however, no fruit production will occur during the remainder of the year.[5]
An autumn harvest is standard among all varieties; within this, actual harvest times are highly dependent on local climate and the specific cultivar grown.[4] Each individual vine can produce up to 100 pounds of fruit per year, but average annual yield is approximately 50 pounds per vine.[5] Both fruit size and total yield are highly cultivar-dependent. Fruits left to ripen on the vine contain a 18 to 25 percent sugar content at time of harvest.[5]
- Pests
Hardy kiwi vines are vulnerable to several botanical diseases, including phytophthora crown and root rot (the most serious problem), botrytis rot, and sclerotinia blight. Vines are also vulnerable to insect infestations, including root knot nematodes, two-spotted spider mites, leaf rollers, thrips, and Japanese beetles.[5] Cats can also pose a problem, as they are attracted to a catnip-like smell that is produced by the hardy kiwi vines. Cats have been known to destroy vines and dig up roots in search of the source of the scent.[4]
- Commercial production
Attempts to commercialize the fruit have been historically unsuccessful due to its short shelf-life and sporadic tendencies to ripen. However, attempts are being made to bring the fruit to greater bear, and commercial production initiatives are underway on a small scale in South America, New Zealand, Europe, Canada, and the USA (in Oregon, Washington, and central Pennsylvania).[6][8]
Botanical history and taxonomy
Actinidia arguta was first described by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1843 as Trochostigma argutum.[9] It was then moved to the genus Actinidia in 1867 by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel after the invalidly published suggestion by Jules Émile Planchon to move the species.[10]
- Varieties
The species consists of three varieties:[10]
- Actinidia arguta var. arguta (autonym)
- Actinidia arguta var. giraldii (Diels) Vorosch.
- Actinidia arguta var. hypoleuca (Nakai) Kitam.
Actinidia arguta var. giraldii was originally described by Ludwig Diels at the species rank (Actinidia giraldii) in 1905,[11] but was later reduced to a variety of A. arguta in 1972 by Vladimir Nikolaevich Voroschilov.[12] Actinidia arguta var. hypoleuca was originally described at the species rank (Actinidia hypoleuca) by Takenoshin Nakai in 1904,[13] but reduced to a variety of A. arguta in 1980 by Siro Kitamura.[14]
Actinidia arguta had been placed in section Leiocarpae and series Lamellatae, but this current infrageneric classification is unsupported. A 2002 study of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer sequence and the plastid matK gene sequence for cladistic analysis revealed the current circumscription of the sections to be polyphyletic, with A. arguta forming a clade with A. melanandra near the base of the phylogenetic tree.[10][15]
Controversy over invasiveness in the northeastern United States
Actinidia arguta has been cultivated by hobbyists, and more recently commercially, in the northeastern United States since at least the early 1900's with no significant impact on the region's forests noted, until recently. At one site in Coffin Woods, Long Island, NY, and a few forested sites in western MA, A. arguta vines of unknown genotype and provenance are now reported by some groups[who?] to be invasive.[16] Whether such localized sites indicate an invasive risk for the region as a whole is controversial, however, given the long history of this widely distributed and cultivated species in the northeastern United States.[17]. Since successful invasions of non-native species can occur gradually over time, however, these reported sites warrant further investigation and suggest the need for more widespread monitoring.[18]
Currently, the USDA Forest Service Section 3B Eastern Region lists A. arguta in Category 4 Plants for local concern and monitoring. These plants are non-native species that occur locally in the region. By their assessment, it is not currently known if it can be especially invasive, but the species was recommended for future monitoring.[19] The Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group lists A. arguta as a species that did not meet the criteria at that time, citing a lack of evidence or deficiency of data on its reproductive ability and potential escape from cultivation.[20]
External links
- How to grow and eat hardy kiwis outdoors in the UK from Homegrown Revolution
- Kiwi Korners Farm Commercial Production of Actinidia Arguta (Hardy Kiwi)
References
- ^ Nutritional Value NZ KiwiBerry Growers Incorporated.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e Hardy Kiwifruit Fruit Facts. 1996, California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.
- ^ a b c d e f Hardy Kiwi Hardy Kiwi. Dec. 16, 2008, Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences.
- ^ a b Hardy Kiwi Nan Sterman, National Gardening Association.
- ^ Kiwifruit and Hardy Kiwi Kiwifruit and Hardy Kiwi HYG-1426-93. John Strang & Richard C. Funt, Ohio State University.
- ^ Kiwi Korners Farm, Commercial Production of Actinidia Arguta (Hardy Kiwi)
- ^ "Trochostigma argutum Siebold & Zucc". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ a b c "Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ "Actinidia giraldii Diels". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ "Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var. giraldii (Diels) Vorosch". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ "Actinidia hypoleuca Nakai". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ "Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var. hypoleuca (Nakai) Kitam". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ Li, J., H. Huang, and T. Sang. 2002. Molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). Systematic Botany, 27(2): 408-415.
- ^ http://www.massaudubon.org/Invasive_Species/plants.php?id=11
- ^ Penn State Extension - Fruit Times. March 22, 2013. Hardy Kiwifruit: Invasive Plant or Throwback to the Gilded Age?
- ^ http://www.fws.gov/asheville/pdfs/Introductionandbackgroundmaterial.pdf
- ^ Actinidia Arguta - USDA Forest Service
- ^ Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group (MIPAG). February 28, 2005. The Evaluation of Non-Native Plant Species for Invasiveness in Massachusetts. Accessed online: 23 February 2013.