Agostinho Neto
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António Agostinho Neto
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| In office 11 November 1975 – 10 September 1979 |
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| Succeeded by | José Eduardo dos Santos |
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| Born | September 17, 1922 Bengo, Angola |
| Died | September 10, 1979 (aged 56) Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Political party | Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola |
| Spouse | Maria Eugénia da Silva[1] |
António Agostinho Neto (September 17, 1922 – September 10, 1979) served as the first President of Angola (1975–1979), leading the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the war for independence and the civil war. His birthday is celebrated as National Heroes Day, a public holiday in Angola.
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[edit] Early life
Born in Catete, Bengo in Angola in 1922, Neto attended high school in Luanda while his father Agostinho Pedro Neto worked as a Methodist pastor. Neto left Angola for Portugal, studying medicine at the universities of Coimbra and Lisbon. PIDE arrested him for his separatist activism in 1951. In 1958 the government released Neto and he finished his studies, marrying Maria Eugénia da Silva the same day he graduated. He returned to Angola in 1959.[1][2]
[edit] Political career
In December 1956 the Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Secretary General and Neto as President.[3][2]
The Portuguese colonial establishment arrested Neto on June 8, 1960. His patients and supporters marched for his release from Bengo to Catete, but were stopped when Portuguese soldiers shot at them, killing 30 and wounding 200 in the Massacre of Icolo e Bengo.[3] The Portuguese government exiled Neto to Cape Verde and then imprisoned him in Lisbon. The government, facing international pressure, released him from prison and put him under house arrest. He escaped to Morocco and then moved to Zaire.[1]
In 1962 Neto visited Washington D.C., United States and asked the Kennedy administration for aid in his war with Portugal. The U.S. government turned him down, choosing to instead support Holden Roberto's anti-Communist FNLA.[4]
Neto met Che Guevara in 1965 and began receiving support from Cuba.[5] He visited Havana many times, and he and Fidel Castro shared similar ideological views. [6]
He was one of the first members of the MPLA, one of three factions that vied for power after the Portuguese withdrawal from Angola (following the Carnation Revolution), and later led the country after independence on November 11, 1975. His government developed close links with the Soviet Union and other nations in the Eastern bloc and other Communist states, particularly Cuba, which aided the MPLA considerably in its war with the FNLA and UNITA. He was succeeded in his capacity as president of the state by Jose Eduardo dos Santos.
Neto died in a hospital in Moscow, in the Soviet Union, while undergoing surgery for cancer, and while the Angolan Civil War continued.
[edit] Tributes
The main university in Angola, the Agostinho Neto University, is named after him.
The Soviet Union awarded Neto the Lenin Peace Prize (1975-76).
A poem by Chinua Achebe entitled Agostinho Neto was written in his honor.[7]
An airport in Santo Antão, Cape Verde, is named after him, due to the beloved work he performed there as a doctor. There is also a morna dedicated to him.
| Preceded by - |
President of Angola 11 November 1975 – 10 September 1979 |
Succeeded by José Eduardo dos Santos |
[edit] References
- ^ a b c James, W. Martin (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola. pp. 110.
- ^ a b Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Africa Year Book and Who's who. 1977. pp. 238–239.
- ^ Walker, John Frederick (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola. pp. 146–148.
- ^ Abbott, Peter; Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues (1988). Modern African Wars: Angola and Mocambique, 1961-74. pp. 10.
- ^ Chazan, Naomi; Robert Mortimer, John Ravenhill, Donald Rothchild (1992). Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.. pp. 392. ISBN 1-55587-283-2.
- ^ Achebe, Chinua. "Agostinho Neto". http://www.bu.edu/agni/poetry/print/2002/56-achebe.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
