Airline hub
An airline hub is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination.[citation needed] It is part of a hub and spoke model, where travelers moving between airports not served by direct flights change planes en route to their destinations.[citation needed] Many hubs of the airlines are also situated at airports in the cities of the respective head offices.[citation needed]
Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other airlines use multiple hubs. Hubs are used for both passenger flights as well as cargo flights.[citation needed]
Many airlines also use focus cities, which function much the same as hubs. Airlines may also use secondary hubs, a non-technical term for large focus cities.[citation needed]
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[edit] Fortress hub
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010) |
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) |
A fortress hub is an airport where a single airline's share of flights is at or above the monopoly standard of 70 percent of flights in and out of the hub.[1] For example, in 2010 US Airways occupied 85 (plus 1 shared with Lufthansa) out of 97 total gates and accounted for approximately 90% of passenger traffic at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport.[2][3] Another example is at Detroit (DTW), a Delta Air Lines hub. New entrants, such as Spirit Airlines at Detroit (DTW), AirTran at Atlanta (ATL), and Vanguard at Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW), allege to have been the target of exclusionary practices by the dominant carrier. Some observers argue that the existence of such hubs can stifle competition; ProAir's battle with Northwest when it briefly flew out of Detroit City Airport is often cited as an example.[4] Northwest was able to out compete the short-lived discount carrier by matching its fares and offering more frequent flights. Although these competitive measures have nothing to do with hub status per se, they are indicative of the measures a hub airline will take to defend its preferred position at a hub airport.
A few examples of fortress hubs for airline alliances include but are not limited to:
[edit] oneworld
- Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport - American Airlines [5]
- Hong Kong International Airport - Cathay Pacific
- London Heathrow Airport - British Airways
- Madrid-Barajas Airport - Iberia
- Queen Alia International Airport - Royal Jordanian Airlines
- Miami International Airport - American Airlines
- Sydney Airport - Qantas
[edit] Skyteam
- Amsterdam Airport Schiphol - KLM
- Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport - Alitalia
- Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport - Delta Air Lines
- Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport - Delta Air Lines[citation needed]
- Incheon International Airport - Korean Air
- Mexico City International Airport - Aeromexico
- Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport - Delta Air Lines[citation needed]
- Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport - Air France
- Prague Ruzyne Airport - Czech Airlines
- Jomo Kenyatta International Airport-Kenya Airways
[edit] Star Alliance
- Charlotte/Douglas International Airport - US Airways[citation needed]
- Frankfurt am Main Airport - Lufthansa
- Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport - United Airlines[citation needed]
- Singapore Changi Airport - Singapore Airlines
- Toronto Pearson International Airport - Air Canada
- Washington Dulles International Airport - United Airlines[citation needed]
- Zurich-Kloten Airport - Swiss International Air Lines
- Cairo International Airport - Egypt Air
- Atatürk International Airport - Turkish Airlines
[edit] Major passenger airlines and their hubs
| This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) |
[edit] Africa
- Afriqiyah Airways (8U) uses Tripoli Tripoli International Airport (TIP).
- Air Algérie (AH) uses Algiers Houari Boumedienne Airport (ALG) and Oran Es Senia Airport (ORN).
- Egyptair (MS) uses Cairo Cairo International Airport (CAI).
- Ethiopian Airlines (ET) uses Addis Ababa Bole International Airport (ADD).
- Kenya Airways (KQ) uses Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO).
- Royal Air Maroc (AT) uses Casablanca Mohammed V International Airport (CMN).
- South African Airways (SA) uses Johannesburg (JNB) OR Tambo International Airport and Cape Town International Airport (CPT).
- Nigerian Eagle Airlines (VK) uses Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport(LOS).
[edit] Asia
- AirAsia (AK) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- AirAsia X (D7) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- Air China (CA) uses Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (CTU).
- Air India (AI) uses Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM) and Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
- Air Koryo (JS) uses Pyongyang Sunan International Airport (FNJ).
- All Nippon Airways (NH) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Osaka International Airport (ITM).
- Airphil Express (2P) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Francisco Bangoy International Airport (DVO), Mactan-Cebu International Airport (CEB), Zamboanga International Airport (ZAM).
- Asiana Airlines (OZ) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo Airport (GMP).
- Bangkok Airways (PG) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK) and Samui Airport (USM).
- Batavia Air (Y6) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK).
- Biman Bangladesh Airlines (BG) uses Shahjalal International Airport (DAC), Shah Amanat International Airport (CGP), Osmani International Airport (ZYL).
- Caspian Airlines (RV) uses Mehrabad Airport (THR).
- Cathay Pacific (CX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG) (and to a lesser extent Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)).
- Cebu Pacific (5J) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (CRK), Mactan-Cebu International Airport (CEB), and Francisco Bangoy International Airport (DVO).
- Chengdu Airlines (EU) uses Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (CTU).
- China Airlines (CI) uses Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE).
- China Eastern Airlines (MU) uses Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) and Pudong International Airport (PVG).
- China Southern Airlines (CZ) uses Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) and Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK).
- Dragonair (KA) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG).
- El Al (LY) uses Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV).
- Emirates Airline (EK) uses Dubai International Airport (DXB).
- Etihad Airways (EY) uses Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH).
- EVA Air (BR) uses Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)
- Firefly (FY) uses Subang Airport (SZB) and Penang International Airport
- Garuda Indonesia (GA) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS). Recently, Garuda added Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport (UPG) as their third hub.
- Gulf Air (GF) uses Bahrain International Airport (BAH).
- Hong Kong Airlines (HX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG)
- Hong Kong Express Airways (UO) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG)
- IndiGo Airlines (6E) uses Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
- Indonesia Air Asia (QZ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK), Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) and Husein Sastranegara International Airport (BDO).
- Iran Air (IR) uses Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA) and Mehrabad Airport (THR).
- Iran Air Tours (B9) uses Mashhad International Airport (MHD).
- Iran Aseman Airlines (EP) uses Mehrabad International Airport (THR) and Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA).
- Japan Airlines (JL) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Osaka International Airport (ITM).
- Jazeera Airways (J9), uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI) and Dubai International Airport (DXB).
- Jet Airways (9W) uses Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Chennai-Anna International Airport (MAA), Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) and Brussels-National Airport (BRU).
- Jetstar Asia Airways (3K) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
- Jetstar Pacific Airlines (BL) uses Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN)
- Kingfisher Airlines (IT) uses Bangalore-Bengaluru International Airport (BLR), Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport(BOM) and Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)
- Kish Air (Y9) uses Mehrabad Airport (THR).
- Korean Air (KE) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo International Airport (GMP).
- Kuwait Airways (KU) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).
- Lion Air (JT) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Juanda International Airport (SUB).
- Mahan Air (W5) uses Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA).
- Malaysia Airlines (MH) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- Mandala Airlines (RI) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Juanda International Airport (SUB).
- MASwings (MH) uses Miri Airport (MYY).
- Merpati Nusantara Airlines (MZ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) and Juanda International Airport (SUB)
- Middle East Airlines (ME) uses Beirut Rafik Hariri International Airport (BEY).
- Nok Air (DD) uses Don Mueang International Airport (DMK).
- Oman Air (WY) uses Muscat International Airport (MCT).
- One-Two-GO Airlines (OG) uses Don Mueang International Airport (DMK).
- Orient Thai Airlines (OX) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK).
- Pakistan International Airlines (PK) uses Jinnah International Airport (KHI), Islamabad International Airport (ISB) and Allama Iqbal International Airport (LHE).
- Philippine Airlines (PR) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL).
- Qatar Airways (QR) uses Doha International Airport (DOH).
- Royal Brunei Airlines (BI) uses Brunei International Airport (BWN).
- Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJ) uses Amman Queen Alia International Airport (AMM).
- Saudi Arabian Airlines (SV) uses King Abdul Aziz International Airport (JED) King Khalid International Airport (RUH) and King Fahd International Airport (DMM).
- SGA Airlines (5E) uses Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX).
- Shanghai Airlines (FM) uses Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Hongqiao International Airport (SHA).
- Shenzhen Airlines (ZH) uses Shenzhen Shenzhen Baoan International Airport(SZX).
- Sichuan Airlines (3U) uses Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (CTU), Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (CKG) and Kunming Wujiaba International Airport (KMG).
- Silkair (MI) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
- Singapore Airlines (SQ) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
- SpiceJet (SG) uses Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
- SriLankan Airlines (UL) uses Bandaranaike International Airport (CMB).
- Sriwijaya Air (SJ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK).
- Thai Airways International (TG) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK), Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) and Phuket International Airport (HKT).
- Thai Air Asia (FD) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK) and Phuket International Airport (HKT).
- Tiger Airways (TR) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
- Uzbekistan Airways (HY) uses Tashkent International Airport (TAS).
- Valuair (VF) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
- Vietnam Airlines (VN) uses Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN) and Noi Bai International Airport (HAN).
- Wataniya Airways (KW) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).
- Zest Air (Z2) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL).
[edit] Europe
- Adria Airways (JP) uses Ljubljana International Airport (LJU).
- Aer Lingus (EI) uses Dublin Airport (DUB), Cork Airport (ORK), Belfast International Airport (BFS), Gatwick Airport (LGW) and Shannon Airport (SNN).
- Aeroflot (SU) uses Moscow-Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO).
- Aerosvit (VV) uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP).
- Air Berlin (AB) uses Berlin-Tegel Airport (TXL), Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS), Nuremberg Airport (NUE) and Palma de Mallorca Airport (PMI).
- AirBaltic (BT) uses Riga International Airport (RIX)
- Air Europa (AE) uses Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD)
- Air France (AF) uses Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport (LYS) and to a lesser extent Orly Airport (ORY).
- Air Greenland (GL) uses Kangerlussuaq Airport (SFJ).
- Air Malta (MT) uses Malta International Airport (MLA)
- Air Moldova (9U) uses Chisinau International Airport (KIV)
- Alitalia (AZ) uses Rome Leonardo da Vinci Airport (FCO).
- Anadolujet (TK) uses Esenboğa International Airport (ESB).
- Atlantic Airways (RC) uses Vágar Airport (FAE).
- Austrian Airlines (OS) uses Vienna International Airport (VIE).
- British Airways (BA) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR) and to a lesser extent Gatwick Airport (LGW).
- Blue1 (KF) uses Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (HEL).
- BMI (BD) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR).
- Bmibaby (WW), a low-fare airline, uses Birmingham Airport, West Midlands (BHX), Manchester Airport (MAN), Cardiff Airport (CWL) and East Midlands Airport (EMA)
- Brussels Airlines (SN) uses Brussels Airport (BRU).
- Bulgaria Air (FB) uses Sofia Airport (SOF).
- Condor Airlines (DE) uses Frankfurt Airport (FRA).
- Croatia Airlines (OU) uses Zagreb Airport (ZAG).
- Cyprus Airways (CY) uses Larnaca Airport (LCA).
- Czech Airlines (OK) uses Prague Ruzyne International Airport (PRG).
- easyJet (U2), a low-cost carrier, has large 'bases' in Belfast International Airport(BFS), Bristol Airport(BRS), Edinburgh Airport (EDI), Glasgow International Airport (GLA), Liverpool John Lennon Airport (LPL), London Gatwick Airport (LGW), London Luton Airport (LTN), London Stansted Airport (STN), Manchester Airport (MAN), Newcastle Airport (NCL), Lyon Saint Exupery Airport (LYS), Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP), Berlin Schonefeld Airport (SXF) and Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD).
- easyJet Switzerland (DS) uses Geneva International Airport (GVA) and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg (BSL/MLH/EAP).
- Finnair (AY) uses Helsinki Airport (HEL).
- Iberia (IB) uses Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD).
- Iberworld (TY) uses Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD)
- Icelandair (FI) uses Keflavík International Airport (KEF).
- Jat Airways (JU) uses Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport (BEG).
- Jet2.com (LS) uses Leeds Bradford International Airport (LBA).
- KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines) (KL) uses Amsterdam-Schiphol Airport (AMS).
- LOT Polish Airlines (LO) uses Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (WAW).
- Lufthansa (LH) uses Frankfurt Airport (FRA), Munich Airport (MUC) and Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS).
- Luxair (LG) uses Luxembourg-Findel International Airport (LUX).
- Malév Hungarian Airlines (MA) uses Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport (BUD).
- Martinair (MP) uses Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS).
- Montenegro Airlines (YM) uses Podgorica Airport (TGD) and Tivat Airport (TIV).
- Norwegian Air Shuttle (DY) uses Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL).
- Olympic Air (OA) uses Athens International Airport (ATH).
- Portugalia (NI) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS).
- Scandinavian Airlines (SK) uses Copenhagen Airport (CPH) and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL), Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN).
- Swiss International Airlines (LX) uses Zürich Airport (ZRH) (and to a lesser extent Geneva International Airport (GVA)).
- TAP Portugal (TP) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS) and to a lesser extent Oporto Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport (OPO) .
- TAROM Romanian Air Transport (RO) uses Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) as a principal hub and Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ) as a second hub.
- Thomson Airways (TOM) uses London Gatwick Airport (LGW), Manchester Airport (MAN) and Birmingham Airport, West Midlands (BHX).
- Transaero Airlines (UN) uses Moscow-Domodedovo International Airport (DME) and Saint-Petersburg-Pulkovo Airport (LED).
- Turkish Airlines (TK) uses Istanbul Ataturk International Airport (IST)
- Ukraine International Airlines uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP)
- Virgin Atlantic (VS) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR), Gatwick Airport (LGW) and to a lesser extent Manchester Airport (MAN)
- Vueling a subsidiary of Iberia uses Barcelona El Prat Airport (BCN)
- WindRose uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP)
[edit] North America (including Hawaii)
- Aeroméxico (AM) uses Mexico City International Airport (MEX).
- Air Canada (AC) uses Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), Vancouver International Airport (YVR), and Calgary International Airport (YYC) as major hubs.[6]
- Air Transat (TS) uses Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), and Vancouver International Airport (YVR).
- AirTran Airways (FL), a low-fare airline, uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), General Mitchell International Airport (MKE), Orlando International Airport (MCO), and Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI).
- Alaska Airlines (AS) uses Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Portland International Airport (PDX).
- American Airlines (AA) uses Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Miami International Airport (MIA), John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).
- American Eagle Airlines (MQ) uses Chicago-O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), San Juan's Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU), Miami International Airport (MIA), and LaGuardia Airport (LGA).
- Copa Airlines (CM) uses Tocumen International Airport (PTY).
- Delta Air Lines (DL) uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), Memphis International Airport (MEM), Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS), Tokyo's Narita International Airport (NRT), and Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG).
- Frontier Airlines (F9), a low-fare airline, uses Denver International Airport (DEN).
- Great Lakes Airlines, a regional airline based out of Denver, Colorado, uses Denver International Airport as its main hub.
- Hawaiian Airlines (HA), uses Honolulu International Airport (HNL) and Kahului Airport (OGG).[7]
- JetBlue Airways (B6), a low-fare airline, uses John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). JetBlue uses the term "base" to define its New York-JFK operations.
- Porter Airlines (PD) uses Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (YTZ) as its principal hub.
- Southwest Airlines (WN), a low-cost airline, mostly runs point-to-point service, but has hub-like operations in Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Chicago Midway Airport (MDW), Dallas Love Field Airport (DAL), Las Vegas's McCarran International Airport (LAS), Houston Hobby Airport (HOU), and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX).
- Spirit Airlines (NK), a low-fare airline, uses Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL), Spirit uses the term "bases" instead of "hubs" to define Detroit and Fort Lauderdale.
- Sun Country Airlines (SY), a low-fare airline, uses Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP).
- TACA Airlines (TA) uses Comalapa International Airport (SAL), La Aurora International Airport (GUA), Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) (for its TACA Peru South American destinations) and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO)
- United Airlines (UA) uses Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD), San Francisco International Airport (SFO) (as its Pacific gateway), Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), Denver International Airport (DEN), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Tokyo's Narita International Airport (NRT), Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE), Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), and Guam's Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport (GUM).
- US Airways (US) uses Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (CLT), and Philadelphia International Airport (PHL).
- Virgin America (VX), a low-fare airline uses San Francisco International Airport (SFO).
- VivaAerobus (VB), a low-fare airline uses General Mariano Escobedo International Airport (MTY).
- WestJet (WS) uses Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ).
[edit] Caribbean
- Air ALM (LM) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Air Aruba (FQ) used Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
- Air Caraïbes (TX) uses Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport (PTP) as a hub
- Air Turks and Caicos (JY) uses Providenciales International Airport (PLS) as hub.
- Bahamasair (UP) uses Nassau's Lynden Pindling International Airport (NAS) as its hub
- Caribair (B9) uses La Isabela International Airport (JBQ) as hub
- Caribbean Airlines (BW) uses Piarco International Airport (POS) and Kingston's Norman Manley International Airport (KIN) as hubs.
- Cayman Airways (KX) uses Grand Cayman's Owen Roberts International Airport (GCM) and Cayman Brac's Gerrard Smith International Airport (CYB) as hubs.
- Cubana de Aviación (CU) uses Havana's José Martí International Airport (HAV).
- Dominicana de Aviación (DO) used Las Américas International Airport (SDQ) as a hub
- Dutch Antilles Express (9H) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Dutch Caribbean Airlines (K8) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Insel Air (7I) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Leeward Islands Air Transport (LI) uses VC Bird International Airport (ANU), and Sir Grantley Adams International Airport (BGI) as a hub
- PAWA Dominicana (7Q) uses Las Américas International Airport (SDQ) and Cibao International Airport (STI) as Hubs
- Prinair (PQ) used Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU) as a hub
- REDjet (RD) uses Sir Grantley Adams International Airport (BGI) as a hub
- SAP Air (5S) uses La Isabela International Airport (JBQ), Gregorio Luperón International Airport (POP) and Punta Cana International Airport (PUJ) as Hubs
- Tiara Air (3P) uses Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
- Vieques Airlink (VI) uses Antonio Rivera Rodriguez Airport (VQS) as a hub
[edit] Oceania
- Air New Zealand (NZ) uses Auckland Airport (AKL).
- Air Niugini (PX) uses Jacksons International Airport (POM).
- Air Pacific (FJ) uses Nadi International Airport (NAN).
- Air Tahiti Nui (TN) uses Faa'a International Airport (PPT).
- Air Vanuatu (NF) uses Bauerfield International Airport (VLI).
- Jetstar Airways (JQ) uses Melbourne Airport (MEL), Sydney Airport (SYD), Brisbane Airport (BNE) and Gold Coast Airport (OOL).
- Qantas (QF) uses Sydney Airport (SYD) and Melbourne Airport (MEL)
- Tiger Airways Australia (TT) uses Melbourne Airport (MEL).
- Virgin Australia/Pacific Blue (DJ) uses Brisbane Airport (BNE), Sydney Airport (SYD), Auckland Airport (AKL) and Christchurch Airport (CHC).
[edit] South America
- Aerochaco (VM) uses Resistencia International Airport (RES).
- Aero Continente (N6) used Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
- Aerolíneas Argentinas (AR) uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE) and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).
- Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela (VH) uses Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS).
- Aires (4C) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Andes Líneas Aéreas (OY) uses Martín Miguel de Güemes Airport (SLA).
- Austral Líneas Aéreas (AU) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).
- Avianca (AV) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras (AD) uses Viracopos-Campinas International Airport (VCP).
- Copa Airlines Colombia (P5) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Gol (G3) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) and Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (GIG).
- Grupo Taca (TA) uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), Comalapa International Airport (SAL) & La Aurora International Airport (GUA) (for its TACA North/Central American destinations).
- LADE (5U) uses General Enrique Mosconi International Airport (CRD), Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Comandante Armando Tola International Airport (FTE).
- LAN (LA) uses Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. (SCL). Subsidiaries: LAN Argentina uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE); LAN Ecuador uses Jose Joaquin de Olmedo International Airport (GYE) & Mariscal Sucre International Airport (UIO), LAN Perú uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
- PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas (P8) uses Carrasco International Airport (MVD).
- Santa Barbara Airlines (S3) uses Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS).
- Satena (9R) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Sol Líneas Aéreas (8R) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Islas Malvinas International Airport (ROS).
- TAM Airlines (JJ) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), Congonhas Domestic Airport (CGH), Eduardo Gomes International Airport (MAO) and Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport (BSB), TAM Airlines (Paraguay) uses Silvio Pettirossi International Airport (ASU).
- TRIP Linhas Aéreas (T4) uses Tancredo Neves International Airport (CNF), Eduardo Gomes International Airport (MAO).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Dr. Mark N. Cooper (1999-01-22) (.PDF). Freeing Public Pollicy from the Deregulation Debate: The Airline Industry Comes of Age. Consumer Federation of America. pp. 10–11. http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/abaair1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
- ^ Source: City of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County, May 2005; US Airways, June 2005 A fortress hub is difficult for new entrant carriers to penetrate.
- ^ "Appendix A: Statement of Enforcement Policy Regarding Unfair Exclusionary Conduct". pp. 10–11. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr255/apndx.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2], [3], [4], [5]
- ^ Hub Cities: Air Canada.com
- ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/rss/ci_19739303?source=rss