Al-Hakam II
Al-Hakam II (al-Ḥakam II ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III; Arabic: الحكم الثاني) (January 13, 915 – October 16, 976) was the second Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia, which became part of modern Spain), and son of Abd-ar-rahman III (al-Nasir). He ruled from 961 to 976.
Al-Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd ar-Rahman III in 961. He secured peace with the Christian kingdoms of northern Iberia, and made use of the stability to develop agriculture through the construction of irrigation works. Economic development was also encouraged through the widening of streets and the building of markets.
He was fond of books and learning, and amassed a vast library with 400,000 books (which is most likely an exaggeration).[1] He even sent his agents to purchase 'first edition' books from the Muslim east, such as Kitab al-Aghani (Book of Songs) by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. Following his death, al-Mansur had all "ancient science" books destroyed.[2]
During his reign, a massive translation effort was undertaken, and many books were translated from Latin and Greek into Arabic. He formed a joint committee of Arab Muslims and Iberian Mozarab Christians for this task.
His building works included an expansion of the main mosque of Cordoba (962–966), the Mezquita, and the completion of the Royal residence Medina Azahara (976), which Abd ar-Rahman III had begun in 936.
As well, the famous physician, scientist, and surgeon Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis) was active in Al-Hakam's court during his reign.
Whilst the internal administration was left increasingly to the Berber Vizir Al-Mushafi, General Ghalib was gradually gaining influence as leader of the army. He was chiefly pre-occupied with repulsing the last Norman attacks (966, 971), and with the struggle against the Zirids and the Fatimids in northern Morocco. The Fatimids were defeated in Morocco in 974, while Al-Hakam II was able to maintain the supremacy of the Caliphate over the Christian states of Navarre, Castile and Leon.
In his youth his loves seem to have been entirely homosexual.[3] He was known to have openly kept a male harem.[4] This exclusivity was a problem, since it was essential to produce an heir. A resolution was reached[5] by his taking a concubine, Subh (Sobeya), who dressed in boys' clothes and was given the masculine name of Jafar.
He was succeeded by his son, Hisham II al-Mu'ayad, who was a nominal ruler under the Hajib (Grand Vizier) al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ The Medieval Spains, Bernard F. Reilly, Cambridge, 2005, 71
- ^ Ann Christy, Christians in Al-Andalus:711-1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 142.
- ^ Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilisation, Harvard, 1990
- ^ Encyclopedia of Medieval Iberia, ed. Michael Gerli (New York: Routledge, 2003), 398–399
- ^ Évariste Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane, Paris, 1950
[edit] External links
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Al-Hakam II
Cadet branch of the Banu Quraish
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| Preceded by Abd-ar-Rahman III |
Caliph of Cordoba 961–976 |
Succeeded by Hisham II |
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