Aladdin (film)

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Aladdin

Original theatrical poster; art by John Alvin
Directed by Ron Clements
John Musker
Produced by Ron Clements
John Musker
Written by Ron Clements
John Musker
Ted Elliott
Terry Rossio
Starring Scott Weinger
Jonathan Freeman
Robin Williams
Linda Larkin
Frank Welker
Gilbert Gottfried
Douglas Seale
Music by Alan Menken
Howard Ashman
Tim Rice
Editing by Mark A. Hester
H. Lee Peterson
Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures
Release date(s) Limited:
November 11, 1992
Wide:
November 25, 1992
Running time 90 min.
Country United States
Language English
Budget $28,000,000
Gross revenue $504,050,219
Followed by The Return of Jafar

Aladdin is a 1992 American animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 31st animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, the film is based on the Arab folktale of Aladdin and the magic lamp from One Thousand and One Nights. Several characters and plot elements are also based on the 1940 version of The Thief of Bagdad.[1][2] Many aspects of the traditional story were changed for the film—for instance, the setting is changed from "China" to a fictional Arabian city, Agrabah.[3] It was released at the peak stretch of the era known as the Disney Renaissance beginning with The Little Mermaid.

The film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, both of whom had just finished writing and directing The Little Mermaid (1989). The musical score was written by Alan Menken, with lyrics written by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice. Aladdin features the voices of Scott Weinger, Jonathan Freeman, Linda Larkin, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried, Douglas Seale, and, as the Genie of the lamp, Robin Williams. Although this was not the first time in which a major actor such as Williams provided voice-over work for an animated film, it was the first major American animated feature film in which particular attention was paid to a celebrity voice cast member, such as a major movie star, in the film as part of its promotion. This has led to a subsequent increased attention to the casts of later productions, as a major element of animated film marketing. Aladdin was released on November 25, 1992 to positive reviews, and was the most successful film of 1992, earning over $217 million in revenue in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide.[4] The film was followed by two direct-to-video sequels: The Return of Jafar (1994) and Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996), and an animated television series, Aladdin, set between the two sequels.

Contents

Plot

Jafar, Grand Vizier to the Sultan of Agrabah, is attempting to access the Cave of Wonders for a magical oil lamp containing a genie. He and his talking parrot, Iago, learn that only the metaphorical "Diamond in the Rough" can enter the cave.

Jasmine, the Sultan's daughter, frustrated with "having her life lived for her" and the obligation of marriage, goes to Agrabah's marketplace. She meets street urchin Aladdin and his monkey, Abu who show her around the marketplace. Jafar, using a machine, discovers that Aladdin is the "diamond in the rough", and has him captured. Jasmine orders him released, but Jafar lies, telling her Aladdin is dead.

Jafar, disguised as an elderly man, releases Aladdin from prison and leads him to the Cave of Wonders. The tiger-shaped head of the cave tells them to touch nothing but the lamp. Aladdin enters the cave and encounters a magic carpet before finding the lamp. Abu tries to steal a ruby which causes a cave-in, but the carpet helps them to the entrance. Jafar tries to kill Aladdin after getting the lamp, but Abu bites Jafar and takes the lamp back. Abu, the carpet and Aladdin fall back into the cave just as it collapses.

When Aladdin awakens, he rubs the lamp, unleashing Genie who reveals he will grant Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin dupes Genie into freeing them from the cave without using up a wish. While contemplating his wishes, Aladdin asks Genie's opinion. Genie admits he would wish for freedom, since he is a prisoner to his lamp. Aladdin promises to later wish him free. For his first wish, Aladdin asks to become a prince so he can marry Jasmine.

Jafar plans to trick the Sultan into marrying Jafar to Jasmine, then kill both of them. His plans are interrupted when Aladdin parades into the Sultan's palace as "Prince Ali". Jasmine rejects him, considering him a buffoon. That night, Aladdin meets Jasmine, and takes her on a magic carpet ride. Jasmine realizes that Ali is the boy from the marketplace; Aladdin fabricates a story that he sometimes dresses as a "commoner" to escape palace life. Aladdin returns her home and they kiss.

After delivering Jasmine, Aladdin is captured by Jafar who orders the guards to chain Aladdin and throw him into the ocean. Aladdin summons Genie, who rescues Aladdin as his second wish. Aladdin returns to the palace, revealing the vizier's plot to Jasmine and the Sultan. Jafar realizes Aladdin's identity, and escapes from the Sultan's bodyguards. Surprised by Aladdin's bravery, the Sultan decides Aladdin should be his successor. Aladdin faces a moral dilemma, and decides to wait before wishing Genie free. Iago steals Genie's lamp and brings it to Jafar, who uses his first wish to become sultan. Jafar's second wish turns him into a powerful sorcerer sending Aladdin to a far-off place.

Aladdin uses the magic carpet to return to Agrabah. Jasmine distracts Jafar as Aladdin attempts to steal the lamp, but the vizier notices. Jafar boasts that he is "the most powerful being on Earth," Aladdin reminds him Genie is more powerful. Jafar uses his final wish to become a genie but forgets that genies are not free entities. Jafar is sucked into his new black lamp, dragging Iago with him. Genie flicks the lamp into the Cave of Wonders.

Aladdin wishes for Genie's freedom, much to Genie's surprise and happiness. Since Jasmine loves Aladdin, the Sultan changes the law so they can marry. Genie leaves to explore the world while Aladdin and Jasmine celebrate their engagement.

Cast

  • Scott Weinger as Aladdin/Prince Ali Ababwa: A poor but kind-hearted thief who lives in Agrabah. Weinger sent in a homemade audition tape with his mother playing the Genie. She played the part so well that when Weinger's agent called he said, "We're a little bit disappointed with Scott, but everyone loved your mom.' If anything had happened to Robin, she definitely would have been the genie in waiting."[5] After several calls back he found six months later that he had the part.[6] Brad Kane supplies the character's singing voice.
  • Robin Williams as The Genie: A comedic genie, with nigh omnipotent power, but can only be exercised when his master wishes it. Clements and Musker wrote the part of the Genie for Williams and when met with resistance they created a reel of Williams' standup to animation of the Genie. When Williams came in to watch the clip he "laughed his ass off" and agreed to do the project.[7]
  • Jonathan Freeman as Jafar: The power-hungry Grand Vizier of Agrabah and the main antagonist of the film. Jafar was originally envisioned as an irritational character, but the directors decided that a calm villain would be more scary.[8] Animator Andreas Deja tried to incorporate Freeman's expressions into the character.[9]
  • Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine: The princess of Agrabah, who is tired of life in the royal palace. Lea Salonga supplies the character's singing voice. Larkin was chosen nine months after her audition, and she had to adjust her pitch to reach the voice the filmmakers were looking for the character.[8]
  • Frank Welker as Abu: Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey with a high-pitched voice. The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo to study Abu's movements.[8] In the three years it took to record the film, Welker did not meet Weinger or Williams.[10] Welker also voiced Jasmine's tiger Rajah, and the Cave of Wonders.[11]
  • Gilbert Gottfried as Iago: Jafar's sarcastic, foul-mouthed pet parrot sidekick. Iago's animator Will Finn tried to incorporate some aspects of Gottfried's appearance into Iago's design, specially his semi-closed eyes and the always appearing teeth.[8]
  • Douglas Seale as The Sultan: The pompous but kind ruler of Agrabah. He tries desperately to find a suitor for his daughter Jasmine. Some aspects of the character were inspired in the Wizard of Oz, to create a bumbling authority figure.[8]
  • Jim Cummings as Razoul: The Captain of the Guard. He was named after layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani.[8]
  • Robin Williams as The Narrator: A mysterious merchant who appears at the beginning of the film. After promoting useless goods to the audience, he reveals the magic lamp and begins the story of Aladdin. His singing voice is supplied by Bruce Adler. The scene which was completely unscripted — the production left Williams a table with props covered with a sheet and asked him to pull out objects without looking at them and describe them in-character. The double role originally led to the merchant revealing to be the Genie disguised, but that idea was later dropped (the merchant returned in the ending of Aladdin and the King of Thieves).[7]
  • The Magic Carpet is a sentient carpet who is able to fly. Animator Randy Cartwright described doing the Carpet as challenging, since it is just a square shape, who expresses himself through pantomime - "It's sort of like acting by origami". Cartwright kept folding a piece of cloth while animating to see how to position the Carpet.[12] After the character animation was done, the carpet's surface design was applied digitally.[9]

Production

In 1988, Howard Ashman suggested Disney make an animated musical adaptation of the story of Aladdin. After writing a story treatment and songs with partner Alan Menken, [13] a screenplay was written by Beauty and the Beast writer Linda Woolverton.[14] Then directors John Musker and Ron Clements joined the film, picking Aladdin out of three projects offered, which also included an adaptation of Swan Lake and King of the Jungle - which eventually became The Lion King.[15] Musker and Clements wrote a draft of the screenplay, delivered in 1991 to studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg. Katzenberg thought the script "didn't engage", and only approved it after rewrites from the screenwriting duo of Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio.[13] Among the changes to the script were the removal of the character of Aladdin's mother, Princess Jasmine made into a stronger character, Aladdin's personality was reworked to be "a little rougher, like a young Harrison Ford,"[13][16] and reworking the parrot Iago, originally conceived as a "British" calm and serious character, into a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in Beverly Hills Cop II. Gottfried was cast to provide Iago's voice.[17] Each character was animated alone, with the animators consulting each other to make scenes with interrelating characters. Since Aladdin's animator Glen Keane was working in the California branch of Walt Disney Feature Animation, and Jasmine's animator Mark Henn was in the Florida one in Disney-MGM Studios, they had to frequently phone, fax or send designs and discs to each other.[12]

Style guide depicting the main characters. The animators designed each one based on a different geometrical shape.[18]

One of the first issues that the animators faced during production of Aladdin was the depiction of Aladdin himself.[19] Director and producer John Musker explains:

“ In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before.[19] ”

He was initially going to be as young as 13, but that eventually changed to eighteen.[19] Aladdin was designed by a team that included supervising animator Glen Keane, and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox. During production, it was decided that the design was too boyish and wasn't "appealing enough," so the character was redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise, rapper MC Hammer, and Calvin Klein models.[7]

Most characters' designs were based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld,[9] which production designer Richard Vander Wende also considered appropriate to the theme, due to similarities to the swooping lines of Persian miniatures and Arabic calligraphy.[12] Jafar's design was not based on Hirschfeld's work because Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character to be contrasting.[20]

For the scenery design, layout supervisor Rasoul Azadani took many pictures of his hometown of Isfahan, Iran.[8] Other inspirations for design were Disney's animated films from the 1940s and 50s and the 1940 film The Thief of Bagdad.[12] The coloring was done with the computerized CAPS process, and the color motifs were chosen according to the personality - the protagonists use light colors such as blue, the antagonists darker ones such as red and black, and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color yellow.[8][9] Computer animation was used in a number of scenes in the film, such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene where Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave.[9]

Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind; even though Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy, Steve Martin, and Eddie Murphy, Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role. Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks in the shooting of two other films he was starring in at the time, Hook and Toys. Unusually for an animated film, much of Williams' dialogue was ad-libbed: for some scenes, Williams was given topics and dialogue suggestions, but allowed to improvise his lines.[9] It was estimated that Williams improvised 52 characters.[21] Eric Goldberg, the supervising animator for the Genie, then reviewed Williams' recorded dialogue and selected the best gags/lines. Goldberg and his crew then created character animation to match Williams' jokes, puns, and impersonations.[9]

The producers added many in-jokes and references to Disney’s previous works in the film, such as a "cameo appearance" from directors Clements and Musker and drawing some characters based on Disney workers.[11] Beast, Sebastian from The Little Mermaid, and Pinocchio make brief appearances,[8] and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film—Goofy hat, Hawaiian shirt, and sandals—are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney/MGM Studios tour in the late 80's.[11]

Robin Williams' conflicts with the studio

In gratitude for his success with the Disney/Touchstone film Good Morning, Vietnam, Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000), on condition that his name or image not be used for marketing, and his (supporting) character not take more than 25% of space on advertising artwork, since Toys was scheduled for release one month after Aladdin's debut. For financial reasons, the studio went back on the deal on both counts, especially in poster art by having the Genie in 25% of the image, but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. Disney's Hyperion book, Aladdin: The Making Of An Animated Film, listed both of Williams' characters "The Peddler" and "The Genie" ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him only as "the actor signed to play the Genie".[7]

Williams and Disney had a bitter falling-out, and as a result Dan Castellaneta voiced the Genie in The Return of Jafar, the Aladdin animated television series, and had recorded his voice for Aladdin and the King of Thieves. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was fired from Disney and replaced by former 20th Century Fox production head Joe Roth (whose last act for Fox was greenlighting Williams' film Mrs. Doubtfire), Roth arranged for a public apology to Williams by Disney. Williams agreed to perform in Hollywood Pictures' Jack, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, and even agreed to voice the Genie again for the King Of Thieves sequel (for considerably more than scale), replacing all of Castellaneta's dialogue.[22]

Music

Main article: Aladdin (soundtrack)

Composer Alan Menken and songwriters Howard Ashman and Tim Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s."[23] Menken and Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991.[24] Although fourteen songs were written for Aladdin, only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist.[25] The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animations tests, and a music video of one, "Proud of Your Boy", performed by Clay Aiken,[26] which also appears on the album DisneyMania 3.[27]

Themes

"The original story was sort of a winning the lottery kind of thing. When we got into it, particularly coming in at the end of the 1980's, it seemed like an Eighties 'greed is good' movie. (...)Like having anything you could wish for would be the greatest thing in the world and having it taken away from you is bad, but having it back is great. We didn't really want that to be the message of the movie"
—Ron Clements[12]

The filmmakers thought the moral message of the original tale was not appropriate, and decided to "put a spin on it", by making the fulfillment of wishes seem like a great thing, but eventually becoming a problem.[12] Other major themes include not trying to be what the person is not - both Aladdin and Jasmine get into trouble faking to be different people;[8] the Prince Ali persona fails to impress Jasmine, who only falls for Aladdin when she finds out who he truly is -[28] and being "enprisoned", a fate which occurs to most characters - Aladdin and Jasmine are stuck to their lifestyles, Genie is attached to his lamp and Jafar, to the Sultan - and is represented visually by the prison-like walls and bars of the Agrabah palace, and the scene involving caged birds which Jasmine later frees.[8] Jasmine is also depicted as a different Disney Princess, being rebellious to the royal life and the social structure,[29] and trying to make her own way, unlike the princesses who just wait for rescue.[12]

Release

After a limited release on November 13, 1992,[30] Aladdin debuted on 1,131 theaters in November 25, 1992.[31] It was first released in VHS in October 1, 1993, as part of the "Walt Disney Classics" line. In its first week of availability, it sold over 10.8 million copies[32] and went on to sell over 25 million in total (a record only broken by the later release of The Lion King).[33] It entered moratorium on April 30, 1994.[34]

On October 5, 2004, Aladdin was released on DVD, as Aladdin: Platinum Edition, part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs. The DVD release featured a version of the film with retouched and cleaned-up animation, prepared for Aladdin's planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,[35] and a second disc with bonus features. Accompanied by a $19 million marketing campaign,[36] the DVD sold about 3 million units, less than any of the other Platinum Edition titles so far.[37] The film's soundtrack was available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.[26] The DVD went into moratorium on January 2008, along with its sequels.[38]

Reception

Box office

Aladdin grossed $19.2 million in its opening weekend, reaching number two at the box office — behind Home Alone 2: Lost In New York.[31] It took eight weeks for the film to reach number one at the US box office, breaking the record for the week between Christmas and New Year's Eve with $32.2 million.[39] The film held the top spot five times during its 22-week run.[40] Aladdin was the most successful film of 1992 grossing $217 million in the United States and over $504 million worldwide.[4] It was the biggest gross for an animated film until The Lion King two years later.[41] As of 2009, it is the third highest grossing traditionally animated feature worldwide, behind The Lion King and The Simpsons Movie.[42]

Critical reception

Aladdin was well-received by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 91% of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 47 reviews, with an average score of 7.9/10.[43] Among the "Top Critics", it has a 100% positive review rating from eight critics.[44]

Most critics' praise went to Robin Williams' performance as Genie, [43] with Janet Maslin of The New York Times declaring that children "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is".[45] Warner Bros. animator Chuck Jones even called the film "the funniest feature ever made."[13] James Berardinelli gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".[46] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the comedy made the film accessible to both children and adults,[47] a vision shared with Desson Howe of The Washington Post, who also said "kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure."[48] Brian Lowry of Variety praised the cast of characters, describing the expressive magic carpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment" and considered that "Aladdin overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity".[49]

However, some aspects were widely criticized. Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wrote a negative review, describing the film as racist, ridiculous, and a "narcissistic circus act" for Robin Williams.[50] IGN's review considered that besides the Genie and the cave-in scene, Aladdin was "totally by the numbers (...). You know how it will all turn out, it contains no surprises, and for that matter, very little that's truly special," with "cookie-cutter characters", particularly the protagonists.[26] Roger Ebert considered the music inferior to its predecessors The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, and described Aladdin and Jasmine as "pale and routine".[51]

Animation enthusiasts have noticed similarities between Aladdin and Richard Williams's unfinished film The Thief and the Cobbler (also known as Arabian Knight under Miramax Films and The Princess and the Cobbler under Majestic Films International). These similarities include a similar plot, similar characters, scenes and background designs, and the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance in character design and mannerisms to Genie and Jafar.[52][53] Though Aladdin was released prior to The Thief and the Cobbler, The Thief and the Cobbler was started much earlier in the 1960s, its production being mired in difficulties including financial problems, copyright issues (when it was about Mulla Nasruddin in the 1970s), and late production times caused by separate studios trying to finish the film after Richard Williams was fired from the project for lack of finished work.[54] The late release, coupled with Miramax (a Disney-owned studio) purchasing and re-editing the film, has sometimes resulted in The Thief and the Cobbler being labeled a "copy" of Aladdin.[53]

Awards

Aladdin also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Music, Original Score and Best Music, Original Song for "A Whole New World" and receiving nominations for Best Song ("Friend Like Me"), Best Sound Editing, and Best Sound.[55] At the Golden Globes, Aladdin won Best Original Song ("A Whole New World") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams, with a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.[56] Other awards included the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature,[57] a MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance to Robin Williams,[58] Saturn Awards for Best Fantasy Film, Performance by a Younger Actor to Scott Weinger and Supporting Actor to Robin Williams,[59] the Best Animated Feature by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association,[60] and four Grammy Awards, Best Soundtrack Album, and Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for "A Whole New World".[61]

Controversies

One of the verses of the opening song "Arabian Nights" was altered following protests from the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The lyrics were changed in July 1993 from "Where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face/It's barbaric, but, hey, it's home," in the original release to "Where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense/It's barbaric, but, hey, it's home." The change first appeared on the 1993 video release.[62] The original lyric was intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the re-release uses the edited lyric. The rerecording has the original voice on all other lines, then a noticeably deeper voice says the edited line. Entertainment Weekly ranked Aladdin in a list of the most controversial films in history, due to this incident.[63] The ADC also complained about the portrayal of the lead characters Aladdin and Jasmine. They criticized the characters' Anglicized features and Anglo-American accents, in contrast to the other characters in the film, who are dark-skinned, have Arab accents and grotesque facial features, and appear villainous or greedy.[62]

Protests were also raised to another scene. When Aladdin is attacked by the tiger Rajah on the palace balcony, Aladdin quietly says "Come on... good kitty, take off and go..." and the word "kitty" is overlapped by another, unidentifiable sound, possibly Rajah's snarl. Some people reported hearing "Good teenagers, take off your clothes,"[64] which they considered a subliminal reference to promiscuity. Because of the controversy, Disney replaced the phrase with "Down, kitty" on the DVD release.[65]

Legacy

Sequels and spin-offs

Aladdin was followed by Disney's first direct-to-video sequel, The Return of Jafar in 1994. The film saw the debut of a new character, Abis Mal, voiced by Jason Alexander, and all of the original cast, except for Robin Williams, replaced by Dan Castellaneta, and Douglas Seale, replaced by Val Bettin. The plot mainly focused on Jafar seeking revenge on Aladdin. However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman.[66] Shortly after The Return of Jafar, the Aladdin TV Series was aired on television. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film.[67] In 1996, the final sequel to Aladdin, Aladdin and the King of Thieves was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to be married and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah.[66]

The Aladdin characters later made a crossover with Hercules: The Animated Series,[68] and were featured as guests in the television series House of Mouse and related works to those series—Jafar was the leader of the villains in Mickey's House of Villains.[69]

The film also inspired a Disney On Ice presentation,[70] and two attractions in Disney's theme parks: "The Magic Carpets of Aladdin", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris;[71][72] and the show Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular at Disney's California Adventure Park.[73]

Video games

Main article: Disney's Aladdin (video game)

Along with the film release, three different video games based on Aladdin were released, one by Virgin Interactive for the Sega Mega Drive, Game Boy (later ported to the Game Boy Color), Nintendo Entertainment System and PC;[74] another by SIMS for the Sega Game Gear and Sega Master System;[74] and another by Capcom for the Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis (later ported to the Game Boy Advance in 2002).[75]

The television series inspired another game by Argonaut Games, entitled Aladdin: Nasira's Revenge and released in 2001 for the PlayStation and PC.[76] Also, in 2004 Vivendi Universal released Disney's Aladdin Chess Adventures, a chess computer game with the Aladdin license.[77]

The Kingdom Hearts series features a playable Aladdin world known as Agrabah.[78] In Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, the plotline is loosely related to the storyline of the original film.[78][79] In Kingdom Hearts II it is a mixture of Aladdin and The Return of Jafar.[80] Genie is also a recurring summon in the series.[78]

References

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  10. ^ Kalidor (September 22, 2006). "The Allspark Interviews Legend Frank Welker". allspark.com. http://www.allspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=3. Retrieved on 2009-05-26. 
  11. ^ a b c Ron Clements, John Musker, Amy Pell.Aladdin audio commentary - The Filmmaker's
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