Alaouite dynasty

This article is about the current Moroccan royal family. For the former ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan founded by Muhammad Ali Pasha, see Muhammad Ali Dynasty.

Alaouite Dynasty

Country	Morocco
Ancestral house	Sharifian
Founder	Moulay Ali Cherif
Founding	1631

The Alaouite Dynasty is the name of the current Moroccan royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the ‘Alī of its founder Moulay Ali Cherif who became Prince of Tafilalt in 1631. His son Mulay r-Rshid (1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouite family claim descent from Muhammad through the line of Fāṭimah az-Zahrah, Muhammad's daughter, and her husband, the Fourth Caliph ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib.

Conquest

Empire of Morocco, by Thomas Kitchin (1718–1784)

According to some legends the Alaouites entered Morocco at the end of the 13th century when Al Hassan Addakhil, who lived then in the town of Yanbu in the Hejaz, was brought to Morocco by the inhabitants of Tafilalet to be their imām. They were hoping that, as he was a descendant of Muhammad, his presence would help to improve their date palm crops thanks to his barakah "blessing", an Arabic term meaning a sense of divine presence or charisma. His descendants began to increase their power in southern Morocco after the death of the Saʻdī ruler Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603). In 1669, the last Saʻdī sultan was overthrown in the conquest of Marrakesh by Mulay r-Rshid (1664–1672). After the victory over the zāwiya of Dila, who controlled northern Morocco, he was able to unite and pacify the country.

The organization of the sultanate developed under Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), who, against the opposition of local tribes began to create a unified state. {{Reference necessary|Because the Alaouites had difficult relations with many of the countrie's Berber and Bedouin-Arab tribes, Isma'īl formed a new army of black slaves, the Black Guard. However, the unity of Morocco did not survive his death—in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again.

Only with Muhammad III (1757–1790) could the kingdom be pacified again and the administration reorganized. A renewed attempt at centralization was abandoned and the tribes allowed to preserve their autonomy. Under Abderrahmane (1822–1859) Morocco fell under the influence of the European powers. When Morocco supported the Algerian independence movement of the Emir Abd al-Qadir, it was heavily defeated by the French in 1844 at the Battle of Isly and made to abandon its support.

From Muhammad IV (1859–1873) and Hassan I (1873–1894) the Alaouites tried to foster trading links, above all with European countries and the United States. The army and administration were also modernised, to improve control over the Berber and Bedouin tribes. With the war against Spain (1859–1860) came direct involvement in European affairs—although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the Conference of Madrid (1880), the French gained ever greater influence. German attempts to counter this growing influence led to the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905-1906 and the Second Moroccan Crisis (1911). Eventually the Moroccans were forced to recognise the French Protectorate through the Treaty of Fez, signed on December 3, 1912. At the same time the Rif area of northern Morocco submitted to Spain.

Under the protectorate (1912–1956) the infrastructure was invested in heavily in order to link the cities of the Atlantic coast to the hinterland, thus creating a single economic area for Morocco. However the regime faced the opposition of the tribes—when the Berber were required to come under the jurisdiction of French courts in 1930 it marked the beginning of the independence movement. In 1944, the independence party Istiqlāl was founded, supported by the Sultan Muhammad V (1927–1961). France was obliged to grant Morocco independence on March 2, 1956, leaving behind both a legacy of urbanisation and industrial economy in some cities, and destruction and isolation in the areas that hosted the Berber resistance against France and Spain between 1912 and 1933.

List of Alaouite rulers

See also: List of rulers of Morocco

From 1631 to 1666 as princes of Tafilalt.

• Muhammad I (1631–1635)
• Muhammad II (1635–1664)

Sultan Mulay Muhammad al-Rashid bin Sharif, 1st Sultan of Morocco, etc., b. at Sijilmasa (Rissani), Tafilalt, 1631, second son of Sultan Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad I as-Sharif bin 'Ali, Sultan of Tafilalt, educ. privately. Proclaimed at Toza, on the death of his elder half-brother as Sultan of Tafilalt, 2 August 1664. Proclaimed as Sultan of Morocco, etc. at Fez, 22 October 1664.

• Al-Rashid (1666–1672)
• Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727)
• Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II (1727–1728) (first time)
• Abdalmalik (1728)
• Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II (1728–1729) (second time)
• Abdallah (1729–1734) (first time)
• Ali (1734–1736)
• Abdallah (1736) (second time)
• Mohammed II (1736–1738)
• Al-Mostadi (1738–1740) (first time)
• Abdallah (1740–1741) (third time)
• Zin al-Abidin (1741)
• Abdallah (1741–1742) (fourth time)
• Al-Mostadi (1742–1743) (second time)
• Abdallah (1743–1747) (fifth time)
• Al-Mostadi (1747–1748) (third time)
• Abdallah (1748–1757) (sixth time)
• Mohammed III (1757–1790)
• Yazid (1790–1792)
• Slimane of Morocco (1792–1822)
• Abderrahmane (1822–1859)
• Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
• Hassan I (1873–1894)
• Abdelaziz (1894–1908)
• Abdelhafid (1908–1912)

Under French Protectorate (1912–1956):

• Yusef (1912–1927)
• King Mohammed V (1927–1961), changed title of ruler from Sultan to King in 1957. Deposed and exiled to Corsica and Madagascar (1953–1955)
• Mohammed Ben Aarafa, French Puppet (1953–1955)

Restored Independence (1956 onwards):

• King Mohammed V (1955–1961)
• King Hassan II (1961–1999)
• King Mohammed VI (1999–Present)

See also

• List of rulers of Morocco
• History of Morocco
• Order of Ouissam Alaouite
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

Further reading

• Waterbury, John. Commander of the Faithful

External links

• Royal Ark
• Morocco Alaoui dynasty
• History of Morocco
• A brief History of the Alaouite Dynasty (French).

— Royal house — House of Alaoui
Preceded by Saadi Dynasty	Ruling house of Morocco 1666 – present	Incumbent