Albanian communities in Greece
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Albanians in Greece are divided into distinct communities as a result of different waves of migration. Albanians first migrated into Greece during Middle Ages, which is also when they appear in the historical record. The descendants of populations of Albanian origin who settled in Greece during the Middle Ages are the Arvanites, who have fully assimilated into the Greek nation and self-identify as Greeks, although they still maintain their distinct dialect of Tosk Albanian known as Arvanitika. The Cham Albanians are a group that also migrated to Greece during the Middle Ages and formerly inhabited parts of the region of Epirus, in northwestern Greece. Muslim Chams were expelled from Epirus during World War II after large parts of their population collaborated with the Axis occupation forces, while Greek Orthodox Chams remained in Greece and have assimilated into the Greek nation. Alongside these two groups, a large wave of economic migrants from Albania entered Greece after the fall of Communism and forms the largest expatriate community in the country.
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[edit] Albanians in Epirus
Groups of Albanians first settled in Epirus during the late Middle Ages. Their descendants form the Cham Albanians, which formerly inhabited the coastal regions of Epirus, largely corresponding to Thesprotia. The Chams are primarily distinguished from other Albanian groups by their distinct dialect of Tosk Albanian, the Cham dialect, which is among the most conservative of the Albanian dialects. During the rule of the Ottoman Empire in Epirus, many Chams converted to Islam, while a minority remained Greek Orthodox. When Epirus joined Greece in 1913, following the Balkan Wars, Muslim Chams lost the priviliged status they enjoyed during Ottoman rule and were subject to discrimination from time to time. During World War II, large parts of the Muslim Chams collaborated with the Axis occupation forces, committing atrocities against the local population. In 1944, when the Axis withdrew, many Muslim Chams fled to Albania or were forcibly expelled by the EDES resistance group. Orthodox Chams remained in Greece, but today have fully assimilated as Greeks. Albanian is still reported to be spoken in the region, although it is thought to be dying fast.
A small group of Albanians is concentrated in the Ioannina prefecture, where they form a majority in two villages of the Konitsa district.[1] This population is part of the Lab branch of Albanians, whose dialect they speak. The city of Ioannina itsel, had in the past a substantial minority of Albanians, where a dialect intermediate between Cham and Lab was spoken .[2] Notable Albanian writer, publicist and politician, Faik Konica, was born in Konitsa, Greece, in 1875.
Another small group of Albanians, speakers of a Northern Tosk Albanian dialect[3] is to be found in the periphery of West Macedonia, in the Florina prefecture. Albanian-speakers form a majority in the villages of Drosopigi, Flampouro, and Lechovo.
[edit] Arvanites
In addition to the formerly sizeable communities in Epirus, there exist in Greece communities of Albanian origin who no longer identify as such. Although they retain a distinct Arvanitic ethnical identity,[4] nationally they identify as Greeks. These are communities created by Albanian settlers during the Middle Ages (Arvanites) and during the first half of 20th century (Albanian-speakers of Northeastern Greece). Today they retain their dialect of the Albanian language and cultural similarities with Albanians, but refuse any national connection with them and do not consider themselves an ethnic minority.
[edit] Arvanites
The main part of this groups is composed of the Southern Greek dialectological group of Arbëreshë speakers, known as Arvanites. They are a population group in Greece of, ultimately Albanian origin who traditionally speak Arvanitika, a form of Tosk Albanian. They settled in Greece during the late Middle Ages and were the dominant population element of some regions in the south of Greece until the 19th century.[5] Arvanites today self-identify as Greeks and have largely assimilated into mainstream Greek culture.[6][7] Arvanitika is endangered due to language shift towards Greek and large-scale internal migration to the cities in recent decades.
[edit] Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace
Another small group is to be found in northeastern Greece, in Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace along the border with Turkey, as a result of migration during the early 20th century. They speak the Northern Tosk subbranch of Tosk Albanian and are descendants of the Orthodox Albanian population of Eastern Thrace who were forced to migrate during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s.[8][9] They are known in Greece as Arvanites, a name applied to all groups of Albanian origin in Greece, but which primarily refers to the southern dialectological group of Arbëreshë. The Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace and Macedonia use the common Albanian self-appellation, Shqiptar.[9]
[edit] Immigrants
After the fall of the communist regime in Albanina in late 1990 and early 1991, a large number of economic migrants from Albania arrived in Greece, mostly illegally, and seeking employment. Recent economic migrants from Albania are estimated to account for 60-65% of the total number of immigrants in the country. According to the 2001 census, there are 443,550 holders of Albanian citizenship in Greece.[10]
[edit] See also
- Albanians
- Minorities in Greece
- Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia
- Albanians in Kosovo
- Albanians in Central Serbia
- Albanians in Montenegro
[edit] References
- ^ Euromosaic project (2006). ""L'arvanite/albanais en Grèce"" (in French). Brussels: European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/el1_fr.html. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (February 2006), "Çamët ortodoks" (in Albanian), Studime Historike (Albanian Academy of Sciences) 38 (2)
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G.; Gordon, Jr., Raymond G.; Grimes, Barbara F. (2005) (in English), Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15 ed.), Dallas, Texas, United States of America: Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) International, p. 789, ISBN 155671159X, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=als, retrieved on 2009-03-31
- ^ Trudgill/Tzavaras 1977
- ^ Trudgill (2000: 255).
- ^ Botsi (2003: 90); Lawrence (2007: 22; 156)
- ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor - The Arvanites
- ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor (1995): "Report: The Arvanites".
- ^ a b Euromosaic (1996): "L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce". Report published by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana.
- ^ Mediterranean Migration Observatory - Tables
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